The opinion
[Cite as Fleming v. Kent State Univ., 2012-Ohio-6350.]
Court of Claims of Ohio
The Ohio Judicial Center
65 South Front Street, Third Floor
Columbus, OH 43215
614.387.9800 or 1.800.824.8263
www.cco.state.oh.us
JAMES M. FLEMING
Plaintiff
v.
KENT STATE UNIVERSITY
Defendant
Case No. 2011-09365
Judge Joseph T. Clark
DECISION
{¶ 1} Plaintiff brought this action against defendant, Kent State University (KSU),
alleging that KSU committed a breach of his employment contract by reassigning him
from his coaching position to an administrative position in February 2011.1 The issues
of liability and damages were bifurcated and the case proceeded to trial on the issue of
liability.2
{¶ 2} Plaintiff testified that he has been a college football coach for 27 years at
ten different institutions. In March 2010, at the request of former KSU head football
coach, Doug Martin, plaintiff joined the coaching staff as an assistant coach. Martin
was terminated as KSU’s head football coach in November 2010, and Darrell Hazell
was subsequently hired as his replacement. Plaintiff testified that on January 21, 2011,
Executive Associate Athletic Director, Thomas Kleinlein, informed him that he would not
1
At trial, plaintiff voluntarily dismissed his claims of defamation and false light, pursuing only his
claim of breach of contract.
2
Plaintiff’s July 17, 2012 “unopposed motion to extend post-trial briefing schedule” is GRANTED
instanter.
Case No. 2011-09365 -2- DECISION
be retained as an assistant coach. At that same time, plaintiff was informed that
effective February 14, 2011, he was being reassigned to a non-coaching position as an
assistant to the Athletic Director within the Athletic Department. (Plaintiff’s Exhibit D.)
Plaintiff, however, did not report for work. Plaintiff testified that at this same time, KSU
cancelled his courtesy vehicle.
{¶ 3} On February 18, 2011, Director of Athletics, Joel Nielsen, informed plaintiff
that failure to report for work by February 21, 2011, would subject him to discipline,
which could include termination of his employment. (Plaintiff’s Exhibit E.) Plaintiff did
not return to work and his employment was terminated on March 10, 2011. Plaintiff
received pay through that date.
{¶ 4} In order to recover for breach of contract, plaintiff must prove the existence
of a contact, performance by plaintiff, breach by defendant, and damages or loss as a
result of the breach. Samadder v. DMF of Ohio, Inc., 154 Ohio App.3d 770, 2003-Ohio-
5340 (10th Dist.); Doner v. Snapp, 98 Ohio App.3d 597, 600 (2nd Dist.1994).
{¶ 5} The relationship between the parties is governed by plaintiff’s March 2010
employment contract which provides in relevant part:
{¶ 6} “WHEREAS, Kent State University agrees that James Fleming (hereinafter
referred to as “Fleming”) shall be employed by Kent State University as its Football,
Defensive Coordinator3; and
{¶ 7} “WHEREAS, the parties to this contract desire to establish terms of
employment not contained in the standard university employment Contract;
{¶ 8} “NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the above, the parties agree as
follows:
{¶ 9} “1. The term of this Contract shall be for an initial period of twenty-eight
(28) months, to terminate on June 30, 2012.
3
The parties agree that plaintiff was hired as an assistant defensive coordinator.
Case No. 2011-09365 -3- DECISION
{¶ 10} “2. The initial salary beginning March __, 2010 will be $71,500. * * *.
{¶ 11} “ * * *
{¶ 12} “4. A suitable automobile will be provided for Fleming’s use consistent
with the Athletic Department’s Memorandum of agreement regarding automobiles,
which is incorporated by reference.
{¶ 13} “ * * *
{¶ 14} “6. Subject to Fleming’s continuing compliance with NCAA and University
rules and regulations, if this party terminates this Agreement prior to June 30, 2012
except for cause as defined in Rule 3342-09(D)(2) of the Administrative Code as
contained in the University Policy Register, the initiating party shall pay to the other the
agreed upon early termination cost. If the University is the initiator, it shall pay the
balance of the then in effect base salary due for the remaining term.
{¶ 15} “ * * *
{¶ 16} “8. Except for those terms contained herein to the contrary, all other
conditions of this employment are contained in and controlled by any and all University
and Administrative Policies and Procedures, as published in the University Policy
Register, and as may be added to or amended during the period of employment
consistent with Kent State University’s Constitution and Bylaws.
{¶ 17} “ * * *
{¶ 18} “13. This is the entire Contract between the parties and no other terms
exist or shall be enforceable except as agreed in writing, and executed by the parties
hereto. The terms of this Agreement may be amended upon the mutual agreement of
the parties.” (Plaintiff’s Exhibit C.)
{¶ 19} Defendant contends that nothing in the contract prohibits KSU from
reassigning plaintiff to a different position within the university and that plaintiff
terminated the employment contract by failing to report for work in February 2011.
Case No. 2011-09365 -4- DECISION
Plaintiff contends that he never would have signed a contract that allowed KSU to
reassign him to a non-coaching position within the university.
{¶ 20} Contract interpretation is a matter of law for the court. City of St. Marys v.
Auglaize Cty. Bd. of Commrs., 115 Ohio St.3d 387, 2007-Ohio-5026, ¶ 38. When
interpreting a contract, a court’s principle objective is to ascertain and give effect to the
intent of the parties. Hamilton Ins. Servs., Inc. v. Nationwide Ins. Cos., 86 Ohio St.3d
270, 273. “The intent of the parties to a contract is presumed to reside in the language
they chose to employ in the agreement.” Kelly v. Med. Life Ins. Co., 31 Ohio St.3d 130
(1987), paragraph one of the syllabus. In determining the parties’ intent, a court must
read the contract as a whole and give effect, if possible, to every part of the contract.
Foster Wheeler Enviresponse, Inc. v. Franklin Cty. Convention Facilities Auth., 78 Ohio
St.3d 353, 361-362.
{¶ 21} The parol evidence rule is not a rule of evidence, interpretation or
construction, but rather a rule of substantive law which, when applicable, defines the
limits of a contract. Galmish v. Cicchini, 90 Ohio St.3d 22, 27, citing Charles A. Burton,
Inc. v. Durkee, 158 Ohio St. 313, 324 (1952). The rule applies to integrated writings but
does not apply to partially integrated writings. Id; see also Miller v. Lindsay-Green, Inc.,
10th Dist. No. 04AP-848, 2005-Ohio-6366. The rule provides that a writing intended by
the parties to be a final embodiment of their agreement cannot be modified by evidence
of earlier or contemporaneous agreements that might tend to add to, vary, or contradict
the writing. Galmish, supra, at 26. However, extrinsic evidence becomes admissible to
ascertain the intent of the parties when the contract is unclear or ambiguous or when
circumstances surrounding the agreement give the plain language special meaning.
Shifrin v. Forest City Enterprises, Inc., 64 Ohio St.3d 635, 638.
{¶ 22} “[I]f a term cannot be determined from the four corners of a contract,
factual determination of intent or reasonableness may be necessary to supply the
missing term.” Inland Refuse Transfer Co. v. Browning-Ferris Industries of Ohio, Inc., 15
Case No. 2011-09365 -5- DECISION
Ohio St.3d 321, 322 (1984). In such a situation, as an exception to the parol evidence
rule, the parties may introduce extrinsic evidence to supply the missing term.
McGonagle v. Somerset Gas Transmission Co., 10th Dist. No. 11AP-156, 2011-Ohio-
5768.
{¶ 23} The court finds that the parties’ agreement is silent on the issue of
reassignment within the university and there is clearly no agreement regarding the
missing term. “When the parties to a bargain sufficiently defined to be a contract have
not agreed with respect to a term which is essential to a determination of their rights and
duties, a term which is reasonable in the circumstances is supplied by the court.”
Restatement of the Law 2d. Contracts, Section 204 (1981).
{¶ 24} Former KSU Athletic Director, Laing Kennedy, testified that as the Athletic
Director, he would enter into contracts with coaches of the various sports at the
university. Kennedy, a signatory to the parties 2010 contract, stated that assistant
coaches typically did not have contracts with the university. Kennedy testified that
plaintiff’s duties are not written in the contract because they can change within the
coaching staff. Kennedy explained that the particular job duties fluctuated within the job
title and that a defensive coach may be reassigned to the offensive side; however,
Kennedy admitted that he did not reassign coaches to non-coaching positions.
Kennedy reviewed several employment contracts of various coaches at KSU and noted
that head women’s basketball coach, Robert Lindsay, requested an express provision
prohibiting reassignment, which was subsequently added to his contract. Kennedy
stated that plaintiff did not make such a request.
{¶ 25} Current athletic director, Joel Nielsen, asserted that the Athletic Director
may reassign a coach to any position within the university so long as it matched the
particular coaches background and experience. Nielsen testified that he reassigned
plaintiff to a position as an assistant to the Athletic Director. Nielsen explained that he
created the position at the time of the reassignment and that it remains unfilled. The
Case No. 2011-09365 -6- DECISION
duties of the position include fund raising, building security, facility scheduling and
maintenance, and marketing and promotion. (Defendant’s Exhibit F.) According to
Nielsen, plaintiff’s bonuses under his contract remained in effect while he served in the
newly-created position within the athletic department despite the fact that the bonuses
apply to plaintiff’s performance as a coach and both the athletic and academic
performance of the football team.
{¶ 26} Based upon the evidence presented at trial, the court concludes that it is
reasonable under the circumstances for plaintiff to anticipate reassignment within the
coaching staff but that he could not reasonably anticipate reassignment to a non-
coaching position in the Athletic Department. Indeed, the court is persuaded by
Kennedy’s testimony that reassignment of a coach to a non-coaching position was not
the established practice at KSU during his tenure. Kennedy testified that KSU’s
expectation was for plaintiff to be a football coach. Moreover, even if the court were to
accept Nielsen’s testimony regarding reassignment, the court has difficulty believing the
duties of the newly-created administrative position match plaintiff’s background and
experience. Plaintiff has been a coach for 27 years and has never held an
administrative position.
{¶ 27} Defendant argues, in the alternative, that plaintiff relinquished his
employment voluntarily when he refused to accept the reassignment. Plaintiff counters
that his reassignment by KSU to an administrative position amounted to a constructive
discharge. “The test for determining whether an employee was constructively
discharged is whether the employer’s actions made working conditions so intolerable
that a reasonable person under the circumstances would have felt compelled to resign.”
Mauzy v. Kelly Servs., Inc., 75 Ohio St.3d 578, paragraph four of the syllabus. “In
applying this test, courts seek to determine whether the cumulative effect of the
employer’s actions would make a reasonable person believe that termination was
imminent. They recognize that there is no sound reason to compel an employee to
Case No. 2011-09365 -7- DECISION
struggle with the inevitable simply to attain the ‘discharge’ label.” Id. at 589.
Conversely, “[a]n employee has an obligation not to jump to conclusions and assume
that every conflict with an employer evidences a hidden intent by the employer to
terminate the employment relationship. Simpson v. Ohio Reformatory for Women, 10th
Dist. No. 02AP-588, 2003-Ohio-988, ¶ 25, citing Jackson v. Champaign Natl. Bank &
Trust Co., 10th Dist. No. 00AP-170 (Sept. 26, 2000).
{¶ 28} Based upon the evidence presented, the court concludes that plaintiff’s
reassignment from a coaching position to a non-coaching administrative position within
the Athletic Department amounts to a constructive discharge. Indeed, Kennedy testified
that he did not reassign coaches to non-coaching positions. Additionally, at the time of
plaintiff’s reassignment, KSU cancelled his courtesy car that had been provided to him
pursuant to the contract. Moreover, as noted above, the duties of the newly-created
administrative position do not to match plaintiff’s 27 years of coaching experience and
background. It is clear from the evidence at trial that KSU no longer desired plaintiff’s
services as a football coach. Accordingly, the court finds that plaintiff’s reassignment
amounted to a constructive discharge and that a reasonable person would have felt
compelled to resign.
{¶ 29} For the foregoing reasons, the court finds that KSU violated the terms of
the contract and, accordingly, judgment shall be rendered in favor of plaintiff.4
4
Defendant’s argument that the contract’s liquidated damages clause is an unenforceable penalty
clause shall be addressed during the damages phase of the trial.
Case No. 2011-09365 -8- DECISION
Court of Claims of Ohio
The Ohio Judicial Center
65 South Front Street, Third Floor
Columbus, OH 43215
614.387.9800 or 1.800.824.8263
www.cco.state.oh.us
JAMES M. FLEMING
Plaintiff
v.
KENT STATE UNIVERSITY
Defendant
Case No. 2011-09365
Judge Joseph T. Clark
JUDGMENT ENTRY
{¶ 30} This case was tried to the court on the issue of liability. The court has
considered the evidence, and for the reasons set forth in the decision filed concurrently
herewith, judgment is rendered in favor of plaintiff on his claim of breach of contract. A
case management conference is set for November 9, 2012, at 9:30 a.m., to discuss
further proceedings. The court shall initiate the conference via telephone.
_____________________________________
JOSEPH T. CLARK
Judge
cc:
Case No. 2011-09365 -9- DECISION
Christopher P. Conomy John F. Myers
Randall W. Knutti 697 West Market Street, Suite 102
Assistant Attorneys General Akron, Ohio 44303
150 East Gay Street, 18th Floor
Columbus, Ohio 43215-3130
003
Filed October 29, 2012
Sent to S.C. Reporter February 28, 2013