Kinnison v. Ohio State Univ.

[Cite as Kinnison v. Ohio State Univ., 2013-Ohio-4862.]

Court of Claims of Ohio

The Ohio Judicial Center

65 South Front Street, Third Floor

Columbus, OH 43215

614.387.9800 or 1.800.824.8263

www.cco.state.oh.us

TIFFANY KINNISON, Admr., etc., et al.

Plaintiffs

v.

THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY

Defendant

Case No. 2011-08644

Judge Patrick M. McGrath

DECISION

{¶ 1} On March 7, 2013, defendant filed a motion for summary judgment pursuant

to Civ.R. 56(B). On April 24, 2013, plaintiffs filed a response with leave of court.

Plaintiffs’ April 24, 2013 motion for leave to file long brief is GRANTED instanter.

Defendant’s motion is now before the court for a non-oral hearing pursuant to L.C.C.R.

4(D).

{¶ 2} Civ.R. 56(C) states, in part, as follows:

{¶ 3} “Summary judgment shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings,

depositions, answers to interrogatories, written admissions, affidavits, transcripts of

evidence, and written stipulations of fact, if any, timely filed in the action, show that

there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law. No evidence or stipulation may be considered except as

stated in this rule. A summary judgment shall not be rendered unless it appears from

the evidence or stipulation, and only from the evidence or stipulation, that reasonable

minds can come to but one conclusion and that conclusion is adverse to the party

Case No. 2011-08644 -2- DECISION

against whom the motion for summary judgment is made, that party being entitled to

have the evidence or stipulation construed most strongly in the party’s favor.” See also

Gilbert v. Summit Cty., 104 Ohio St.3d 660, 2004-Ohio-7108, citing Temple v. Wean

United, Inc., 50 Ohio St.2d 317 (1977). The parties filed numerous depositions and the

underlying facts are largely undisputed as contained in the deposition testimony. This

case arises from the death of Jonathan Kinnison, age 10. Plaintiff Tiffany Kinnison

(Kinnison) is the mother of both Jonathan and Jazmine Kinnison. On June 16, 2009,

Jonathan and Jazmine spent the night at the home of Sharon Brewer and her family.

On the afternoon of June 17, 2009, Kinnison went to the Brewers’ home to pick up her

children. At that time, Jonathan and Jazmine asked Kinnison whether they could attend

a 4-H meeting and pool party with the Brewers that evening at the home of Donald (Bill)

and Carol Funderburg. Both the Brewers’ children and the Funderburgs’ grandchildren

were members of the Champion Drive 4-H Club, a 4-H club solely focused on teaching,

breeding, and marketing swine. Kinnison gave her permission for Jonathan and

Jazmine to attend both the 4-H meeting and the pool party with Brewer and her family.

Jonathan was not a member of the 4-H Club, but he was interested in joining 4-H.

Jonathan had attended previous 4-H meetings and swim parties with the Brewers.

{¶ 4} Kinnison told Jonathan before he left for the meeting to stay in the shallow

end of the pool, and he stated that he understood. In her deposition, Kinnison stated

that Jonathan could swim and “doggie paddle” but that he did not like to go under the

water. (Kinnison Deposition, pg. 79, 81-82.) While still at her home, Brewer told the

children to remain in the shallow end of the pool. Jonathan asked her if he could swim

to the deep end of the pool, but she told him to remain in the shallow end. When they

arrived at the pool party, Brewer reminded the children again to stay in the shallow end

of the pool.

{¶ 5} At the Funderburgs’ property, the 4-H meeting took place in a barn and

began around 7:00 p.m. After the meeting concluded, the children were invited to stay

Case No. 2011-08644 -3- DECISION

to swim in the pool. When the pool party began, Brewer entered the pool area and sat

in a chair near the shallow end of the pool. Bill Funderburg sat near Brewer. Carol

Funderburg stood near the gate which gave access to the pool area. Other adults were

standing by the fence outside of the pool area. The Funderburgs’ two grandchildren,

Elliott and Celia Littlefield, were in the deep end of the pool during the pool party and

had been asked by Bill Funderburg to watch the pool during the party. However, neither

of them was a licensed lifeguard. Bill Funderburg stated in his deposition that he had

his two grandchildren watch the deep end of the pool because 4-H did not provide

anyone to supervise the pool. (Donald Funderburg Deposition, pg. 92.) The

Funderburgs’ pool had a rope with “floaties” on it visibly dividing the deep end of the

pool from the shallow end. The pool had a diving board and a slide in the deep end of

the pool. The Funderburgs had flotation devices and life jackets available for use that

were located near the pool.

{¶ 6} Brewer stated in her deposition that she was watching the children in the

shallow end of the pool. Brewer explained that she scanned the pool and saw Jonathan

and her son Sam doing underwater flips in the shallow end of the pool. Brewer then

looked at two of the girls swimming who had called to her. When Brewer scanned back

to Jonathan, he was not there, at which point someone else yelled that there was a

body at the bottom of the deep end of the pool.

{¶ 7} Celia Littleton pulled Jonathan out of the bottom of the deep end of the pool.

Bill Funderburg began CPR and others assisted him in attending to Jonathan until

rescue personnel arrived. A helicopter took Jonathan to Children’s Hospital, but efforts

to resuscitate him were unsuccessful.

{¶ 8} In its answer, defendant admits that it, The Ohio State University

Cooperative Extension Service, the Darke County Extension Educator, and Champion

Drive 4-H Club are all instrumentalities of the state, whose actions are the basis of

plaintiffs’ claims.

Case No. 2011-08644 -4- DECISION

{¶ 9} Plaintiffs assert both a survivorship claim and a wrongful death claim. In

their complaint, plaintiffs allege that defendant was negligent or reckless in failing to

provide the proper safeguards and supervision of the pool and that such conduct

proximately caused Jonathan’s death.

{¶ 10} Defendant argues that it cannot be liable for negligence as a matter of law

because Jonathan was engaged in a recreational activity, which requires a showing of

intentional or reckless conduct. In response, plaintiffs assert that defendant is liable

under a negligence standard for failing to properly supervise the pool party and that

issues of material fact exist as to whether defendant’s conduct was reckless.

{¶ 11} Defendant first contends that there is no liability under a negligence

standard when one is engaged in a recreational activity. “[W]hether a defendant owes a

plaintiff a duty is a fundamental aspect of establishing actionable negligence, and if

there is no duty or obligation of care, no legal liability may arise from the negligent act.

Defining the duty owed to a particular plaintiff, therefore, is of utmost importance in

negligence cases.” (Citations omitted.) Albright v. Univ. of Toledo, 10th Dist. No. 01AP-

130 (Sept. 18, 2001). The Supreme Court of Ohio has held that “before a party

may proceed with a cause of action involving injury resulting from a recreational or

sports activity, reckless or intentional conduct must exist. * * * [W]here individuals

engage in recreational or sports activities, they assume the ordinary risks of the activity

and cannot recover for any injury unless it can be shown that the other participant’s

actions were either ‘reckless’ or ‘intentional’ as defined in Sections 500 and 8A of the

Restatement of Torts 2d.” Marchetti v. Kalish, 53 Ohio St.3d 95, 99-100 (1990).

Additionally, “the reckless/intentional standard of liability applies regardless of whether

the activity was engaged in by children or adults, or was unorganized, supervised, or

unsupervised. * * * ‘[T]o hold otherwise would open the floodgates to a myriad of

lawsuits involving the backyard games of children.’” Gentry v. Craycraft, 101 Ohio St.3d

141, 143, 2004-Ohio-379, ¶ 8, quoting Marchetti, supra at 98.

Case No. 2011-08644 -5- DECISION

{¶ 12} “[T]he court in Marchetti, and later in Gentry v. Craycraft * * * made clear

that it wanted to avoid an analysis that attempted to ‘delve into the minds of children to

determine whether they understand the rules of the recreational or sports activity that

they are engaging in,’ and to focus instead on ‘the conduct or actions of the tortfeasor.’

Marchetti at 99. By requiring that the tortfeasor in a recreational activity have acted

either recklessly or intentionally, the court made clear that the tortfeasor must have

actually intended the consequences of his act, or that he knew or should have known

that his conduct could cause such consequences, thus making his behavior

substantially worse than mere negligence.” Thompson v. Park River Corp., 161 Ohio

App.3d 502, 2005-Ohio-2855, ¶ 52 (1st Dist.); see also Estate of Vince v. Estate of

Smallwood, 11th Dist. No. 2005-T-0017, 2006-Ohio-1697, ¶ 20; Morgan v. Ohio Conf. of

the United Church of Christ, 10th Dist. No. 11AP-405, 2012-Ohio-453; Sharpley v. Bole,

8th Dist. No. 83436, 2004-Ohio-5729.

{¶ 13} Jonathan died during a recreational activity while attending a function

sponsored by defendant. The recreational activity doctrine applies even when the

defendant was a provider of the activity rather than another participant in the activity.

See Santho v. Boy Scouts of America, 168 Ohio App.3d 27, 2006-Ohio-3656, ¶ 14 (10th

Dist.). Because Jonathan was engaged in the recreational activity of swimming,

defendant owned no duty to him other than to refrain from intentional or reckless

conduct.

{¶ 14} Plaintiffs argue that the recreational activity doctrine does not apply

because drowning is not an accepted risk of swimming. The doctrine “does not apply in

situations where the risk is not one that is inherent in the recreational activity itself.”

Pope v. Willey, 12th Dist. No. CA2004-10-077, 2005-Ohio-4744, ¶ 12. The recreational

activity doctrine “has its genesis in the doctrine of primary assumption of the risk and is

based on the rationale that a participant to a sporting event or recreational activity

accepts the risks associated with the sport or activity.” Id., at ¶ 8. “A swimming pool

Case No. 2011-08644 -6- DECISION

normally does not present a hidden danger involving an unreasonably dangerous

condition; rather, the danger posed, i.e., risk of drowning, is an open and obvious

condition which even children of tender years are able to appreciate.” Mullens v.

Binsky, 10th Dist. No. 97APE11-1451, 130 Ohio App.3d 64, 70 (1997). Therefore,

drowning is an inherent risk of swimming and “persons involved in recreational activities

assume the ordinary risks of the activity * * *.” See Morgan, supra. Accordingly, the

recreational activity doctrine does apply to this case and the “recreation provider * * *

owes no duty to a participant or spectator of an active sport to eliminate the risks

inherent in the sport.” Santho, supra.

{¶ 15} Furthermore, plaintiffs contend that defendant may be liable under a

negligence standard inasmuch as defendant assumed the obligation “to secure the

safety and well-being of the children attending the 4-H club event.” (Plaintiffs’ response,

pg. 11.) Plaintiffs submitted the depositions of Rhonda Williams, the 4-H extension

coordinator for Darke County and Vicki Schwartz, the Ohio 4-H Associate State Leader.

Both Williams and Schwartz stated that one of the elements of 4-H is to provide a safe

environment for its members and invited guests and Williams testified that 4-H clubs are

encouraged to have recreational activities. However, as a matter of law, the

recreational activity doctrine applies whether the activity was supervised or

unsupervised. Gentry, supra. Additionally, to the extent that plaintiff argues that this is

a case of negligent supervision, “[f]or a non-participant to be found liable in a

recreational activity, it must be found that the non-participant either (1) allowed an

activity to take place absent any management, or (2) allowed a participant with a known

propensity for violence to engage in the activity.” Santho, supra, at fn. 1. In this case,

the uncontroverted evidence presented through deposition testimony establishes that

several adults were in the pool area and at least two adults were watching the shallow

end of the pool. Furthermore, there is no evidence that the participants exhibited violent

behavior. Therefore, negligent supervision does not apply in this case.

Case No. 2011-08644 -7- DECISION

{¶ 16} The material fact relating to plaintiffs’ negligence claim is that Jonathan

was engaged in a recreational activity at the time of his death. There is no dispute that

he was swimming at a pool party. Therefore, construing the evidence most strongly in

plaintiffs’ favor, the only reasonable conclusion is that Jonathan was engaged in a

recreational activity at the time of his death. Accordingly, plaintiffs’ claims for

negligence are barred as a matter of law and defendant is entitled to summary judgment

on the negligence claims. Plaintiffs may recover only if defendant’s conduct was

reckless or intentional. Marchetti, supra, at 99-100. Plaintiffs do not allege any

intentional conduct by defendant.

{¶ 17} Ohio has adopted the definition of recklessness contained in the

Restatement of the Law 2d, Torts. The actor’s conduct is in reckless disregard of the

safety of another when an actor “does an act or intentionally fails to do an act which it is

his duty to the other to do, knowing or having reason to know of facts which would lead

a reasonable man to realize, not only that his conduct creates an unreasonable risk of

physical harm to another, but also that such risk is substantially greater than that which

is necessary to make his conduct negligent.” Restatement of the Law 2d, Torts, Section

500 (1965); see also Marchetti, supra; Thompson v. McNeill, 53 Ohio St.3d 102, 104-

105 (1990). “Reckless conduct is characterized by the conscious disregard of or

indifference to a known or obvious risk of harm to another that is unreasonable under

the circumstances and is substantially greater than negligent conduct.” Anderson v.

City of Massillon, 134 Ohio St.3d 380, 2012-Ohio-5711, ¶ 34; see also Wolfe v.

AmeriCheer, Inc., 10th Dist. No. 11AP-550, 2012-Ohio-941.

{¶ 18} Defendant filed the deposition of Thomas Griffiths, Ed.D., and plaintiff filed

his affidavit which incorporates his curriculum vitae and expert report. Upon review of

Griffiths’ deposition and his expert report, Griffiths does not opine that defendant’s

conduct rose to the level of recklessness. Griffiths maintains several criticisms of

defendant, including its failure to provide a lifeguard, failure to train 4-H supervisors on

Case No. 2011-08644 -8- DECISION

pool safety, failure to designate specific adults at the party to watch specific children,

and failure to provide “layers of protection” for the swimmers.

{¶ 19} According to the depositions that have been filed with the court, both Bill

Funderburg and Sharon Brewer were in the pool area watching the children in the

shallow end of the pool at the time that Jonathan drowned. Carol Funderburg testified

that she was standing outside of the pool area guarding the gate but that she was

watching the children in the shallow end of the pool while they were swimming.

Additionally, Sharon Brewer testified that she told her children, Jonathan, and Jazmine,

at least three times that that they needed to stay in the shallow end of the pool. Based

on these facts, as a matter of law, plaintiff cannot prove that defendant was reckless by

failing to provide a lifeguard at the pool party or by failing to designate specific adults to

watch specific children.

{¶ 20} Additionally, Griffiths stated that defendant failed to train its 4-H

supervisors on pool safety, but plaintiffs have provided no evidence that defendant had

a duty to train its supervisors on pool safety. Williams and Schwartz both testified that

as 4-H employees they never provided the advisors with training on swimming.

However, there is no evidence that defendant intentionally failed to perform such a duty

or that the 4-H employees and advisors recognized any facts that would lead them to

believe that their conduct could or did create an unreasonable risk of harm to another.

See id.

{¶ 21} Finally, to the extent that plaintiffs’ expert opined that there should have

been “layers of protection,” defendant’s failure to provide multiple layers of pool

protection as suggested by Griffiths does not amount to recklessness. Such conduct

does not exhibit conscious disregard of or indifference to a known or obvious risk. It is

uncontroverted that several adults were near the pool area watching the children swim,

that a rope visibly separated the deep end of the pool from the shallow end, that the

Funderburgs had life jackets and flotation devices available for the swimmers, and that

Case No. 2011-08644 -9- DECISION

both Sharon Brewer and Kinnison told Jonathan to stay in the shallow end of the pool.

Even though Celia and Elliott Littlefield both testified that they were in the deep end of

the pool and were facing away from the shallow end of the pool, this conduct does not,

as a matter of law, rise to the level of recklessness under Ohio law; they did not

consciously disregard the safety of the children swimming. Additionally, other adults

were watching the children in the shallow end of the swimming pool.

{¶ 22} Plaintiffs have failed to present any evidence that defendant had a

conscious disregard or indifference to a known or obvious risk of swimming. Although

the issue of reckless conduct is a question for the trier of fact, the court finds that

plaintiffs have failed to present any evidence that satisfies the high threshold required

for a showing of reckless conduct. See Marsh v. Heartland Behavioral Health Ctr., 10th

Dist. No. 09AP-630, 2010-Ohio-1380, ¶ 24. In summary, the following steps were taken

to ensure the safety of the swimmers:

{¶ 23} Kinnison told Jonathan to stay in the shallow end of the pool;

{¶ 24} Sharon Brewer told her children and the Kinnison children to stay in

the shallow end of the pool at least three times;

{¶ 25} Sharon Brewer and Bill Funderburg sat near the shallow end of the

pool and watched the children swimming there;

{¶ 26} Carol Funderburg stood outside of the pool area at the fence and

watched the shallow end of the pool;

{¶ 27} A rope in the pool visibly separated the shallow end of the pool

from the deep end; and

{¶ 28} Life jackets and flotation devices owned by the Funderburgs were

available for use.

{¶ 29} Plaintiffs have failed to present any issue of material fact that defendant’s

conduct rose to the level of recklessness, and as a matter of law plaintiffs cannot prevail

on their claims.

Case No. 2011-08644 - 10 - DECISION

{¶ 30} Based on the foregoing, the court concludes that there are no genuine

issues of material fact and that defendant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

Accordingly, defendant’s motion for summary judgment shall be granted and judgment

shall be rendered in favor of defendant.

_____________________________________

PATRICK M. MCGRATH

Judge

Case No. 2011-08644 - 11 - DECISION

Court of Claims of Ohio

The Ohio Judicial Center

65 South Front Street, Third Floor

Columbus, OH 43215

614.387.9800 or 1.800.824.8263

www.cco.state.oh.us

TIFFANY KINNISON, Admr., etc., et al.

Plaintiffs

v.

THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY

Defendant

Case No. 2011-08644

Judge Patrick M. McGrath

JUDGMENT ENTRY

{¶ 31} A non-oral hearing was conducted in this case upon defendant’s motion for

summary judgment. For the reasons set forth in the decision filed concurrently

herewith, defendant’s motion for summary judgment is GRANTED and judgment is

rendered in favor of defendant. All previously scheduled events are VACATED. Court

costs are assessed against plaintiffs. The clerk shall serve upon all parties notice of this

judgment and its date of entry upon the journal.

_____________________________________

PATRICK M. MCGRATH

Judge

Case No. 2011-08644 - 12 - DECISION

cc:

Daniel R. Forsythe David R. Grant

Peter E. DeMarco 55 Public Square, Suite 2222

Assistant Attorneys General Cleveland, Ohio 44113

150 East Gay Street, 18th Floor

Columbus, Ohio 43215-3130

Scott D. Rudnick

121 West Third Street

Greenville, Ohio 45331

007

Filed May 24, 2013

To S.C. Reporter October 31, 2013