finding that a condominium owner’s statement that “cigarette smoke is universally understood to be a toxic and carcinogenic substance” lacked necessary “specifics concerning his exposure and the results of that exposure”
How later courts described this case
- finding that a condominium owner’s statement that “cigarette smoke is universally understood to be a toxic and carcinogenic substance” lacked necessary “specifics concerning his exposure and the results of that exposure”
- affirming dismissal pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) because more than conclusory assertions of bad faith were required to make the business judgment rule inapplicable, and the actions recited in the complaint did not reflect such bad faith
- finding claims in relation to secondhand smoke had to fail because the condominium owner had not alleged sufficient facts to show a cognizable injury
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT Reporter of Decisions
Decision: 2013 ME 19
Docket: BCD-12-367
Argued: January 15, 2013
Decided: February 12, 2013
Panel: SAUFLEY, C.J., and ALEXANDER, LEVY, SILVER, MEAD, GORMAN, and
JABAR, JJ.
VITORINO AMERICA
v.
SUNSPRAY CONDOMINIUM ASSOCIATION et al.
MEAD, J.
[¶1] Vitorino America filed a complaint in the Superior Court, individually
and derivatively on behalf of Sunspray Condominium Association (Association),
against the Association and four members of its Board of Directors (Board),
claiming in part that the defendants had refused to effectively enforce Sunspray
Condominium’s smoking ban. He appeals from a judgment entered in the
Business and Consumer Docket (Horton, J.) dismissing, pursuant to M.R.
Civ. P. 12(b)(6), the counts of the complaint related to the smoking ban. America
contends that the court erred in (1) finding that he did not have a right to bring a
shareholder derivative action under either the Maine Condominium Act (MCA),
33 M.R.S. §§ 1601-101 to 1604-118 (2012), or the Maine Nonprofit Corporation
Act (MNCA), 13-B M.R.S. §§ 101-1406 (2012); (2) dismissing his individual
2
claims related to the smoking ban; and (3) denying his motion to file a second
amended complaint following the partial dismissal of his amended complaint. We
affirm the judgment.
I. BACKGROUND
[¶2] Because the trial court dismissed the portion of America’s amended
complaint at issue pursuant to M.R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), “we view the facts alleged in
the complaint as if they were admitted.”1 Ramsey v. Baxter Title Co.,
2012 ME 113, ¶ 2, 54 A.3d 710. America owns a condominium unit at Sunspray
Condominium in Old Orchard Beach. Sunspray owners are bound by a
Declaration of Condominium (Declaration) that created Sunspray pursuant to the
MCA, and also by the Association’s by-laws. Pursuant to the Declaration, the
Association “shall be the governing body for all of the unit owners with respect to
the administration . . . of the Property as provided by the [MCA].” The individual
1
America moved to amend his complaint for a second time and has included the proffered complaint
in the appendix. Because the trial court denied his motion for leave to further amend the complaint, the
facts recited here are drawn from America’s first amended complaint.
The court let stand several counts of America’s complaint claiming that the Association held an
improper election for vacancies on the Board. America voluntarily dismissed those claims to allow the
judgment dismissing his smoking-ban claims to become final, thereby allowing this appeal to proceed.
See M.R. Civ. P. 54(b).
3
defendants named in the complaint are members of the Association’s Board of
Directors.2
[¶3] In August 2009, a ban enacted by the Board on all smoking in common
areas at Sunspray took effect. In February 2010, the ban became effective for the
entire property, including inside individual units. America’s complaint alleged that
(1) the ban “was necessitated by the physical characteristics of the Sunspray
Condominium building, which are such that smoke generated in one unit inevitably
migrates into the units of non-smokers and into the common areas”; (2) America
“cannot enter or leave his unit without passing the exhaust of a unit in which
tobacco is being smoked in violation of the [s]moking [b]an”; (3) the Board,
despite having received numerous reports of violations, repeatedly failed to take
action to enforce the ban, and “[i]n the vast majority of instances of reported
violations . . . has failed to investigate or otherwise take effective action”; and
(4) when the Board did act, it did so “in a dilatory and ineffectual fashion.” The
complaint further claimed that the “[d]efendants have acted in bad faith in failing
to enforce the Smoking Ban, and not in the interests of the Association, pursuant to
their personal agenda of continuing to permit smoking in the Sunspray
2
The complaint also named as a defendant the chair of the nominating committee for the disputed
Board election. The court dismissed all claims against that defendant and America has not appealed from
that ruling.
4
Condominium building,” and that the failure to enforce the ban is motivated by ill
will or malice toward America.
[¶4] America’s original complaint brought five counts related to the
smoking ban: breach of fiduciary duty (Count I), violation of the MCA (Count III),
violation of the MNCA (Count V), breach of contract (Count VII), and negligence
(Count X). In each count, America alleged that he “sustained harm.” The
complaint requested permanent injunctive relief requiring the defendants to enforce
the smoking ban, including testing for compliance and remediation measures; the
appointment of a receiver to ensure compliance with the injunction; and ordinary
and punitive damages. The defendants moved to dismiss the complaint; America
responded by filing an amended complaint adding an allegation that the defendants
acted in bad faith. Following the case’s transfer to the Business and Consumer
Docket, the defendants filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint.
[¶5] On March 16, 2012, the court issued a written order dismissing
America’s smoking-ban claims. America filed a motion for reconsideration and
for leave to amend his complaint for a second time to add new plaintiffs and new
allegations of harm caused by secondhand smoke at Sunspray. Both motions were
denied. The parties then stipulated to a dismissal with prejudice of all remaining
claims, preserving America’s right to appeal from the dismissal of his smoking-ban
claims. This appeal followed.
5
II. DISCUSSION
A. The Denial of America’s Second Motion to Amend
[¶6] We initially examine whether America should have been allowed to
amend his complaint for a second time following the dismissal of the smoking-ban
counts in his first amended complaint. We do so because one of the grounds the
court cited for dismissing those claims was that America failed to assert a
cognizable individual injury, and in his proffered second amended complaint
America named new plaintiffs and alleged more specific injuries that the court
recognized might survive a motion to dismiss.
[¶7] We review the denial of a motion to amend the pleadings for an abuse
of discretion, examining the record before the trial court at the time the motion was
filed. Efstathiou v. Aspinquid, Inc., 2008 ME 145, ¶ 21, 956 A.2d 110. After a
responsive pleading is served, a party may amend a pleading “only by leave of
court,” although “leave shall be freely given when justice so requires.” M.R.
Civ. P. 15(a). To prevail on appeal, America “must demonstrate (1) that the court
clearly and manifestly abused its discretion and (2) that the amendment [was]
necessary to prevent injustice.” Efstathiou, 2008 ME 145, ¶ 21, 956 A.2d 110
(quotation marks omitted).
[¶8] Given the state of the record at the time the court denied America leave
to amend, we find no manifest abuse of discretion. The dismissal order concerning
6
the first amended complaint, entered a month before America moved to amend for
a second time, left intact most of the counts related to an allegedly improper Board
election, meaning that those counts remained scheduled for trial.3 The court noted
that the complaint had been amended and litigated through a motion to dismiss
once already, and concluded that “it is time for the election-related claims that
remain in this case to move forward.”
[¶9] The court further noted that many of the new allegations of harm in the
proffered second amended complaint sounded in nuisance, and observed that its
single nuisance count might be insufficient because it alleged nuisance resulting
from failure to enforce the smoking ban, rather than harm caused by actual
exposure to smoke. Taking all of the circumstances together, the court determined
that “any nuisance claims . . . must be filed separately.” That result does not rise to
the level of a clear, manifest abuse of discretion, nor does it create an injustice
because America’s potential nuisance claim is not foreclosed in a future action.
See Efstathiou, 2008 ME 145, ¶ 21, 956 A.2d 110.
B. The Availability of a Derivative Action
[¶10] America’s amended complaint alleged, “individually and derivatively
on behalf of the Sunspray Condominium Association,” that the Board’s failure to
3
America eventually stipulated to their dismissal, but not until after his motion for leave to further
amend the complaint had been denied.
7
enforce the smoking ban violated the MCA and the MNCA. In his brief America
concedes that “Maine statutory law does not expressly provide for a derivative
action on behalf of a nonprofit corporation or condominium association as such,”
but he argues that he should nonetheless be allowed to bring a derivative suit as a
matter of equity.
[¶11] Derivative actions are explicitly allowed in the case of corporations.
13-C M.R.S. §§ 751-758 (2012). Even when allowed, a derivative suit is “an
extraordinary process” wherein a shareholder “is limited to asserting the
substantive rights of the corporation rather than his own personal claims.” Voisine
v. Berube, 2011 ME 137, ¶¶ 4, 15, 38 A.3d 310 (quotation marks omitted). In
contrast, the MNCA imposes a duty of good faith on directors and officers of a
nonprofit corporation, 13-B M.R.S. §§ 717(1), 720(1), and allows “members in a
representative suit” to assert that affirmative acts by corporate officers are
ultra vires, 13-B M.R.S. § 203(1)(B); however, section 203(1) does not address
corporate officers’ alleged failure to act. The Maine Rules of Civil Procedure
governing derivative actions discuss corporations and unincorporated associations,
but make no mention of nonprofit corporations or condominium associations. See
M.R. Civ. P. 23A, 23B.
[¶12] Like the MNCA, the MCA imposes a general “obligation of good
faith” in the performance of duties it imposes, 33 M.R.S. § 1601-113, but it
8
contains no provision authorizing derivative suits. The Declaration states that
Sunspray was created “pursuant to . . . the [MCA].” See 33 M.R.S. § 1601-102
(“[The MCA] applies to all condominiums created, in accordance with the
provisions of this Act, within this State . . . .”). There is therefore no explicit
authorization for America to bring a derivative action. Given that a derivative suit
is “an extraordinary process,” Voisine, 2011 ME 137, ¶ 4, 38 A.3d 310 (quotation
marks omitted), we will not infer that one is authorized when the Legislature has
not so provided by statute.
C. America’s Individual Smoking-Ban Claims
[¶13] Because the smoking-ban claims in America’s amended complaint
were dismissed pursuant to M.R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), we review their sufficiency
de novo “in the light most favorable to [America] to determine whether [they] set[]
forth elements of a cause of action or allege[] facts that would entitle [America] to
relief pursuant to some legal theory.” Ramsey, 2012 ME 113, ¶ 6, 54 A.3d 710
(quotation marks omitted). The complaint must allege facts with sufficient
particularity so that, if true, they give rise to a cause of action; merely reciting the
elements of a claim is not enough. See id. ¶¶ 6-7. Before turning to an
examination of the five smoking-ban-related counts in America’s amended
complaint, we first discuss two bases relied upon by the trial court in dismissing
them.
9
1. Business Judgment Rule
[¶14] In all of the smoking-ban claims except the count alleging negligence
the court identified the business judgment rule as a basis for dismissal. “The
business judgment rule provides that business decisions made by the directors of a
corporation are not subject to judicial review unless they are the result of fraud or
bad faith.” Shostak v. Shostak, 2004 ME 75, ¶ 22, 851 A.2d 515 (citing Rosenthal
v. Rosenthal, 543 A.2d 348, 353 (Me. 1988)).4 The rationale for the rule is that “it
falls outside the proper judicial domain to inquire into and second-guess the
prudence of particular business decisions honestly reached by those entrusted with
the authority to determine what course of action best advances the well-being of
the enterprise.” Rosenthal, 543 A.2d at 353.
[¶15] Although three of the smoking-ban counts in America’s amended
complaint allege that the defendants acted in bad faith, which would ordinarily
make the business judgment rule inapplicable, the facts he recites establish that the
defendants have not flatly refused to enforce the ban, but rather have enforced it in
a way that he believes to be insufficient. For example, the complaint asserts: “In
the vast majority of instances of reported violations . . . the Board . . . has failed to
investigate or otherwise take effective action. . . . In the few instances where steps
4
Although in Shostak v. Shostak we referred to corporate directors when discussing the applicability
of the business judgment rule, 2004 ME 75, ¶ 22, 851 A.2d 515, pursuant to the MCA “[t]he principles of
law and equity, including the law of corporations . . . supplement the provisions of this Act, except to the
extent inconsistent with this Act,” 33 M.R.S. § 1601-108 (2012).
10
have been taken to enforce the Smoking Ban, they have been taken in a dilatory
and ineffectual fashion.” Absent the conclusory recitation of the phrase “bad
faith,” the facts alleged in the complaint thus portray a disagreement between
America and the Board members over how to enforce the ban, not whether to
enforce it. Disagreement is not bad faith—we have said that “[b]ad faith imports a
dishonest purpose and implies wrongdoing or some motive of self-interest.”
Seacoast Hangar Condo. II Ass’n v. Martel, 2001 ME 112, ¶ 21, 775 A.2d 1166
(quotation marks omitted); see Ramsey, 2012 ME 113, ¶ 7, 54 A.3d 710
(concluding that a complaint was insufficient when it “merely recit[ed] in
conclusory fashion” necessary elements of a claim).
[¶16] An absolute refusal to enforce a condominium rule might be
actionable as a decision made in bad faith unprotected by the business judgment
rule. However, accepting as true the allegations made in the amended complaint
that the Board has not reacted to smoking-ban complaints with sufficient speed or
vigor, the business judgment rule’s protections are not lost simply because
America alleges that an inadequate response, as opposed to no response, equates to
bad faith.
2. The Requirement for a Cognizable Injury
[¶17] Each smoking-ban-related count of the amended complaint recites
that America “sustained harm.” In dismissing the smoking-ban counts, the court
11
found that “[a] crucial aspect of the Amended Complaint is that it does not allege
that the asserted failure to enforce the smoking ban has caused harm—at least
legally cognizable injury—to [America] individually.”
[¶18] The specific factual assertion of harm made in the amended complaint
is that “America cannot enter or leave his unit without passing the exhaust of a unit
in which tobacco is being smoked in violation of the Smoking Ban.” America
argues that “[c]igarette smoke is universally understood to be a toxic and
carcinogenic substance,” and therefore his “allegations that he has been exposed to
secondhand smoke . . . describe a legally cognizable injury sufficient to withstand
a motion to dismiss.” The court found America’s allegation that he “sustained
harm” as a result of walking past another unit’s exhaust to be insufficient absent
some particularized physical injury or illness.
[¶19] The MCA provides: “If . . . any . . . person subject to this Act fails to
comply with . . . any provision of the declaration or bylaws, any person or class of
persons adversely affected by that failure has a claim for appropriate relief.”
33 M.R.S. § 1604-116 (emphasis added). The Sunspray Declaration provides: “An
aggrieved unit owner shall have a right of action against the Association for failure
to comply with or to enforce . . . any rules and regulations duly adopted . . . .”
(Emphasis added). In reaching its conclusion that the amended complaint was
insufficient to withstand a motion to dismiss, the trial court found that
12
the reference to “aggrieved unit owner,” like the reference to “persons
adversely affected” in the MCA, has to be construed to require
particularized injury, meaning that the aggrieved owner must allege
and if necessary, establish, that he or she has suffered particularized
injury as a result of the acts or omissions at issue.
[¶20] We agree with the Superior Court. A complaint “must . . . allege facts
sufficient to demonstrate that the complaining party has been injured in a way that
entitles him or her to relief.” Burns v. Architectural Doors & Windows,
2011 ME 61, ¶ 17, 19 A.3d 823. In a different context, we said that “[a] person is
aggrieved . . . if that person has suffered particularized injury—that is, if . . . [an]
action operated prejudicially and directly upon the party’s property, pecuniary or
personal rights.” Nelson v. Bayroot, LLC, 2008 ME 91, ¶ 10, 953 A.2d 378.
[¶21] Here, accepting the factual allegation in the complaint as true,
America was exposed to secondhand smoke when outside his unit. The complaint
does not allege how much, how often, or to what effect. Simply stating in his brief
that the harm to him is “universally understood” under those vague circumstances
is not sufficient to establish an actionable injury. Without any specifics concerning
his exposure and the results of that exposure, the court could not find that America
“allege[d] facts sufficient to demonstrate that [he] has been injured in a way that
entitles him . . . to relief.” Burns, 2011 ME 61, ¶ 17, 19 A.3d 823.
13
3. The Sufficiency of the Complaint’s Smoking-Ban Counts
[¶22] We now examine the legal sufficiency of the five
smoking-ban-related counts in America’s amended complaint. In Counts I (breach
of fiduciary duty), III (violation of the MCA), and V (violation of the MNCA),
America alleged that the defendants acted in bad faith. As discussed above, the
complaint’s factual assertions do not make out a claim of bad faith due to a flat
refusal to enforce the smoking ban, but rather demonstrate a disagreement over
how to enforce it. In that circumstance, the defendants’ discretionary decisions are
protected by the business judgment rule.
[¶23] Count VII alleges breach of contract based on the defendants’ failure
to enforce a Sunspray rule, namely the smoking ban. An element of that claim is
that America show “actual injury or damage.” In re Hannaford Bros., Co.
Customer Data Sec. Breach Litig., 2010 ME 93, ¶ 8, 4 A.3d 492. As discussed
above, the facts alleged in the complaint do not make out a cognizable injury to
America.
[¶24] Finally, Count X alleges negligence in that “[d]efendants breached
their duty to exercise reasonable care in enforcing the Smoking Ban.” “A claim of
negligence requires proof of a duty owed, breach of that duty, and an injury
proximately caused by the breach.” Gray v. TD Bank, N.A., 2012 ME 83, ¶ 16,
45 A.3d 735; see In re Hannaford Bros., Co., 2010 ME 93, ¶¶ 8-9, 4 A.3d 492
14
(stating that “actual injury” is an element of a negligence claim, and that because
“[t]he tort of negligence does not compensate individuals for the typical
annoyances or inconveniences that are a part of everyday life. . . . [l]iability . . .
ordinarily requires proof of personal injury or property damage.” (citation
omitted)). Because the complaint did not allege a cognizable injury, this count was
properly dismissed.
The entry is:
Judgment affirmed.
On the briefs:
Neal F. Pratt, Esq., and Jonathan G. Mermin, Esq., Preti Flaherty, LLP,
Portland, for appellant Vitorino America
Catherine R. Connors, Esq., Geraldine G. Sanchez, Esq., Nolan L. Reichl,
Esq., and Joshua D. Dunlap, Esq., Pierce Atwood LLP, Portland, for
appellees Sunspray Condominium Association et al.
At oral argument:
Neal F. Pratt, Esq., for appellant Vitorino America
Catherine R. Connors, Esq., for appellees Sunspray Condominium
Association et al.
Business and Consumer Docket docket number CV-2011-41
FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLY