The opinion
MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT Reporter of Decisions
Decision: 2013 ME 111
Docket: Cum-12-435
Argued November 21, 2013
Decided: December 19, 2013
Panel: SAUFLEY, C.J., and ALEXANDER, LEVY, SILVER, MEAD, GORMAN, and
JABAR, JJ.
WILLIAM A. HORTON et al.
v.
TOWN OF CASCO et al.
MEAD, J.
[¶1] William A. Horton appeals from a judgment of the Superior Court
(Cumberland County, Cole, J.) affirming the Town of Casco Zoning Board of
Appeals (ZBA), which upheld the Town of Casco Planning Board’s approval of
AT&T Mobility’s application to build a wireless communications tower. On
appeal, Horton argues that a lease agreement between AT&T and Shellie and
Robert Symonds creates a new lot that does not meet the minimum space and
setback requirements of articles 8.8.1(d)(4) and 4.4.2(C) of the Town of Casco’s
Zoning Ordinance. Because we conclude that the lease does not create a new lot
and that the setback requirements of article 8.8.1(d)(4) have been satisfied, we
disagree and affirm the judgment.
2
I. BACKGROUND
[¶2] Article 6.3.2(A)(2) of the Zoning Ordinance requires the ZBA to act in
an appellate capacity. Therefore, we review the decision of the Planning Board as
the operative decision. See Mills v. Town of Eliot, 2008 ME 134, ¶ 14,
955 A.2d 258.
[¶3] On February 8, 2010, the Symondses executed a lease agreement
granting AT&T the right to use a 100-by-100-foot portion of their property in
Casco to build a wireless communications tower. Shortly thereafter, AT&T
submitted an application to the Planning Board seeking approval for the tower
construction project. On January 11, 2011, the Planning Board determined that the
standards contained in the Zoning Ordinance had been satisfied and approved
AT&T’s application.
[¶4] Horton, along with Brian and Theresa Cosgrove, appealed the Planning
Board’s decision to the ZBA. Horton argued that (1) the lease violated both local
and state subdivision regulations, (2) the lease violated the minimum lot size
requirements of article 4.4.2(C) of the Zoning Ordinance, and (3) the Planning
Board failed to adequately address a shared right-of-way to access the leased land
and other concerns. The ZBA concluded that (1) it had no jurisdiction to hear the
subdivision arguments, (2) there was no violation of article 4.4.2(C) of the Zoning
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Ordinance and (3) the board did not err in reviewing the right-of-way or other
concerns, and affirmed the decision of the planning board.
[¶5] Following the ZBA’s decision, Horton appealed to the Superior Court
pursuant to M.R. Civ. P. 80B. In addition to the arguments he made before the
ZBA, Horton also argued that article 4.4.2(B) did not allow for the development of
cellular towers in a residential zone and renewed his contention that the proposed
tower setback violates article 8.8.1(d)(4). After Horton filed his appeal, AT&T
requested and was granted leave to intervene in the Superior Court matter.
[¶6] The court determined that Horton was required to appeal the Planning
Board’s decisions concerning the subdivision ordinance directly to the Superior
Court, not to the ZBA. Because the 80B petition was filed after the deadline to
appeal the Planning Board decision had passed, the court dismissed Horton’s
subdivision arguments. The court also concluded that the lease agreement did not
create a new and separate lot, accepting AT&T’s argument that a legal interest was
transferred but that no land was split off. It therefore determined that AT&T’s
application satisfied the Zoning Ordinance. The court did not find merit in
Horton’s other arguments and affirmed the ZBA’s decision. This appeal followed.
II. DISCUSSION
[¶7] On appeal, Horton argues that both statute and case law require us to
find that the lease created a new lot, and that AT&T’s application violates
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articles 4.4.2(C) and 8.8.1(d)(4) of the Zoning Ordinance. He has abandoned the
other challenges to the Planning Board’s decision that he made before the ZBA and
the Superior Court. In support of his argument, he urges us to use the language of
30-A M.R.S. § 4401(4) (2012), a subdivision regulation statute that allows new
lots to be created by lease, as a guide for determining when a new lot is created.
The subdivision regulation, however, does not control or apply to the operative
terms of the Zoning Ordinance. Further, a determination that the lease does or
does not create a new lot will resolve only the question of whether AT&T’s
application violates article 4.4.2(C) of the zoning ordinance; the operation of
article 8.8.1(d)(4) raises a different question requiring a separate analysis. The
interpretation of a local ordinance by a planning board is reviewed de novo.
JPP, LLC v. Town of Gouldsboro, 2008 ME 194, ¶ 8, 961 A.2d 1103.
A. Article 4.4.2(C) of the Town of Casco Zoning Ordinance
[¶8] Article 4.4.2(C) requires all lots in residential zones to meet a
minimum lot size of 80,000 square feet.1 Because the leased 10,000-square-foot
area does not meet this requirement, if the lease does, as Horton argues, create a
new lot, AT&T’s application does not conform to the Zoning Ordinance.
1
The Symondses’ property is located in a residential zone.
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[¶9] The creation of a new lot requires the “splitting off” of a legal interest
of “sufficient dignity.” Town of York v. Cragin, 541 A.2d 932, 934 (Me. 1988).
We have recognized that a lease may be used to create a new lot. Bakala v. Town
of Stonington, 647 A.2d 85, 87-88 (Me. 1994). A lease, however, is capable of
transferring a broad range of legal interests, and it is the nature of the transferred
interests, not the type of contract or instrument facilitating the transfer, that will
determine whether a new lot is created.
[¶10] In Town of Arundel v. Swain, we held that the right to use campsites
for a limited period of time did not create new lots. 374 A.2d 317, 319 (Me. 1977).
Instead, we analogized the interest in the campsites as “akin to the renting or
occupying of space in an exhibition hall, a parking lot, or a drive-in theater.” Id. at
320. Although we noted that the campsites were “somewhat parceled off, [with]
each customer being given a certain space to occupy for a certain period of time,”
we ultimately concluded that the campground was a single tract of land, and that
the campsites were not individual lots. Id. at 320-21.
[¶11] When the interest transferred is more permanent, we have held that
the transfer does create a new lot. For example, in Planning Bd. of Town of Naples
v. Michaud, we determined that a developer’s sale of timeshares in spaces to park
recreational vehicles were easily distinguishable from the temporally limited
interests in Swain, and concluded that the conveyance of an “indefinite fee interest
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in a unique and identifiable parcel of land,” did create a new lot. 444 A.2d 40, 43
(Me. 1982).
[¶12] AT&T does not have exclusive rights to the leased property as the
purchasers in Michaud did, nor was its interest conveyed in a fee, or recorded in a
deed or other public record. Instead, AT&T merely has the right to use and occupy
a certain space for a finite period of time, and for the specific and limited purpose
of building a wireless communications tower. This legal interest, which resembles
a license, is not sufficient to create a new lot under the Zoning Ordinance, article 2
of which defines a lot as “[a] parcel of land having distinct and defined boundaries
and described in a deed, plan or similar legal document.”2
[¶13] Because the lease does not create a new lot, the relevant dimensions
for the purposes of the Zoning Ordinance are those of the Symondses’ property,
which easily satisfy the lot size requirements of article 4.2.2(C).
B. Article 8.8.1(d)(4) of the Town of Casco Zoning Ordinance
[¶14] Article 8.8.1(d)(4) requires “[t]he center of the tower base [to] be set
back from the property line by a distance of at least one-hundred (100%) percent of
the total tower height.” To decide whether the setback in AT&T’s application
2
At least one court has come to a similar conclusion. See Global Tower, LLC v. Hamilton Twp.,
897 F. Supp. 2d 237, 245, 256-58 (M.D. Pa. 2012) (holding that a similar lease agreement to install a
communications tower inside a 10,000-square-foot area with a lease term of five years did not create a
new lot or trigger the application of the bulk regulation requirements).
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satisfies this requirement, we must determine whether the term “property line,”
from which the setback is measured, refers to the property line described in the
application—the Symondses’ property line—or the boundary of the
10,000-square-foot leased area, as Horton argues. Because the height of AT&T’s
proposed tower is 150 feet, if the borders of the 10,000-square-foot leased area are
considered the property lines instead of the borders of the Symondses’ lot, AT&T’s
application will be in violation of article 8.8.1(d)(4). Contested language in a
zoning ordinance “must be construed reasonably and with regard to both the
ordinance’s specific object and its general structure.” Town of Union v. Strong,
681 A.2d 14, 18 (Me. 1996).
[¶15] AT&T’s application to the Planning Board consistently references the
Symondses’ property, not the leased 10,000-square-foot leased area, as the
property upon which the proposed tower will be built. The Symondses are listed as
the owners on the application, their warranty deed is included as evidence of right
or title to the proposed building site, and the proposal site plan shows their
property lines clearly delineated as the benchmark from which the
one-hundred-percent setback is measured.
[¶16] In a case such as this one, where the property within the
one-hundred-percent setback zone is wholly owned by the property owner listed in
the application, the issue is not the size of the area subject to a lease with the
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owner, but rather the entirety of the owner’s property upon which the tower is
located. This result is consistent with the obvious legislative objective of the
Zoning Ordinance for wireless communications towers—in the event of a tower
failure, it cannot fall upon any property other than that of the owner under any
circumstance. That objective is met here because the application places the
proposed tower 213 feet from the Symondses’ property line at minimum, well
within the one-hundred-percent setback required by article 8.8.1(d)(4).3
The entry is:
Judgment affirmed.
________________________________________
On the briefs and at oral argument:
Erika L. Frank, Esq., Law Office of Erika L. Frank, Windham, for appellants
William A. Horton, Brian A. Cosgrove, and Theresa E. Cosgrove
Barry J. Hobbins, Esq., Law Office of Barry J. Hobbins, P.A., Saco, for
appellee AT&T Mobility LLC
The Town of Casco joined in the brief of AT&T Mobility, LLC
Cumberland County Superior Court docket number AP-11-36
FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLY
3
Requirements that mandate a tower be set back at least one hundred percent of its height are often
included in zoning ordinances to prevent towers from being constructed in locations where it could fall
onto other structures. See generally, Robert Long, Allocating the Aesthetic Costs of Cellular Tower
Expansion: A Workable Regulatory Regime, 19 Stan. Envtl. L.J. 373, 392-93 (2000) (describing how
concerns of tower failure are met with zoning ordinances requiring a one-hundred-percent setback).