The opinion
Filed 5/14/14 Kajeh v. Select Portfolio Servicing CA4/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
RAY KAJEH, D064426
Plaintiff and Appellant,
v. (Super. Ct. No. 37-2012-58421-CU-
OR-NC)
SELECT PORTFOLIO SERVICING, INC. et
al.,
Defendants and Respondents.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Earl H.
Maas III, Judge. Affirmed.
Law Offices of Herbert Papenfuss and Herbert Papenfuss for Plaintiff and
Appellant.
Locke Lorde, Conrad V. Sison and Daniel A. Solitro for Defendants and
Respondents.
Plaintiff Ray Kajeh appeals from a judgment entered against him after the trial
court sustained, without leave to amend, the demurrer to his complaint brought by
defendants Select Portfolio Servicing, Inc. (SPS) and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as trustee,
on behalf of the holders of the Harborview Mortgage Loan Trust Mortgage Loan Pass-
Through Certificates, Series 2006-12. In his complaint, Kajeh asserted a single cause of
action for "Foreclosure Prevention" based on alleged oral negotiations for a loan
modification. On appeal, Kajeh contends the court erred in sustaining the demurrer
because the complaint sufficiently states a cause of action based on promissory estoppel.
We affirm the judgment because the complaint fails to state a cause of action against
defendants.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In accordance with the principles governing our review of a ruling sustaining a
demurrer, the following factual recitation is taken from the allegations of the complaint
filed by Kajeh and from documents cognizable by judicial notice. (Code Civ. Proc.,
§ 430.30, subd. (a); Moore v. Regents of University of California (1990) 51 Cal.3d 120,
125.)
A. Allegations of Complaint
In November 2006, Kajeh obtained a loan from lender Countrywide Bank, N.A. in
the amount of $1.655 million. The loan was evidenced by a promissory note secured by a
deed of trust against Kajeh's property located at 16427 Irish Eyes Lane, San Diego,
California. The deed of trust was subsequently assigned to defendants. In May 2010
Kajeh entered into a loan modification agreement which required Kajeh to make monthly
interest-only mortgage payments until June 2015. The loan modification agreement was
recorded in the San Diego County Recorder's Office. From June 2010 until June 2013,
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Kajeh's monthly interest payment was $4,700. The loan modification agreement required
Kajeh to "make all payments of taxes, insurance premiums, assessments, escrow items,
impounds, and all other payments" relating to the property.
Kajeh made all payments under the original loan and under the modified loan until
April 2011. In April 2011 defendants notified Kajeh that the modified loan payments in
the amount of $4,700 did not include property taxes and Kajeh was in default on the loan.
As a result, Kajeh was required to begin making monthly payments in the amount of
$13,000. Kajeh informed defendants he was unable to make the monthly payments, and
defendants suggested that the unpaid property taxes be amortized over five years and
Kajeh's payments be adjusted to $8,050 per month. Kajeh paid $8,050 monthly for
approximately five months until he could no longer afford to do so.
Beginning in August 2011, Kajeh applied for and negotiated another loan
modification. Negotiations for a loan modification agreement continued until July 2012,
at which point defendants informed Kajeh he would not receive any further loan
modification.
Despite defendants' rejection of Kajeh's loan modification application, Kajeh had
"continual discussions with representatives of Defendants," exploring "possible
modifications including principal reduction through various federal programs."
Defendants told Kajeh he might "qualify for relief under the various programs now
available to homeowners." Defendants refused Kajeh's attempts to tender payments,
stating that "payments could not be accepted while negotiations for a loan modification
were ongoing."
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On November 1, 2012, defendants filed a notice of default and election to sell
under deed of trust stating Kajeh was in default in the amount of $107,075.45 on his loan
as of October 31, 2012.
On November 7, 2012, Kajeh filed a complaint against defendants, alleging a
single cause of action for "Foreclosure Prevention." Kajeh alleged he did not pursue
opportunities to refinance his property or obtain loans from other third parties because of
the oral representations made by defendants. He alleged defendants were estopped from
denying Kajeh "a loan modification under the terms orally agreed to." Kajeh further
alleged defendants were estopped from sending out a notice of default or "doing any
other acts to initiate foreclosure proceedings on the property until such time as the parties
have successfully completed the modification of [Kajeh's] loan on the terms and
conditions orally agreed to and promised by [d]efendants."
B. Demurrer
On April 16, 2013, defendants demurred to Kajeh's complaint on the grounds that
it did not state facts sufficient to constitute any cause of action against defendants, it was
not pled with the heightened level of particularity required, and it failed to plead the
requisite elements for promissory estoppel. The demurrer was supported by a request for
judicial notice of a series of publicly recorded documents relating to the property
including the deed of trust, corporate assignment of deed of trust, loan modification
agreement and notice of default. On April 26, 2013, Kajeh filed an opposition to
defendants' demurrer.
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C. Court's Ruling
Kajeh's counsel did not appear at the hearing on defendants' demurrer. The court
sustained defendants' demurrer without leave to amend, finding that Kajeh's complaint
failed to assert any viable cause of action against defendants. In support of its ruling, the
court found Kajeh made no showing in his opposition that he could amend his complaint
to state a viable cause of action and failed to appear at the hearing on the demurrer to
explain how he could amend his complaint to state a viable cause of action. On June 14,
2013, the court entered judgment in defendants' favor.
DISCUSSION
Kajeh contends the trial court erred in sustaining the demurrer to the complaint
without leave to amend because the complaint sufficiently asserted all factual elements
necessary to allege defendants' threatened foreclosure was precluded by promissory
estoppel. Specifically, Kajeh contends the trial court made factual determinations
adverse to him in sustaining the demurrer and should have provided him a factual hearing
on his claim. We reject this contention.
A. Standard of Review
"We review an order sustaining a demurrer without leave to amend de novo
[citation], assuming the truth of all properly pleaded [and inferred facts], and give the
complaint a reasonable interpretation by reading it as a whole and its parts in context."
(Chavez v. Indymac Mortgage Services (2013) 219 Cal.App.4th 1052, 1056.) However,
no credit is given to "allegations that merely set forth contentions or legal conclusions."
(Ibid.) A complaint is construed "liberally . . . , with a view to substantial justice between
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the parties." (Code Civ. Proc., § 452.) When a general demurrer is sustained without
leave to amend, "we decide whether there is a reasonable possibility that the defect can
be cured by amendment: if it can be, the trial court has abused its discretion and we
reverse; if not, there has been no abuse of discretion and we affirm." (Blank v. Kirwan
(1985) 39 Cal.3d 311, 318.)
B. Promissory Estoppel
Kajeh's cause of action to prevent the foreclosure is based on purported oral
negotiations and agreements with defendants. However, the allegations Kajeh made in an
attempt to invoke the doctrine of promissory estoppel were fatally flawed. Accordingly,
the court properly sustained defendants' demurrer.
1. Applicable Legal Principles
Under the doctrine of promissory estoppel, " '[a] promise which the promisor
should reasonably expect to induce action or forbearance on the part of the promisee or a
third person and which does induce such action or forbearance is binding if injustice can
be avoided only by enforcement of the promise. . . .' [Citations.] Promissory estoppel is
'a doctrine which employs equitable principles to satisfy the requirement that
consideration must be given in exchange for the promise sought to be enforced.' "
(Kajima/Ray Wilson v. Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority
(2000) 23 Cal.4th 305, 310.)
The elements of a promissory estoppel claim are: "(1) a clear promise, (2)
[reasonable and foreseeable] reliance, (3) substantial detriment, and (4) damages
'measured by the extent of the obligation assumed and not performed.'" (Toscano v.
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Greene Music (2004) 124 Cal.App.4th 685, 692; Aceves v. U.S. Bank, N.A. (2011) 192
Cal.App.4th 218, 225 (Aceves).) The party claiming estoppel must specifically plead all
facts relied on to establish its elements. (See Smith v. City and County of San Francisco
(1990) 225 Cal.App.3d 38, 48.) " '[A] promise is an indispensable element of the
doctrine of promissory estoppel. The cases are uniform in holding that this doctrine
cannot be invoked and must be held inapplicable in the absence of a showing that a
promise had been made upon which the complaining party relied to his prejudice.'
[Citation.] The promise must, in addition, be 'clear and unambiguous in its terms.'
[Citation.] 'Estoppel cannot be established from . . . preliminary discussions and
negotiations.' " (Garcia v. World Savings, FSB (2010) 183 Cal.App.4th 1031, 1044.)
2. Analysis
Kajeh relies on Aceves, which concluded the plaintiff had sufficiently stated a
claim for promissory estoppel. (Aceves, supra, 192 Cal.App.4th at p. 225.) In Aceves,
the bank promised to work with the plaintiff on a loan reinstatement and modification if
she would forgo further bankruptcy proceedings. (Id. at p. 223.) In reliance on that
promise, the plaintiff did not convert her bankruptcy case, filed under chapter 7 of the
Bankruptcy Code (11 U.S.C. §§ 701-784) to a chapter 13 (11 U.S.C. §§ 1301-1330)
proceeding or oppose the bank's motion to lift the bankruptcy stay. (Ibid.) However, the
bank foreclosed on the property after the bankruptcy court lifted the stay. (Id. at pp. 223-
224.) On appeal, the court reversed the order sustaining the bank's demurrer to the
promissory estoppel claim. (Id. at pp. 225–231.) The court found a clear and
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unambiguous promise by the bank to negotiate a loan modification, reasonable reliance
by the plaintiff on that promise, and detriment. (Id. at pp. 226–228.)
The instant case is distinguishable from Aceves because Kajeh has not shown that
defendants breached a promise to delay foreclosure or that Kajeh detrimentally relied on
defendants' purported representations that he may "well qualify for relief
under . . . various programs." Rather, the complaint allegations show that Kajeh applied
and negotiated for a loan modification that defendants ultimately denied. Unlike the
plaintiff in Aceves, Kajeh's belief that he might qualify for a loan modification or
principal reduction under various programs does not establish the existence of any
promises that were clear and unambiguous. Even if, according to Kajeh, defendants did
engage in discussions with Kajeh about a loan modification, there was no promise that
his loan would actually be modified, much less what the terms of that modification would
be.
Further, Kajeh has not established he can allege reasonable detrimental reliance.
He asserts he was injured by his reliance on defendants' alleged promise to suspend
foreclosure proceedings while negotiations for a loan modification were ongoing. Kajeh
claims he forwent other means of curing his loan default, including the opportunity to
refinance his property or obtain loans from other third parties. Unlike in Aceves, such
claims are pure speculation and factually unsubstantiated. The plaintiff in Aceves took
actions to her detriment in reliance on lenders' promises by giving up her rights in
bankruptcy in exchange for the bank's promise to negotiate a loan modification. Here,
there are no allegations that Kajeh actually took any steps to initiate bankruptcy,
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refinance, or obtain another loan. There are also no factual allegations that defendants
requested plaintiff not to proceed with other actions in return for defendants' promise to
suspend foreclosure proceedings. Accordingly, the trial court properly sustained
defendants' demurrer because Kajeh failed to state a cause of action for promissory
estoppel.
C. Judicial Notice
In addition to Kajeh's failure to state a cause of action for promissory estoppel, his
complaint was also deficient because his allegations are refuted by judicially noticeable
public records.
1. Applicable legal principles
When ruling on a demurrer, "[a] court may take judicial notice of something that
cannot reasonably be controverted, even if it negates an express allegation of the
pleading." (Poseidon Development, Inc. v. Woodland Lane Estates, LLC (2007) 152
Cal.App.4th 1106, 1117.) Evidence Code section 452, subdivisions (c) and (h),
respectively, permit a court, in its discretion, to take judicial notice of "[o]fficial
acts . . . of any state of the United States" and "[f]acts and propositions that are not
reasonably subject to dispute and are capable of immediate and accurate determination by
resort to sources of reasonably indisputable accuracy." Accordingly, courts may take
judicial notice of the existence and recordation of real property records, including deeds
of trust, when the authenticity of the documents is not challenged. (Fontenot v. Wells
Fargo Bank, N.A. (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 256, 264 (Fontenot).)
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Where judicial notice is requested of a legally operative document—like a
contract—the court may take notice not only of the fact of the document and its recording
or publication, but also facts that clearly derive from its legal effect. (Fontenot, supra,
198 Cal.App.4th at p. 265.) Further, whether the fact derives from the legal effect of a
document or from a statement within the document, the fact may be judicially noticed
where the fact is not reasonably subject to dispute. (Scott v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.
(2013) 214 Cal.App.4th 743, 754.)
2. Analysis
On May 10, 2010, Kajeh entered into a loan modification agreement that was
recorded with the county recorder's office. The loan modification agreement stated Kajeh
was required to "make all payments, taxes, insurance premiums, assessments, escrow
items, impounds, and all other payments" relating to his property.
In his complaint, Kajeh alleges he was not notified of his obligation to pay
property taxes under the loan modification agreement. However, Kajeh's allegations are
refuted by the express language in the loan modification agreement itself. For this
additional reason, the trial court properly sustained defendants' demurrer to the
complaint.1
1 Kajeh does not challenge the denial of further leave to amend by the trial court.
Therefore we need not decide this issue.
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DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed. Costs on appeal are awarded to respondents.
NARES,Acting P. J.
WE CONCUR:
HALLER, J.
AARON, J.
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