The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
:
HUNTER R. LEVI, :
:
Plaintiff, :
v. : Civil Action No. 10-1294 (RWR)
:
INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD :
OF TEAMSTERS, :
:
Defendant. :
:
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff brings this breach of contract action against the International Brotherhood of
Teamsters (“IBT”) under Section 301 of the Labor Management Relations Act (“LMRA”).1 This
matter is before the Court on IBT’s motion to dismiss. The Court has considered the motion,
plaintiff’s opposition and IBT’s reply, and for the reasons discussed below, the IBT’s motion
will be granted.
I. BACKGROUND
Plaintiff, a former employee of the Anheuser Busch Companies, Inc. (“AB”) in St. Louis,
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The Court’s jurisdiction is premised upon Section 301 of the LMRA, which
provides:
Suits for violation of contracts between an employer and a labor organization
representing employees in an industry affecting commerce as defined in this chapter,
or between any such labor organizations, may be brought in any district court of the
United States having jurisdiction of the parties, without respect to the amount in
controversy or without regard to the citizenship of the parties.
29 U.S.C. § 185(a).
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Missouri, Compl. at 9, states that he joined the IBT in May 1979. Id. at 9-10. In a rather
rambling fashion, his complaint recounts events leading to and following his termination in
2003, which occurred after he “call[ed] a supervisor a liar in a company union meeting.” Id. at
15.
In July 2003, there was an “AB-IBT union contract arbitration hearing” at which plaintiff
“was represented by his local IBT union.” Compl. at 2; see id. at 15. After the arbitration
hearing ended, plaintiff’s “local business agent and the IBT attorney told [plaintiff that] . . . the
union would not be doing anymore [sic] to help [him] in a tough case.” Id. “After all, [plaintiff]
openly admitted calling the supervisor a liar, and showed no remorse.” Id.
According to plaintiff, he discovered in 2008 that “the charge against [him] was not only
bogus, [but also] failed as a matter of law.” Compl. at 16. “No reasonable mind would believe
that . . . AB or the IBT failed to research whether the . . . misconduct charge was supportable
under federal labor law regarding union contract employees.” Id. In plaintiff’s view, the IBT
“rush[ed] to distance [itself] after [the] arbitration because the case was so hard.” Id. at 15.
Plaintiff contends that the IBT breached its contract with him, Compl. at 1, and he “is
seeking actual damages of $2.5 million, plus punitive and special damages in a bench trial.” Id.
at 9.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Dismissal Under Rule 12(b)(6)
The IBT moves to dismiss the complaint under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of
Civil Procedure on the ground that it fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. A
motion under Rule 12(b)(6) tests the sufficiency of the complaint. See Browning v. Clinton, 292
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F.3d 235, 242 (D.C. Cir. 2002). “[T]he complaint is construed liberally in the plaintiff[’s] favor,
and [the Court] grant[s] plaintiff[] the benefit of all inferences that can be derived from the facts
alleged.” Kowal v. MCI Comm’cns Corp., 16 F.3d 1271, 1276 (D.C. Cir. 1994). The Court is
“not bound to accept as true a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation.” Papasan v.
Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986).
A complaint survives a motion under Rule 12(b)(6) only if it “contain[s] sufficient factual
matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal,
556 U.S. 662, __, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009). A claim is facially plausible “when the plaintiff
pleads factual content that allows the court to draw [a] reasonable inference that the defendant is
liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id.,129 S.Ct. at 1949 (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,
550 U.S. 544, 556 (2007)). “A complaint alleging facts which are merely consistent with a
defendant’s liability . . . stops short of the line between possibility and plausibility of entitlement
to relief.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted) (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557). A pro se
complaint “must be held to less stringent standards than [are] formal pleadings drafted by
lawyers,” Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted), but it, too, “must plead ‘factual matter’ that permits the court to infer ‘more than the
mere possibility of misconduct.’” Atherton v. District of Columbia Office of the Mayor, 567
F.3d 672, 681-82 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (quoting Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1950).
B. Duty of Fair Representation
Plaintiff does not mention the contract or contract provision allegedly breached by the
IBT. Leaving aside plaintiff’s references to securities fraud, whistleblower complaints and
conspiracies among AB, IBT and the United States Department of Labor, see generally Compl.
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at 2-6, 10-14, the Court discerns a single claim against the IBT: it failed its contractual
obligation under a collective bargaining agreement to provide him fair representation in the post-
termination proceedings.
“It is now well established that, as the exclusive bargaining representative of the
employees in [a] bargaining unit, [a union has] a statutory duty fairly to represent all of those
employees, both in its collective bargaining with [an employer] . . . and in its enforcement of the
resulting collective bargaining agreement.” Vaca v. Sipes, 386 U.S. 171, 177 (1967) (citations
omitted). That duty “includes a statutory obligation to serve the interests of all members without
hostility or discrimination toward any, to exercise its discretion with complete good faith and
honesty, and to avoid arbitrary conduct.” Id. A plaintiff states a claim for breach of the duty of
fair representation by alleging “that the union represented [him] in such a discriminatory,
dishonest, arbitrary, or perfunctory fashion as to breach its duty of fair representation.” Harris v.
Amalgamated Transit Union Local 689, No. 11-0892, 2011 WL 5305377, at *3 (D.D.C. Sept.
30, 2011) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
The IBT argues that it owed no duty to plaintiff because it “was never [his] exclusive
bargaining representative.” Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss (“Def.’s
Mem.”) at 4 (emphasis in original). Rather, “[p]laintiff’s local union (an autonomous affiliate of
the IBT) and his former employer, [AB], are parties to the collective bargaining agreement that
covered plaintiff’s employment terms and conditions,” such that the “IBT owed no duty of fair
representation . . . and never had any contractual obligation . . . to [him].” Id.
Plaintiff responds by pointing to the IBT’s constitution as the enforceable contract
between the parties. See Pl.’s Objection to Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss (“Pl.’s Opp’n”) at 7. In
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addition, he asserts that “[t]he International control of AB IBT locals is substantial,” and points
to the forceful leadership of James P. Hoffa, the IBT’s President, to explain that the IBT’s
decisions were imposed over the locals’ objections. See id. at 8. Neither of these allegations
vaults his single claim from the realm of the possible to the realm of the plausible.
“Section 301 [of the LMRA] provides a cause of action for breach of a bargaining
agreement,” but a “suit may be brought only against the parties to the contract.” Sine v. Local
No. 992, Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, 730 F.2d 964, 966 (4th Cir. 1984). Plaintiff himself indicates
that “his local IBT union,” Compl. at 5, represented him during post-termination arbitration
proceedings. Although a union constitution is an enforceable contract, see Shea v. McCarthy,
953 F.2d 29, 30 (2d Cir. 1992), missing from plaintiff’s complaint is any allegation that the IBT
union constitution requires the IBT to provide him representation. Nor does plaintiff allege that
the IBT’s exercise of control over its local affiliates requires the IBT to represent an individual
member during arbitration.
In these circumstances, the local union appears to be “the exclusive bargaining agent
responsible for representing employees in the prosecution of grievances.” Id. Absent a showing
that the IBT owed plaintiff a duty of fair representation, plaintiff’s breach of contract claim
fails.2 See Baker v. Newspaper and Graphic Comm’cns Union, Local 6, 628 F.2d 156, 166 (D.C.
Cir. 1980) (rejecting “claim that the International violated its duty of fair representation” where
it “was neither the bargaining representative nor a party to the collective bargaining agreement”);
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Even if plaintiff had alleged a viable claim against a proper defendant, he
failed to initiate this lawsuit within the six-month statute of limitations. See George
v. Local Union 639, Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen & Helpers
of Am., AFL-CIO, , 1009-10 (D.C. Cir. 1996); Ramey v. Int’l Bhd. of Elec. Workers,
580 F. Supp. 2d 44, 48 (D.D.C. 2008).
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Devore v. Rolls-Royce Energy Sys., Inc., 373 F. Supp. 2d 750, 768 (S.D. Ohio 2005) (“The Court
finds that because IAM International is not a signatory to the [collective bargaining agreement]
and Plaintiff has not rebutted the Union Defendants’ assertion that IAM International did not
participate in the processing of Plaintiff’s grievance, IAM International did not owe a duty of fair
representation to Plaintiff.”); Grant v. Burlington Indus., 627 F. Supp. 311, 313 (N.D. Ill. 1985)
(concluding that claim for breach of duty of fair representation can be stated only against the
local union which was the “only bargaining representative for the job dispute”); Larry v. Penn
Truck Aids, Inc., 94 F.R.D. 708, 722 (E.D. Pa. 1982) (dismissing claim of breach of duty of fair
representation brought against IBT because it was not a party to the collective bargaining
agreement and therefore owed no duty of fair representation).
III. CONCLUSION
The Court concludes that the complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief can be
granted, and, accordingly, the IBT’s motion to dismiss will be granted. An Order accompanies
this Memorandum Opinion.
Signed this 8th day of February, 2012.
RICHARD W. ROBERTS
United States District Judge
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