The opinion
STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
Anthony Wilcox and Susan Warrix, FILED
Plaintiffs Below, Petitioners March 28, 2014
RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK
SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
vs) No. 13-0763 (Raleigh County 12-C-322) OF WEST VIRGINIA
City of Sophia, by and through its mayor,
Danny Barr, and Nicholas Manning,
Defendants Below, Respondents
MEMORANDUM DECISION
Petitioners Anthony Wilcox and Susan Warrix, by counsel Stephen P. New and Amanda
J. Gardner, appeal the order of the Circuit Court of Raleigh County, entered June 17, 2013,
granting summary judgment in favor of Respondents City of Sophia and Nicholas Manning.
Respondents appear by counsel Chip Williams and Daniel J. Burns.
This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal
arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided
by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record
presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these
reasons, a memorandum decision affirming the circuit court’s order is appropriate under Rule 21
of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
Petitioners appeal the grant of respondents’ motion for summary judgment. Pursuant to
Rule 56(c) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure, summary judgment should be awarded
“if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with
the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the
moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Thus, “[a] motion for summary
judgment should be granted only when it is clear that there is no genuine issue of fact to be tried
and inquiry concerning the facts is not desirable to clarify the application of the law.” Syl. Pt. 3,
Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Fed. Ins. Co. of New York, 148 W.Va. 160, 133 S.E.2d 770 (1963). We
accord a plenary review to the circuit court’s order granting summary judgment: “[a] circuit
court's entry of summary judgment is reviewed de novo.” Syl. Pt. 1, Painter v. Peavy, 192 W.Va.
189, 451 S.E.2d 755 (1994). We note, as well, that “the party opposing summary judgment must
satisfy the burden of proof by offering more than a mere ‘scintilla of evidence’ and must produce
evidence sufficient for a reasonable jury to find in a nonmoving party's favor. Anderson [v.
Liberty Lobby, Inc.], 477 U.S. [242] at 252, 106 S.Ct. [2505] at 2512, 91 L.E.2d [202] at 214
[1986].” Williams v. Precision Coil, Inc., 194 W.Va. 52, 60, 459 S.E.2d 329, 337 (1995).
The facts essential to the resolution of this matter are brief and undisputed. Respondent
Manning, a City of Sophia police officer, was driving a city police cruiser on May 28, 2010,
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when he struck a Jan-Care ambulance driven by Petitioner Warrix. Petitioner Wilcox was a
passenger in the ambulance. All parties were operating within the scopes of their employment at
the time of the accident, and petitioners received workers’ compensation benefits. Petitioners
filed separate civil complaints, and, after consolidation of their cases, filed an amended
complaint in May of 2012. Respondents filed a motion for summary judgment in February of
2013. The circuit court granted that motion by order entered June 17, 2013, finding the claims
barred by the Governmental Tort Claims and Insurance Reform Act, West Virginia Code §§ 29
12A-1 to -18.
On appeal, petitioners assert three assignments of error. First, they argue that the circuit
court erred in granting summary judgment in advance of the discovery deadline. Second, they
dispute the circuit court’s conclusion, as well as its authority to conclude, that respondents were
not reckless as a matter of law. Third, they argue that the immunity provided by the
Governmental Tort Claims and Insurance Reform Act has no application where workers’
compensation benefits provide an inadequate remedy for injuries.
For the purpose of evaluating the first assignment of error, we accept as true petitioners’
assertion that the summary judgment motion was granted in the early stages of discovery, though
the record on appeal is devoid of information relating specific dates or deadlines.1 This Court has
found as a general rule that summary judgment is appropriate only after the parties have had
adequate time to conduct discovery, and granting a motion for summary judgment before the
completion of discovery is precipitous. Bd. of Educ. of the Cnty of Ohio v. Van Buren &
Firestone, Architects, Inc.,165 W.Va. 140, 144, 267 S.E.2d 440, 443 (1980). However, in order
to defeat a motion for summary judgment, the petitioner must rehabilitate the evidence attacked
by the respondent; produce additional evidence showing the existence of a genuine issue for trial;
or submit an affidavit explaining why further discovery is necessary as provided in Rule 56(f) of
the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure. See Syl. Pt. 3, Williams, 194 W.Va. at 56, 459
S.E.2d at 333. Williams provides that:
[A] nonmoving party cannot avoid summary judgment merely by asserting that
the moving party is lying. Rather, Rule 56 requires a nonmoving party to produce
specific facts that cast doubt on a moving party's claims or raise significant issues
of credibility. The nonmoving party is required to make this showing because he
is the only one entitled to the benefit of all reasonable or justifiable inferences
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The civil action docket sheet included in the record on appeal reveals an apparently lean
history of litigation prior to the filing of the motion for summary judgment. From review of the
docket sheet, we deduce that the original complaints were filed on April 19, 2012, and an
amended complaint was filed approximately one month later, then answered in turn.
Respondents served interrogatories and requests for production of documents in August of 2012,
and followed with a motion to compel discovery on November 13, 2012, though the docket
reflects that Petitioner Wilcox’s responses were filed served days later and supplemented the
following January. Petitioner Warrix served responses on February 8, 2013. That same day,
respondents filed their motion for summary judgment. Respondents represent that petitioners
served no discovery requests of their own during the pendency of the litigation, and did not
schedule or attempt to schedule any witness depositions during that time.
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when confronted with a motion for summary judgment. Inferences and opinions
must be grounded on more than flights of fancy, speculations, hunches, intuition
or rumors.
194 W.Va. at 61 n.14, 459 S.E.2d at 338 n.14 (emphasis in original). Pursuant to Crum v. Equity
Inns, Inc., this Court stated that:
An opponent of a summary judgment motion requesting a continuance for further
discovery need not follow the exact letter of Rule 56(f) of the West Virginia Rules
of Civil Procedure in order to obtain it. Elliott v. Schoolcraft, 213 W.Va. at 73,
576 S.E.2d at 800. However, at a minimum, the party making an informal Rule
56(f) motion must satisfy four requirements. It should (1) articulate some
plausible basis for the party's belief that specified “discoverable” material facts
likely exist which have not yet become accessible to the party; (2) demonstrate
some realistic prospect that the material facts can be obtained within a reasonable
additional time period; (3) demonstrate that the material facts will, if obtained,
suffice to engender an issue both genuine and material; and (4) demonstrate good
cause for failure to have conducted the discovery earlier. Id.
224 W.Va. 246, 254, 685 S.E.2d 219, 227 (2009). Furthermore,
[w]e, like the Fourth Circuit, place great weight on the Rule 56(f) affidavit,
believing that “[a] party may not simple assert in its brief that discovery was
necessary and thereby overturn summary judgment when it failed to comply with
the requirement of Rule 56(f) to set out reasons for the need for discovery in the
affidavit.” Nguyen v. CNA Corp., 44 F.3d 234, 242 (4th Cir.1995).
Powderidge Unit Owners Ass'n v. Highland Props., Ltd., 196 W.Va. 692, 702, 474 S.E.2d 872,
882 (1996).2
In their brief before this Court, petitioners do not claim to have requested that the circuit
court delay consideration of the motion for summary judgment until the passing of the discovery
deadline. There is no evidence that a vital Rule 56(f) affidavit was prepared. In fact, petitioners’
response to respondents’ summary judgment motion, which is included in the record on appeal,
makes no mention of the discovery deadline. In light of petitioners’ silence on this matter prior to
receiving a ruling adverse to them, we find that petitioners were not prejudiced by the timing of
the court’s disposition.
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Rule 56(f) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure states:
When affidavits are unavailable—Should it appear from the affidavits of a
party opposing the motion that the party cannot for reasons stated present by
affidavit facts essential to justify the party’s opposition, the court may refuse the
application for judgment or may order a continuance to permit affidavits to be
obtained or depositions to be taken or discovery to be had or may make such other
order as is just.
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Next, petitioners argue that the circuit court did not provide sufficient findings of fact to
support its conclusion that respondents were not reckless as a matter of law, and that the court
exceeded its authority in reaching that conclusion. The determination about the recklessness, if
any, of Respondent Manning is significant because West Virginia Code § 29-12A-5(b) provides
that an employee of a political subdivisions is immune from personal tort liability unless
(1) [h]is or her acts or omissions were manifestly outside the scope of
employment or official responsibilities; (2) [h]is or her acts or omissions were
with malicious purpose, in bad faith, or in a wanton or reckless manner; or (3)
[l]iability is expressly imposed upon the employee by a provision of this code.
Syl. Pt. 1, in part, Beckley v. Crabtree, 189 W.Va. 94, 428 S.E.2d 317 (1993).
With regard to consideration of the application of immunity, we have written:
Though it is the province of the jury to determine disputed predicate facts,
the question of whether the constitutional or statutory right was clearly
established is one of law for the court. In this connection, it is the jury, not the
judge, who must decide the disputed “foundational” or “historical” facts that
underlie the immunity determination, but it is solely the prerogative of the court to
make the ultimate legal conclusion.
Hutchison v. City of Huntington, 198 W.Va. 139, 149, 479 S.E.2d 649, 659 (1996). The
Hutchison Court also explained that the immunity issue should be “heard and resolved prior to
any trial because, if the claim of immunity is proper and valid, the very thing from which the
defendant is immune—a trial—will absent a pretrial ruling occur and cannot be remedied by a
later appeal.” Id. at 149 n.13, 479 S.E.2d at 659 n.13.
In the case before us, petitioners have identified no disputed predicate facts requiring jury
determination. Furthermore, petitioners have not put forth a single fact to support the conclusive
assertion that Respondent Manning may have acted in reckless manner. For that matter, in their
brief before this Court, petitioners do not even assert that Respondent Manning acted recklessly.
Inasmuch as we have encouraged our circuit courts to resolve questions of immunity at the
earliest possible stage, and inasmuch as petitioners have presented not a scintilla of evidence that
Respondent Manning acted recklessly, we find that the circuit court properly resolved this
question.
Finally, petitioners argue that because they were not adequately compensated for their
injuries by respondents’ workers’ compensation coverage, governmental immunity does not bar
their claims. West Virginia Code § 29-12A-5(a)(11) clearly states that a political subdivision
enjoys immunity from liability where the loss or claim is the result of “any claim covered by any
workers’ compensation law or any employer’s liability law.” The circuit court correctly noted
that we have identified four elements necessary for the application of that immunity as follows:
First, the plaintiff must have been injured by the negligence of an employee of a
political subdivision. Second, the plaintiff must have received the injury in the
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course of and resulting from his or her employment. Third, the plaintiff's
employer must have workers' compensation coverage. Fourth, the plaintiff must
be eligible for such benefits.
Zelenka v. City of Weirton, 208 W.Va. 243, 247, 539 S.E.2d 750, 754 (2000) citing O'Dell v.
Town of Gauley Bridge, 188 W.Va. 596, 603, 425 S.E.2d 551, 558 (1992). The circuit court also
correctly noted that each of these requirements is met in the present case.
Petitioners urge us to depart from Zelenka on the basis of Brooks v. City of Weirton, 202
W.Va. 246, 253 n.8, 503 S.E.2d 814, 821 n.8 (1998), wherein we wrote that “a grossly
inadequate or patently unfair workers’ compensation remedy” may yield the determination that
workers’ compensation coverage is not “meaningfully present” for the purpose of establishing
immunity under the Act. However, we have already stated that we will not read the term
“meaningful” into the unambiguous statute, and we have expressed our disinterest in elevating
the Brooks dicta into a point of law. Zelenka, 208 W.Va. at 248 n.11, 539 S.E.2d at 755 n.11.
Moreover, even if we changed course and determined to do so, petitioners have provided no
evidence concerning the nature of their injuries or the level of their compensation that would
allow us to evaluate the sufficiency of the coverage. The statutory immunity provided to
Respondent City of Sophia applies based on the presence of workers’ compensation coverage
and the operation of the Zelenka factors as explained by the circuit court.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.
Affirmed.
ISSUED: March 28, 2014
CONCURRED IN BY:
Chief Justice Robin Jean Davis
Justice Brent D. Benjamin
Justice Margaret L. Workman
Justice Menis E. Ketchum
Justice Allen H. Loughry II
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