The opinion
Filed 3/4/14
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
KENNETH WECHSLER, D064919
Petitioner, (San Diego County
Super. Ct. No. DN143293)
v.
THE SUPERIOR COURT OF SAN
DIEGO COUNTY,
Respondent;
KIMBERLY WECHSLER,
Real Party in Interest.
Petition for writ of mandate from an order of the Superior Court of San Diego
County, Jeffrey B. Barton, Judge. Petition denied.
Hagar & Cotten and Cary L. Cotten for Petitioner.
No appearance for Respondent.
Law Office of Alexandra O'Neill and Alexandra O'Neill; Kimberly Wechsler, in
pro. per., for Real Party in Interest.
Kenneth Wechsler (Kenneth) filed a writ petition challenging an order denying his
motion to disqualify San Diego County Superior Court Commissioner Patti Ratekin from
presiding over the dissolution action between Kenneth and his former wife, Kimberly
Wechsler (Kimberly). Kenneth moved to disqualify Commissioner Ratekin after learning
the commissioner agreed to officiate at Kimberly's counsel's wedding while postjudgment
support matters were pending before the commissioner. He sought the disqualification
under Code of Civil Procedure section 170.1, which provides a judge shall be disqualified
if "a person aware of the facts might reasonably entertain a doubt that the judge would be
able to be impartial." (Code Civ. Proc., § 170.1, subd. (a)(6)(A)(iii)
(§ 170.1(a)(6)(A)(iii)).)
Commissioner Ratekin filed a verified answer denying there were grounds for
disqualification, and the disqualification motion was assigned to Superior Court Judge
Jeffrey Barton. Judge Barton concluded Kenneth did not meet his burden to show a
statutory basis for disqualification and denied the motion. Kenneth challenges the ruling
in this writ proceeding.
After considering the particular facts before us and applicable law, we determine
Commissioner Ratekin's conduct was not a disqualifying event. Under circumstances
similar to those here, the California Supreme Court found no appearance of partiality
where a trial judge officiated at the wedding of the prosecutor's daughter several months
before the judge presided over the defendant's death penalty trial. (People v. Carter
(2005) 36 Cal.4th 1215, 1240-1244.) Following Carter, we conclude that when a judge
has no personal or social relationship with the attorney and the judge's only role at the
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wedding is that of an officiant, disclosure is required (Cal. Code Jud. Ethics, canon
3(E)(2)(a)), but disqualification is not mandated absent additional facts.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL SUMMARY
The Wechsler marriage dissolution action was initially filed in September 2006.
More than three years later, in January 2010, the matter was assigned to Commissioner
Ratekin to preside over postjudgment custody and support matters. During the next
several years, the parties had numerous disputes. In 2012, Kimberly filed a motion to
increase support payments and both parties raised numerous other related issues.
Kenneth was represented by Cary Cotten, and Kimberly was represented by Alexandra
O'Neill. After many continuances and the appointment of an accounting expert, the
commissioner scheduled a hearing for November 1, 2013 to resolve pending motions.
One week before the November 1 scheduled hearing, both counsel appeared in
court for an ex parte hearing regarding Kenneth's request to continue the hearing. As
they were waiting to be called, O'Neill told Cotten that Commissioner Ratekin would be
officiating at her wedding later in the year (in December 2013). When the Wechsler
matter was called, Commissioner Ratekin did not mention her upcoming participation in
the wedding, and neither party raised the issue. The court denied Kenneth's continuance
request.
Two days later, on October 25, Kimberly filed a declaration and motion seeking
additional attorney fees and costs. Three days later, Kenneth's counsel filed a verified
statement of disqualification, asserting that Commissioner Ratekin should be disqualified
for cause because the commissioner's agreement to officiate in counsel's wedding might
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lead a person aware of the facts to entertain a doubt about the commissioner's ability to
be impartial in handling the case. (§ 170.1(a)(6)(A)(iii).) Specifically, Cotten claimed
"any average person would entertain doubts when learning that the Commissioner was
personally close enough to one of the attorneys to agree to officiate her wedding while at
the same time presiding over a case involving that attorney."
Commissioner Ratekin filed a verified answer denying there were grounds for
disqualification. Commissioner Ratekin said she did not have a personal relationship
with O'Neill, and she could and would remain impartial in the action: "I have been
acquainted with [Kimberly's] counsel, Ms. O'Neill, for the past few years through her
appearances in my court and through our respective appearances at professional legal
functions. I am not otherwise acquainted or 'personally close' with Ms. O'Neill. [¶] . . .
Approximately one month ago while I was conducting a settlement conference in another
case in which Ms. O'Neill and another attorney appeared as counsel of record, Ms.
O'Neill asked if I would perform her wedding ceremony later this year and I agreed. My
intention is solely to perform the wedding ceremony and not to stay for any reception.
[¶] . . . When counsel thereafter appeared ex parte in this case on October 23, 2013, the
subject of my performance of the wedding for Ms. O'Neill did not come to my mind. As
a result, I did not disclose that I am scheduled to officiate at the ceremony. [¶] . . . My
officiating at Ms. O'Neill's wedding will have no impact on my handling of this case.
[¶] . . . I take no offense to this challenge. I believe that I have been and can continue to
be impartial to all parties and counsel."
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The matter was assigned to Judge Barton for the limited purpose of ruling on the
disqualification motion. (See Code Civ. Proc., § 170.3, subd. (c).) After reviewing the
statement of disqualification and Commissioner Ratekin's verified answer, the court
denied the motion. The court found Kenneth did not meet his burden to show "a close
personal relationship" between O'Neill and Commissioner Ratekin that would "raise
doubts regarding Commissioner Ratekin's ability to remain impartial." The court also
noted that the performance of a marriage ceremony is a ministerial act, and not a judicial
act requiring the exercise of judicial discretion, citing People ex rel. McDonald v. Bush
(1870) 40 Cal. 344.
One week later, Kenneth petitioned for a writ of mandate in this court, contending
disqualification was required because of the appearance of partiality under section
170.1(a)(6)(A)(iii). Although Kenneth's challenge in the trial court focused on the
purported personal relationship between the commissioner and Kimberly's counsel, in his
writ petition he argued primarily that the mere act of officiating at a wedding compels
disqualification.
In her response, O'Neill (on behalf of her client) argued disqualification was not
required because there is "no close personal relationship existing between the
Commissioner and me." She asserted: "Because Commissioner Ratekin is only
appearing at the ceremony, and leaving immediately thereafter, I will not have a chance
to speak with her at the ceremony and the expectation is only that she will be supervising
the recitation of the vows, exchange of wedding rings and signing the marriage license."
O'Neill also submitted a lengthy supporting declaration. However, O'Neill did not
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present this declaration in the proceedings below, and Judge Barton did not consider the
asserted facts when ruling on the motion. Thus, we cannot consider the declaration in
ruling on this writ petition, and we cannot consider facts discussed in Kimberly's
opposition that are asserted for the first time in this court.
In reply, Kenneth expanded on his argument that a judge's participation at a
wedding created a concern that the judge could not rule fairly and impartially, and noted
that many wedding officiants have meaningful personal involvement, such as meeting
with the couple to determine their wishes and desires about the ceremony, attending a
rehearsal and a rehearsal dinner, and receiving a gift or stipend. Kenneth argued that "an
objective observer could reasonably conclude that a Commissioner who agreed to
officiate at a litigant's attorney's wedding could be reluctant to rule against that litigant
and attorney, especially in light of the various motions for attorney fees [and sanctions]
that are at issue."
Viewing the issue as raising close ethical questions that are likely to recur, we
issued an order to show cause. Pursuant to the parties' agreement, we treated the parties'
prior written submissions as the formal briefing on the order to show cause.1
1 After we issued the order to show cause, Kimberly informed us she has substituted
new counsel in place of O'Neill in the family court proceedings. She thus argues the
matter is moot and requests dismissal. We deny the dismissal request. Even assuming
the attorney substitution means the disqualification issue is moot, we exercise our
discretion to consider the issue under the public interest exception. Under this exception,
a court may resolve a moot issue that has continuing public interest and is likely to recur.
(See Steiner v. Superior Court (2013) 220 Cal.App.4th 1479, 1485.)
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DISCUSSION
I. Governing Legal Standards
A determination on a challenge for cause under section 170.1(a)(6)(A)(iii)
"touches upon the core of the judicial process" requiring "the appearance of objectivity of
the decision maker. . . ." (United Farm Workers of America v. Superior Court (1985) 170
Cal.App.3d 97, 100 (United Farm Workers).) A party moving for disqualification need
not show actual bias because the Legislature sought to guarantee not only fairness to
individual litigants, but also "to ensure public confidence in the judiciary" (People v.
Freeman (2010) 47 Cal.4th 993, 1001), which " ' "may be irreparably harmed if a case is
allowed to proceed before a judge who appears to be tainted." ' " (In re Kensington
International, Ltd. (3d Cir. 2004) 368 F.3d 289, 302, italics added [interpreting the
analogous federal statute].) A party has the right to an objective decision maker and to a
decision maker who appears to be fair and impartial.
Section 170.1(a)(6)(A)(iii) states that a judge is disqualified if "a person aware of
the facts might reasonably entertain a doubt that the judge would be able to be impartial."
" 'Impartiality' entails the 'absence of bias or prejudice in favor of, or against, particular
parties or classes of parties, as well as maintenance of an open mind.' . . ." (Haworth v.
Superior Court (2010) 50 Cal.4th 372, 389 (Haworth).) The applicable disqualification
standard is an objective one: if a fully informed, reasonable member of the public would
fairly entertain doubts that the judge is impartial, the judge should be disqualified. (Ibid.;
Flier v. Superior Court (1994) 23 Cal.App.4th 165, 170.)
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" 'The "reasonable person" is not someone who is "hypersensitive or unduly
suspicious," but rather is a "well-informed, thoughtful observer." ' [Citations.] '[T]he
partisan litigant emotionally involved in the controversy underlying the lawsuit is not the
disinterested objective observer whose doubts concerning the judge's impartiality provide
the governing standard.' " (Haworth, supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 389; United Farm Workers,
supra, 170 Cal.App.3d at p. 106, fn. 6.) Moreover, the reasonable person must be viewed
from the perspective of the reasonable layperson, "someone outside the judicial system,"
because "judicial insiders, 'accustomed to the process of dispassionate decision making
and keenly aware of their Constitutional and ethical obligations to decide matters solely
on the merits, may regard asserted conflicts to be more innocuous than an outsider
would.' " (In re Kensington International Ltd., supra, 368 F.3d at p. 303; accord Leland
Stanford Junior University v. Superior Court (1985) 173 Cal.App.3d 403, 408
[employing the " 'average person on the street' " standard]; United Farm Workers, supra,
170 Cal.App.3d at p. 104 [same].)
The California Supreme Court has cautioned that a party raising the issue has a
heavy burden and must " 'clearly' " establish the appearance of bias. (Haworth, supra, 50
Cal.4th at p. 389; see Mt. Holyoke Homes, L.P. v. Jeffer Mangels Butler & Mitchell, LLP
(2013) 219 Cal.App.4th 1299, 1311.) "[T]he appearance-of-partiality 'standard "must not
be so broadly construed that it becomes, in effect, presumptive, so that recusal is
mandated upon the merest unsubstantiated suggestion of personal bias or prejudice." ' "
(Haworth, supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 389.) "A judge . . . 'has a duty to decide any proceeding
in which he or she is not disqualified.' [Citation.] ' "Judicial responsibility does not
8
require shrinking every time an advocate asserts the objective and fair judge appears to
be biased. The duty of a judge to sit where not disqualified is equally as strong as the
duty not to sit when disqualified." ' " (Id. at p. 392.)
The weight of authority supports that where, as here, the relevant facts are
undisputed, a de novo review standard applies to a section 170.1(a)(6)(A)(iii) challenge
to a claimed appearance of partiality. (See Briggs v. Superior Court (2001) 87
Cal.App.4th 312, 319; Sincavage v. Superior Court (1996) 42 Cal.App.4th 224, 230;
Flier v. Superior Court, supra, 23 Cal.App.4th at p. 171; see also Haworth, supra, 50
Cal.4th at pp. 382-388 & 383, fn. 8 [holding independent review standard applies in the
arbitrator appearance-of-bias context, and noting the issue has been the subject of
conflicting opinions in the judicial context].)
II. Analysis
We agree with Kimberly there is no indication that Commissioner Ratekin's
agreement to officiate at Kimberly's counsel's wedding shows bias or that she could not
be impartial in all her future rulings. However, as Kenneth correctly argues, the
existence of bias is not the standard here. The standard is whether a reasonable person
aware of the facts would entertain doubts as to whether the commissioner could be
impartial in this case. Would an objective layperson aware of all relevant facts
reasonably conclude that Commissioner Ratekin could not be impartial and would tend to
favor a litigant because the commissioner officiated at the litigant's counsel's wedding?
In answering this question, we do not write on a clean slate. In People v. Carter,
supra, 36 Cal.4th 1215 (Carter), the California Supreme Court rejected the defendant's
9
claims that a trial judge's act of officiating at the prosecutor's daughter's wedding several
months before the commencement of a death penalty trial created an appearance of
partiality under section 170.1(a)(6)(A)(iii).
In Carter, the defendant moved to disqualify the trial judge (Superior Court Judge
Melinda Lasater) based on the defendant's assertions of close personal ties between the
prosecutor and Judge Lasater. (Carter, supra, 36 Cal.4th at pp. 1240-1241.) These
connections included that Judge Lasater and the prosecutor had previously worked
together in the district attorney's office; the judge's family had gone camping with the
prosecutor's family in addition to other families; the judge's husband had purchased the
prosecutor's son's dirt bike approximately 10 years earlier; the prosecutor's daughter had
" 'house sat' " for the judge one year earlier and been paid a minimal amount; and the
judge and the prosecutor had sporadic social contacts at parties. (Id. at p. 1241.)
Additionally, several months before the death penalty trial was scheduled to begin, Judge
Lasater officiated at the wedding of the prosecutor's daughter at his daughter's request.
(Ibid.) As part of this activity, the judge had gone to lunch with the prosecutor's daughter
and wife, and the daughter gave the judge a necklace similar to necklaces given to the
bridesmaids. (Id. at p. 1241 & fn. 18; see Carter v. Chappell (S.D.Cal. Mar. 18, 2013)
2013 WL 1120657, *165 [district court's denial of Carter's habeas relief petition].)
Regarding the wedding, Judge Lasater stated in a declaration: " 'It is common practice
for judges of this Court to perform wedding ceremonies for members of the legal
community and their families. My agreement to perform the wedding ceremony for [the
prosecutor's] daughter was such an arrangement and was done at his daughter's request,
10
rather than [the prosecutor's]. I was not paid to perform the ceremony and specifically
indicated that no fee should be paid.' " (Carter, at pp. 1241-1242, fn. 18.) Judge Lasater
denied that she had any biases, and stated her relationship with the prosecutor was
primarily a professional relationship and not a " 'close personal friendship.' " (Ibid.)
Another superior court judge conducted a hearing on the defendant's
disqualification motion, and denied the motion. (Carter, supra, 36 Cal.4th at p. 1242.)
The court found a reasonable person aware of the facts regarding the prior relationship
between the prosecutor and Judge Lasater "would not reasonably entertain a doubt that
Judge Lasater will be able to be impartial in the case." (Ibid.)
After Carter was convicted and sentenced to death, he challenged the court's ruling
for the first time. (Carter, supra, 36 Cal.4th at p. 1242.) The California Supreme Court
held the defendant waived the disqualification issue by failing to file a timely writ
petition (Code Civ. Proc., § 170.3, subd. (d)), but alternatively addressed the issue on its
merits and found no grounds for disqualification. (Carter, supra, at p. 1243.) The court
stated: "Even if we were to overlook the procedural deficiency inherent in defendant's
challenge to the denial of his disqualification motion, we would find no merit in the
assertion . . . that Judge Lasater had a responsibility to recuse herself in view of her prior
professional and casual social relationship with [the prosecutor]. Defendant provides no
statutory or case law authority in support of that position, and we are aware of none.
Because virtually all judges are drawn from the ranks of the legal profession, such prior
relationships are neither unusual nor dispositive. (See United Farm Workers of America
v. Superior Court, supra, 170 Cal.App.3d 97, 100 ['[T]he proper performance of judicial
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duties does not require a judge to withdraw from society and live an ascetic, antiseptic
and socially sterile life. . . .'].) [¶] In our view, [the court] correctly determined . . . a
reasonable person would not entertain a doubt as to Judge Lasater's impartiality.
[Citations.]"2 (Ibid.)
The Carter court found the judge's act of officiating at the wedding of the
prosecutor's daughter, along with intermittent social and professional contacts, was
insufficient to show an appearance of bias. The circumstances here show an even more
attenuated connection between the judicial officer and the attorney. The undisputed
evidence shows, and Judge Barton found, that O'Neill and Commissioner Ratekin had no
preexisting social or personal relationship and that Commissioner Ratekin's participation
in the wedding was purely an official function. Unlike in Carter, there was no evidence
Commissioner Ratekin would receive any gift or other benefit for presiding over the
wedding and she had no ties with anyone in the attorney's family. Commissioner Ratekin
had no plans to stay at the reception and her prior contacts with O'Neill were solely in a
professional context. Although Commissioner Ratekin agreed to perform the wedding
ceremony while O'Neill had a matter pending before the court, a similar circumstance
2 Because the Carter court initially found the defendant waived the disqualification
challenge, the court's discussion of this issue could be characterized as dicta. But, even if
it is, dicta from the California Supreme Court is highly persuasive and should generally
be followed. (See People v. Rios (2013) 222 Cal.App.4th 542, 563; Thurman v. Bayshore
Transit Management, Inc. (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 1112, 1147.) Carter appears to be the
only reported California judicial decision considering the issue of ethical conflicts arising
from judge-performed weddings. (Carter, supra, 36 Cal.4th at pp. 1240-1244.) Carter was
not cited by either party, but was discovered during our independent legal research.
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existed in the Carter case where the prosecutor's daughter's wedding occurred within
several months before the death penalty trial began.
Carter involved the wedding of an attorney's daughter rather than of the attorney.
But the logic of Carter's conclusion applies equally here. By asking a judge to officiate
over his or her wedding, the attorney does not necessarily have a personal relationship
with the judge, nor is the attorney in a special position to influence the judge or to
provide a benefit to the judge. Absent additional facts, the act of officiating is purely a
governmental function. A marriage must be solemnized to be valid, and the Legislature
has designated certain individuals who are qualified to perform this function, including
religious figures, current and retired judicial officers, and legislators. (Fam. Code,
§ 400.) A judicial officer's officiating role thus derives from his or her governmental
position and does not necessarily reflect a personal or social relationship. Many judges
perform weddings in a purely professional capacity and have little or no contact with the
couple other than the judge's appearance at the ceremony to provide the necessary legal
solemnization. Although weddings have great levels of personal significance for couples
and their families and friends, there is nothing inherent in a judge's agreement to officiate
at the event that would lead a reasonable person to believe the judge will not limit his or
her involvement to a professional role.
These observations are consistent with the public policy of encouraging judges to
provide this public service for couples who prefer a secular wedding ceremony. A
holding that the agreement to officiate at an attorney's wedding automatically disqualifies
a judge from presiding over a matter in which the attorney appears would preclude judges
13
from performing this public service and/or would require assignment to a new judicial
officer, thus unnecessarily interrupting and delaying case resolution.
Kenneth argues that even if there was no social or personal relationship between
the commissioner and O'Neill, an appearance of impropriety existed because "an average,
reasonable person might fairly entertain that such a relationship could exist . . .
(regardless of whether it does or does not in fact exist)." However, Kenneth ignores that
the standard requires that we assume the reasonable person is aware of all the relevant
facts and circumstances, and in this case, those relevant facts show the absence of a
personal or social relationship.
Kenneth also argues: "[I]t is a matter of common sense that, if the average
reasonable person was given the choice of having his or her case heard by a judge who
has no connection with the attorneys or having the case heard by a judge who is going to
officiate one of the attorney's wedding in the very near future, that average, reasonable
person would feel much more confidence in the first judge." However, again Kenneth
misconstrues the standard. We do not view the issue through the eyes of a litigant who is
emotionally invested in the litigation. Nor is a court permitted to give any deference to
the litigant's preferred judicial officer. Unless a judge is required to be disqualified, the
judge has a duty to hear a case to which he or she has been assigned. The fact that a
litigant may prefer a judge who had no contacts with either attorney is not the relevant
point here. A party's "necessarily partisan views [do] not provide the applicable frame of
reference. [Citations.] Rather, 'a judge faced with a potential ground for disqualification
14
[should] consider how [the] participation in a given case looks to the average person on
the street.' " (United Farm Workers, supra, 170 Cal.App.3d at p. 104.)
An "average person on the street" aware of the fact that Commissioner Ratekin
intended to perform the ceremony in a purely official capacity would not reasonably
entertain a doubt that she would continue to be impartial. (See New York State Advisory
Com. on Judicial Ethics, Opn. 12-104 (June 14, 2012) ["a judge who is authorized by law
to solemnize a marriage is not precluded from doing so simply because a member of the
couple is an attorney who regularly appears before the judge"].)
We emphasize that our conclusion does not mean officiating over a wedding is an
irrelevant factor in the appearance-of-partiality analysis. As Kenneth noted in his initial
motion, many attorneys select a judge to preside over a wedding because the judge has a
close personal relationship with the individual or with the family. Or in the course of
wedding planning, personal ties can be created, reflected by the judicial officer
participating in prewedding planning events, attending the wedding reception or other
related social functions, or accepting monetary or other gifts in exchange for performing
the wedding.3 In these circumstances, the agreement to officiate at the wedding together
with the social connection and/or the receipt of benefits would create a doubt in the mind
of a reasonable person as to whether the judge could and would remain impartial and thus
3 Judges are not prohibited from receiving a gratuity for performing a marriage if
the service is provided on a Saturday, Sunday or legal holiday. (See Pen. Code, § 94.5;
Cal. Judges Assn., Ethics Opn. No. 5. (1990); Rothman, Cal. Judicial Conduct Handbook
(3d ed. 2007), appen. D.)
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would require disqualification. (See, e.g., Catsimatidas v. Innovative Travel Group, Inc.
(S.D.N.Y. 1988) 1988 WL 3420.)
Before a judicial officer agrees to officiate at an attorney's wedding, the officer
must carefully evaluate all factors that may potentially impact disqualification. These
factors include the extent of the judge's involvement in the ceremony and in other related
events; the nature of the parties' past and current social/personal relationship; any ties or
connections with the families of the wedding party; and the nature of the issues pending
or likely to come before the court. (See generally United Farm Workers, supra, 170
Cal.App.3d at pp. 104-105.) Because the act of officiating may raise reasonable
questions about the relationship, this fact is a matter that must be disclosed for a
reasonable time. (Cal. Code Jud. Ethics, canon 3E(2)(a); see Cal. Judges Assn., Jud.
Ethics Com., Judicial Ethics Update (November 2012) p. 3 ["A judge, who has no social
relationship with an attorney other than performing the attorney's wedding, is required to
disclose that he/she performed the wedding in any cases in which the attorney appears for
a period of at least two years"].)4 Not only is this required by the California Code of
Judicial Ethics, but from a practical standpoint the disclosure allows the attorneys a full
opportunity to raise factors that may influence the court's assessment of whether
disqualification is required under section 170.1(a)(6)(A)(iii). In this case, Kenneth
4 The California Judicial Ethics Updates are prepared by the Ethics Committee of
the California Judges Association and are advisory only. The cited update can be found
at http://www.caljudges.org/files/pdf/November_2012.pdf [as of February 28, 2014].
16
admits he did discover the matter before the commissioner ruled on any motions, and he
does not raise any issues regarding the extent or timeliness of the disclosure.
DISPOSITION
Petition denied. The parties to bear their own costs.
HALLER, J.
WE CONCUR:
NARES, Acting P. J.
MCDONALD, J.
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