The opinion
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
October 17, 2013 Session
MICHAEL WAYNE MEZO v. JENNIFER (PETERSON) MARKER
Appeal from the Juvenile Court for Marshall County
No. 2012JV29 Lee Bussart Bowles, Judge
No. M2013-00390-COA-R3-JV - Filed December 19, 2013
Father filed petition to modify a parenting plan, asserting that a material change of
circumstance had occurred since the entry of the original parenting plan and seeking to be
named primary residential parent. At the close of Father’s proof, Mother moved to dismiss
the petition on the ground that the evidence did not show a material change of circumstance;
the court denied the motion and adjourned the hearing, expressing a desire to hear testimony
from the child’s counselor and receive evidence regarding the child’s performance in school.
Following the adjourned hearing, the court granted Father’s petition. Mother appeals,
asserting that the court erred in denying the motion to dismiss and hearing further proof, in
granting Father’s petition and in making certain evidentiary rulings. Father appeals the
court’s award of attorney fees to Mother. We vacate the award of attorney fees and remand
the case for entry of a supplemental order relative to the award; in other respects the
judgment is affirmed.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Juvenile Court Affirmed in
Part and Vacated in Part; Case Remanded
R ICHARD H. D INKINS, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which P ATRICIA J. C OTTRELL,
M. S., P. J., and A NDY D. B ENNETT, J., joined.
Robert H. Plummer, III, Franklin, Tennessee, for the appellant, Jennifer (Peterson) Marker.
Allen Barnes, Hermitage, Tennessee, for the appellee, Michael Wayne Mezo.
OPINION
Michael Mezo (“Father”) and Jennifer Marker (“Mother”) are the parents of a ten-year
old girl, Alexis Rose Mezo (“Lexi”), born on August 8, 2003. A permanent parenting plan
was entered in Williamson County Chancery Court on June 8, 2005, giving the parties joint
custody and designating Mother as primary residential parent. On April 19, 2012 Father filed
a petition to modify the parenting plan, alleging that a material change in circumstances had
occurred since Mother had been named primary residential parent and seeking, inter alia, to
be named as the primary residential parent. Mother duly answered the petition generally
denying the allegations.
The petition was heard beginning August 17. In addition to his own testimony, Father
presented testimony from the following witnesses in support of his contention that a material
change of circumstances had occurred: Jenny Mezo, Father’s wife; Rueben Alguin, Mother’s
first husband; John Marker, Mother’s second husband; Sherry Strasser, Lexi’s first grade
teacher; Tammy Mezo, Lexi’s Paternal Grandmother; Laura Biggs, Father’s wife’s best
friend; and Debbie Brock, Father’s mother-in-law. Mother did not present any evidence,
rather she moved to dismiss the petition, stating that Father had failed to present sufficient
evidence showing a material change in circumstance; the court denied her motion from the
bench. On September 21 the court entered an order styled “Order Granting Partial Relief and
Bifurcating Hearing” which (1) granted Father an additional weekend of parenting time per
month and telephone contact with Lexi four times a week pending further order; (2) denied
Mother’s motion for the court to hear Lexi’s preferences and motion for involuntary
dismissal; and (3) adjourned the hearing to December 19 “to consider the attendance records
and grades of the minor child, and to hear the testimony of Allison Clanton, the child’s
counselor, as to whether there has truly been a material change since the last Parenting Plan
that has affected the minor child in a meaningful way.”
At the adjourned hearing Father again testified and presented the testimony of Sheila
Horton and Lori Curtis, Lexi’s third grade teachers; Allison Clanton, Lexi’s counselor; and
Mistee Harris, Mother’s girlfriend. Mother did not put on any proof. The court entered a
final order on January 4, 2013, making certain findings of fact and holding that there had
been a material change in circumstances following the entry of the 2005 order; the court held
that the best interests of Lexi would be served by naming Father as the primary residential
parent and approved the parenting plan tendered by Father at the hearing. The court also
ordered Father to pay Mother’s attorneys fees that she incurred after October 29, 2012,
totaling $5,169.25.
Mother appeals, contending that the trial court erred in admitting certain evidence, in
denying her motions to dismiss and request for an interlocutory appeal, in finding a material
change in circumstance and in modifying the parenting plan; she also asserts that the court
made several erroneous factual findings. Father appeals particular evidentiary rulings and
the award of attorneys fees to Mother.
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I. DISCUSSION
A. M ODIFICATION OF P ARENTING P LAN
A decision on a request for modification of a parenting arrangement requires a two-
step analysis. Cranston v. Combs, 106 S.W.3d 641, 644 (Tenn. 2003). A party petitioning
to change an existing custody order must prove both (1) that a material change of
circumstances has occurred and (2) that a change of custody or residential schedule is in the
child’s best interest. Kendrick v. Shoemake, 90 S.W.3d 566, 575 (Tenn. 2002). Only after
a threshold finding that a material change of circumstances has occurred is the court
permitted to proceed to make a fresh determination of the best interest of the child.
Kendrick, 90 S.W.3d at 569; Blair v. Badenhope, 77 S.W.3d 137, 150 (Tenn. 2002); Curtis
v. Hill, 215 S.W.3d 836, 840 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006).
As to the first requirement, i.e., a material change of circumstances, the Tennessee
Supreme Court has stated:
Although there are no bright line rules as to whether a material change in
circumstances has occurred after the initial custody determination, there are
several relevant considerations: (1) whether a change has occurred after the
entry of the order sought to be modified; (2) whether a change was not known
or reasonably anticipated when the order was entered; and (3) whether a
change is one that affects the child’s well-being in a meaningful way.
Cranston, 106 S.W.3d at 644 (citing Kendrick, 90 S.W.3d at 570).1 Only if a material change
1
The General Assembly has also addressed the question of what constitutes a material change of
circumstances when a modification of custody or parenting time is sought:
(B) If the issue before the court is a modification of the court’s prior decree pertaining to
custody, the petitioner must prove by a preponderance of the evidence a material change in
circumstance. A material change of circumstance does not require a showing of a
substantial risk of harm to the child. A material change of circumstance may include, but
is not limited to, failures to adhere to the parenting plan or an order of custody and visitation
or circumstances that make the parenting plan no longer in the best interest of the child.
(i) In each contested case, the court shall make such a finding as to the reason and the facts
that constitute the basis for the custody determination.
***
(C) If the issue before the court is a modification of the court’s prior decree pertaining to a
residential parenting schedule, then the petitioner must prove by a preponderance of the
(continued...)
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of circumstances is shown to exist is the trial court to proceed to the next step of the analysis:
whether modification of the existing parenting arrangement is in the child’s best interest.
Cranston, 106 S.W.3d at 644; Kendrick, 90 S.W.3d at 569; Curtis, 215 S.W.3d at 840. That
determination requires consideration of a number of factors, including those set out in Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-6-106(a) (factors to consider in custody determination) or Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 36-6-404(b) (factors to consider in establishing a residential schedule).
As an initial matter, we address Mother’s contention that the court erred when it
temporarily modified the parenting schedule after the first hearing in contravention of Tenn.
Code Ann. §36-4-405 (b).2 The modification allowed Father an additional two phone calls
per week and one additional weekend per month with Lexi. Mother argues that the
modification “put the child into a situation where she had anxiety and was forced to alter her
routine and normal lifestyle” and that the court “put the child in an unstable position when
there was no need to and Mother has been held accountable for the actions of the child after
the child was thrown into it.”
1
(...continued)
evidence a material change of circumstance affecting the child’s best interest. A material
change of circumstance does not require a showing of a substantial risk of harm to the child.
A material change of circumstance for purposes of modification of a residential parenting
schedule may include, but is not limited to, significant changes in the needs of the child over
time, which may include changes relating to age; significant changes in the parent’s living
or working condition that significantly affect parenting; failure to adhere to the parenting
plan; or other circumstances making a change in the residential parenting time in the best
interest of the child.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-101 (a)(2)(B), (C). In Armbrister v. Armbrister, 2013 WL 5688775, ____ S.W.3d.
_____ (October 21, 2013), a case involving the interpretation and application of Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-
101(a)(2)C), our Supreme Court discussed Cranston, Kendrick, and Badenhope and abrogated the holdings
in those cases to the extent they “may be read as requiring a party requesting modification of a residential
parenting schedule to prove that the alleged material change of circumstance could not reasonably have been
anticipated when the initial residential parenting schedule was established.” Armbrister, 2013 WL 5688775,
at *13. The holding in Armbrister does not affect our resolution of this case.
2
Tenn Code Ann. §36-4-405(b) provides:
(b) In a proceeding for a modification of a permanent parenting plan, the existing residential
schedule shall not be modified prior to a final hearing unless the parents agree to the
modification or the court finds that the child will be subject to a likelihood of substantial
harm absent the temporary modification. If a temporary modification of the existing
residential schedule is granted ex parte, the respondent shall be entitled to an expedited
hearing within fifteen (15) days of the entry of the temporary modification order.
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Mother and Father did not agree to the modification and in the September 21 order
the court did not find that Lexi would be subject to a likelihood of substantial harm absent
the temporary modification; to that extent, we agree that the modification was contrary to the
statute. We have not been cited to any evidence showing that Lexi was adversely affected
by the temporary modification or that Mother was prejudiced by it. Considering the record
as a whole, as more fully discussed herein, the error did not affect the final judgment; neither
did it result in prejudice to Mother. See Tenn. R. App. P. 36 (b).
We next address Mother’s contention that the court erred in denying her motion to
dismiss at the close of the August 17 hearing “in contradiction to [its] finding that there was
no material change of circumstance” and by “re-opening the proof sua sponte at the close of
[Father’s] proof and continuing the hearing for four (4) months to allow [Father] to gather
additional evidence not existing at the time of the hearing after a finding that no material
change in circumstances could be found from the proof presented.” Mother bases her
contention on the court’s statement that “[a]t this time, I’m not going to make a finding that
there’s been a material change, but I believe I owe it to the child to hear the totality of the
circumstances.” 3
We have considered the court’s statement in context and do not agree that it
establishes what Mother contends. When the statement was made the court had heard
Father’s proof and arguments of counsel on the motion to dismiss; in ruling on the motion,
the court stated in pertinent part:
We have an extremely resilient child. Certainly if I look at the records, the
mother has made some mistakes and some life choices that I think she would
change and I would change for her if she wouldn’t. We have a great father.
We have a great situation in Bartlett. That in and of itself doesn’t give me the
need to change a situation that seems to be working.
I don’t feel like I have enough information today to solve this puzzle. What
I would like to do is reset this case, resume proceedings in December when I
can look at the child’s attendance records, hear from the counselor, and see the
child’s grades.
3
While the statement was made in the course of the hearing, it was not a finding of fact or a ruling
that was incorporated into either the September 21, 2012 or the January 4, 2013 orders. “It is well settled
. . . that a court speaks through its orders and not through the transcript.” Alexander v. JB Partners, 380
S.W.3d 772, 777 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2011), appeal denied (Mar. 7, 2012) (citing Steppach v. Thomas, 346
S.W.3d 488, 522 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2011)). The September 21 order contains no findings of fact or conclusions
of law.
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If the child is affected by what is going on in either home, that has to be
reflected somewhere. I am sure if any of us could live each other’s lives, we
would do it differently, but that doesn’t mean that there’s been a material
change here. So I need all the facts to consider whether there has truly been
a material change.
Rather than holding that a material change of circumstances affecting Lexi’s well-being had
not been proven, the court simply stated that it wanted to hear from Lexi’s counselor before
making the determination. This was in furtherance of the court’s responsibility to determine
if the matters which the court mentioned affected Lexi’s well-being in a meaningful way and
was not error. See Cranston, 106 S.W.3d at 644.4
Mother next contends that the evidence does not support the court’s holding that there
was a material change of circumstance. We review decisions in modification cases de novo
with a presumption that the trial court’s findings of fact are correct unless the evidence
preponderates otherwise. Kendrick, 90 S.W.3d at 569; Tenn. R. App. P. 13 (d). The trial
court’s conclusions of law are subject to a de novo review with no presumption of
correctness. Nelson v. Nelson, 66 S.W.3d 896, 901(Tenn. Ct. App. 2001) (citing Ganzevoort
v. Russell, 949 S.W.2d 293, 296 (Tenn. 1997)).
The court found the following facts in the final order:
a. Mother has been married to John Marker and Rueben Alguin.
b. Mother and John Marker had a child, Ariana.
c. Mother has been divorced twice in 2011 (Marker) and 2012 (Alguin).
d. Mother committed herself to a drug rehabilitation program for addiction to
prescription drugs in 2010. The addiction arose as a result of a valid
prescription after wrist surgery.
e. Mother currently resides with her romantic partner, exposing the child to the
third family arrangement in three years.
f. Mother has changed residences at least five times within Marshall County.
g. Mother and Father both have steady employment.
h. Mother suffered some financial hardship, including the cost of rehabilitation
and child support.
i. Father remarried and had another child, Colin.
j. Lexi’s school record demonstrated indifference toward attendance. She
4
Mother raises a concern that the trial court incorrectly stated that Mother made the request to hear
from Lexi’s counselor, Allison Clanton, at a pretrial conference and that the court “improperly continued the
hearing to allow testimony of the counselor based on this incorrect statement.” In the statement quoted
above, the court makes clear that the court wanted to hear from Ms. Clanton; the court was not ruling that
Mother had made the request.
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accumulated 27 absences in kindergarten, 16 absences in 1st grade, and 12
absences in 2nd grade. She regularly received unexcused tardies and
unexplained parent notes. Since the August hearing, Mother’s efforts greatly
improved her school attendance. For the first half of her third grade year Lexi
accumulated no unexcused absences and only 5 absences for excused, medical
purposes.
k. The parties stipulated that Lexi had no trouble in 1st and 2nd grade paying
attention in school.
l. The testimony of Sheila Horton and Lori Curtis noted difficulty focusing in
class in the 3rd grade. Lexi was sleeping in class. She was otherwise
described as generally inattentive. Homework assignments were often
returned incomplete. Although both teachers noted improvement in the last
two weeks of the grading period, Lexi’s grades were significantly lower than
her potential. The record reflects her grades were: Science-73 (D), Social
Studies-77(C), Math, 87 (B), Language Arts-88 (B), Reading-87 (B), and
Spelling 94 (A).
m. Sheila Holton stated Lexi was capable of being a strong B student and with
work an A student. Her grades did not demonstrate her potential because she
showed up unprepared and inattentive.
n. Ms. Holton and Ms. Curtis met with Mother to discuss testing Lexi for
learning disabilities. Neither teacher believed in their professional experience
Lexi suffered from attention deficient & hyperactivity disorder.
o. Allison Clanton, Licensed Clinic Social Worker, stated it was too early to
say if the changes in Lexi’s family life were emotionally damaging.
Based on these findings, the Court ruled that “a material change in circumstances that was
not known or reasonably anticipated when the 2005 order was entered has occurred since the
entry of the initial custody determination and furthermore, such change is one that affects the
child’s well-being in a meaningful way.” The court then applied the factors at Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-6-106(a)5 to the evidence and stated that “[b]ased on the stability of the family unit
5
The court stated:
a. The parent who has the most love, affection, and emotional ties with the minor child weighs
slightly in favor of the Mother because of her role as the primary caregiver for the child.
b. The parent with the greater disposition to provide the child with food, clothing, medical care,
education, and other necessary care weighs slightly in favor of the Mother given her role as the
primary caregiver for the child.
c. The parent with the greater capacity to contribute to continuity in the child’s life, considering the
length of time the child has lived in a stable, satisfactory environment, weighs heavily in favor of
the Father, which overlaps into the factor considered in section “d” below.
d. The parent who can provide stability of the family unit to the minor child weigh’s heavily in favor
(continued...)
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and home, school and community record of the child, the Court finds the best interests of the
child are effectuated by naming Michael Wayne Mezo, father the primary residential
parent.” 6
While Mother contends that certain of the court’s factual findings were erroneous, the
evidence does not preponderate against the findings; rather the record shows that the court
included several statements in its findings of fact which were inaccurate. We have reviewed
the matters cited by Mother and have determined that, while the court’s findings are contrary
to testimony, the inaccuracies do not materially affect the trial court’s holding that a material
change of circumstance had occurred.7
5
(...continued)
of the Father. There has been significant change and instability in the Mother’s life, to wit; two
marriages, two divorces, another significant relationship to which the child is exposed, and
rehabilitation for a drug addiction.
e. There are no mental or physical issues that are relevant to the abilities to parent.
f. The home, school, and community record of the child weighs slightly in favor of the Father as the
best parent with respect to those issues. The Father has done an exceptional job in staying involved
in the child’s life, including her education, despite living so far away in Bartlett, Tennessee. Until
recently, Mother has not done as good a job in paying attention to the child’s needs in this category.
g. The reasonable preference of the child is not applicable, as the child is nine years old.
h. There is no evidence of physical or emotional abuse.
i. There is no concern by the Court that the character and behavior of the other residents of the
parents’ homes are detrimental to the minor child.
j. The willingness and ability to facilitate and encourage a close and continuing parent-relationship
between the child and both parents weighs heavily in favor of the Mother, due to the contrary
positions of the Southern Baptist Church to which the Father and the minor child belong, and the
mother’s homosexual lifestyle.
6
The court modified the Permanent Parenting Plan to reflect its order in which it named Father as
the primary residential parent; approved Lexi to spend 107 days with Mother and 258 days with Father;
granted Mother three weekend visitations per month and four telephone visitations per week with Lexi; set
the remainder of the residential parenting schedule; and assigned child support and decision making rights
regarding Lexi.
7
Mother asserts that the following findings of fact were erroneous: (1) that Mother had a child with
Mr. Marker; (2) that Mother was divorced from Mr. Marker in 2011 and Mr. Olguin in 2012; (3) that Mother
committed herself to a drug rehabilitation center in 2010; and (4) that Lexi’s counselor stated that “it was
too early to say if changes in Lexi’s family life were emotionally damaging”. The trial transcript shows that
Mr. Olguin testified that Mother had a child with him and that he and Mother divorced in 2010; that Mr.
Marker testified that he was divorced from Mother in 2012; and that Jenny Mezo testified that Mother’s
rehabilitation was in 2008 or 2009. The testimony of Ms. Clanton referred to by the court, which occurred
when she was asked by Father’s attorney whether there would be a risk to Lexi’s spiritual development if
she continued to live with Mother, to which Ms. Clanton responded “[a]t this point I believe it’s too early
to say the likelihood of that. . . ”.
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Mother also contends that the following findings were not supported by the evidence:
(1) that Mother suffered financial hardship, including the cost for rehabilitation and child
support and (2) that Lexi’s school records demonstrated an indifference toward attendance.
These contentions are without merit. Mr. Marker testified that Mother was not financially
stable because she owed past debts to the rehabilitation facility and to him; Lexi’s attendance
record supports the court’s finding as to the number of absences over the kindergarten, first
and second grades.
The evidence shows that since 2005 Mother has been married and divorced twice, was
involved in another romantic relationship at the time of the hearing, and has been in
rehabilitation for addiction to prescription medication. The evidence also shows that, over
the period, Lexi began school and accumulated a number of absences from school, has been
inattentive in class, and failed to turn in completed homework, which led to her grades
dropping at school. The record supports the court’s holding that a material change of
circumstance occurred since the adoption of the original parenting plan in 2005.
The record likewise supports the court’s determination that modification of the
parenting plan was in the best interest of Lexi. We give substantial deference to trial court’s
decisions in cases of this sort. As noted above, the court discussed the evidence relevant to
the statutory factors and held that some weighed in Mother’s favor and some in Father’s; the
court determined that the greater weight supported modification. The evidence does not
preponderate against the court’s determination of Lexi’s best interest, and its decision to
modify the parenting plan and to name Father the primary residential parent.
B. A TTORNEYS F EES
On October 31, 2012, the trial court entered an order, the pertinent portion of which
stated “Father’s Motion to Reopen the Proof is granted with the condition that Father is
assessed the reasonable attorney’s fees incurred after October 29, 2012.” Father contends
that the court erred in making the award “without first hearing the evidence and considering
the merits of the parties’ contention.”
Tennessee abides by the American Rule regarding the payment of attorney’s fees.
State v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 18 S.W.3d 186, 194 (Tenn. 2000). The rule
requires litigants to pay their own attorney’s fees unless a statute or an agreement provides
otherwise. Hansen v. Hansen, M2008-02378-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL 3230984 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Oct. 7, 2009). Whether to award fees in modification proceedings is within the
discretion of the trial court; the decision will be upheld on appeal absent an abuse of
discretion. Scofield v. Scofield, No. M2006-00350-COA-R3-CV, 2007 WL 624351 at *7
(Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 28, 2007). “A court abuses its discretion when it ‘either applie[s] an
incorrect legal standard or reache[s] a clearly unreasonable decision, thereby causing an
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injustice to the aggrieved party.’” Id. (quoting Kline v. Eyrich, 69 S.W.3d 197, 204 (Tenn.
2002).
Although the trial court did not state the legal basis for its award, Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 36-5-103(c), which codifies the court’s power to award attorney’s fees in custody
proceedings, provides a basis:
The plaintiff spouse may recover from the defendant spouse . . . reasonable
attorney fees incurred in enforcing any decree for alimony and/or child
support, or in regard to any suit or action concerning the adjudication of the
custody or the change of custody of any child, or children, of the parties, both
upon the original divorce hearing and at any subsequent hearing, which fees
may be fixed and allowed by the court, before whom such action or proceeding
is pending, in the discretion of such court.
Father asserts that the basis for reopening the proof was newly discovered evidence
and that he should not be penalized “for wanting to present that evidence to the Court that
ultimately played a large role in persuading the Court to grant the relief sought by the
Father.”8 Mother contends that the award of fees was in furtherance of the court’s holding
that she would not “suffer additional expense” when it denied her motion for interlocutory
appeal; alternatively, she asserts that “if the court’s decision was in connection with Father’s
motion to re-open the proof then it may have intended to allow him some leeway under the
condition that he pay Mother’s attorney fees.”
Given the fact that the award was made while the hearing was adjourned and prior to
the resolution of the modification petition, we are unable to confirm the legal and factual
basis upon which the court made the award. Consequently, we vacate the award and remand
the case for the court to enter a supplemental order setting forth the basis of the award of fees
to Mother.
8
Father filed an affidavit with the motion in which he recounted, among other things, a recent
conversation he had with Ms. Clanton wherein Ms. Clanton expressed some concerns regarding Lexi’s
decision to become a Christian in the Southern Baptist belief system, as well as an e-mail he had received
from Lexi’s teacher expressing concerns about Lexi’s recent physical appearance and classroom
performance.
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C. O THER I SSUES
Mother contends that, since she was available as a witness, Tenn. R. Civ. P. 32.01 9
only allows her deposition to be used for impeachment purposes and that the court erred in
allowing Father to read portions of the deposition into evidence. Tenn. R. Civ. P. 32.01(2),
however, specifically permits a deposition of a party to be used by an adverse party “for any
purpose.” The court did not err is allowing Father to read from her deposition.
Mother appeals the trial court’s denial of her motion for interlocutory appeal, made
pursuant to Tenn. R. App. P. 9. The court denied the motion in its order entered October 31,
stating: “The request for interlocutory appeal is denied under Tennessee Rule of Appellate
Procedure 9 as 1) there is no irreparable harm to be prevented, 2) the Mother shall not suffer
additional expense, and 3) there is no need to develop a uniform body of law in this area.”
When a trial court denies a Rule 9 motion, Tenn. R. App. P. 10 provides that the party may
file an application to appeal directly with this court. Mother did not make such application
in this case; inasmuch as we have determined the merits of the appeal, this issue is moot. See
Ford Consumer Finance Co. v. Clay, 984 S.W. 2d 615 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998).
Father asserts that the trial court erred in sustaining hearsay objections to certain
testimony he proffered. Inasmuch as we have affirmed the court’s grant of Father’s motion
to modify, these issues are pretermitted.
9
Tenn. R. Civ. P. 32.01 states in pertinent part:
At the trial or upon the hearing of a motion or an interlocutory proceeding, any part or all
of a deposition, so far as admissible under the Tennessee Rules of Evidence applied as
though the witness were then present and testifying, may be used against any party who was
present or represented at the taking of the deposition or who had reasonable notice thereof
in accordance with any of the following provisions:
(1) Any deposition may be used by any party for the purpose of contradicting or impeaching
the testimony of deponent as a witness.
(2) The deposition of a party or of anyone who at the time of taking the deposition was an
officer, director, or managing agent, or a person designated under Rule 30.02(6) or 31.01
to testify on behalf of a public or private corporation, partnership or association,
governmental agency or individual proprietorship which is a party may be used by an
adverse party for any purpose.
(3) The deposition of a witness, whether or not a party, may be used by any party for any
purpose if the court finds that the witness is “unavailable” as defined by Tennessee Rule of
Evidence 804(a). But depositions of experts taken pursuant to the provisions of Rule
26.02(4) may not be used at trial except to impeach in accordance with the provisions of
Rule 32.01(1).
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CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed in part and
vacated in part. The case is remanded for further proceedings in accordance with this
opinion.
________________________________
RICHARD H. DINKINS, JUDGE
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