People v. Brown

2013 IL 114196

IN THE

SUPREME COURT

OF

THE STATE OF ILLINOIS

(Docket No. 114196)

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellee, v.

TIFFANY BROWN, Appellant.

Opinion filed December 19, 2013.

JUSTICE FREEMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with

opinion.

Chief Justice Garman and Justices Karmeier, Burke, and Theis

concurred in the judgment and opinion.

Justice Thomas specially concurred, with opinion, joined by

Justice Kilbride.

OPINION

¶1 Following a bench trial in the circuit court of Cook County,

defendant, Tiffany Brown, was convicted of several offenses,

including forgery by making a counterfeit check (720 ILCS 5/17-

3(a)(1) (West 2006)), forgery by delivering the check (720 ILCS

5/17-3(a)(2) (West 2006)), and attempted theft by delivering the

check (720 ILCS 5/8-4, 16-1(a)(1)(A) (West 2006)). The appellate

court, inter alia, upheld defendant’s convictions for forgery by

making the check and for attempted theft, and vacated the conviction

for forgery by delivery. 2011 IL App (1st) 101391-U.

¶2 This court allowed defendant’s petition for leave to appeal. Ill. S.

Ct. R. 315 (eff. Feb. 26, 2010). Defendant challenges only her

conviction for forgery by making the check. We now affirm in part

and reverse in part the judgment of the appellate court and the

judgment of the circuit court.

¶3 I. BACKGROUND

¶4 In August 2006, defendant was approximately 35 years old and

had been a Chicago police officer for nearly seven years.1 Defendant’s

sister was Abeni Brown and defendant’s mother was Zenobia Brown.

Defendant maintained a checking account at the Chicago Patrolmen’s

Federal Credit Union (credit union).

¶5 On August 31, 2006, defendant entered the credit union and,

while talking on her cell phone, presented to a teller, Samara Galvan,

a letter, a check, a deposit slip, and identification. The letter

purportedly related to a lawsuit in “the court room of Judge G.

Imgram,” where the plaintiff was Abeni and the defendant was Six

Flags Great America. The letter described an August 25, 2006, ruling

in favor of Abeni in the amount of $3.5 million. The letter also

designated as “beneficiaries” defendant, to receive $1 million;

Zenobia, to receive $2 million; and defendant’s cousin, Ahmad

Murphy, to receive $500,000. Further, the letter contained the

signatures of “the clerk of Judge G. Imgram,” “Attorney at Law Susan

T. Mitchell,” “Attorney at Law Bennetta C. Thompson,” and “CEO,

Six Flags Great America[,] Dr. Bryan D. Douglas.”

¶6 The check, dated August 25, 2006, was purportedly drawn on the

JPMorgan Chase bank account of Six Flags Great America, made

payable to defendant in the amount of $1 million. The drawer’s

signature was “Bryan Douglas.” On the reverse side, defendant

endorsed the check with her signature and credit union member

number. The check raised several red flags for Galvan. Initially, three

sets of numbers were printed at the bottom of the check instead of the

usual two, and none were the customary nine-digit routing number.

Also, the texture of the check and the print font were atypical.

Further, $1 million would typically be deposited by wire transfer and

not by check.

¶7 Galvan left the teller window to speak with her manager, Maria

Villasenor. Galvan showed Villasenor the letter, check, and deposit

slip. Villasenor glanced at the check but did not observe its amount.

She instructed Galvan to accept the check. Galvan also photocopied

the letter and the deposit slip and kept them with the check. She

returned to the teller window, where defendant was still talking on her

cell phone. Defendant asked Galvan what was wrong, and Galvan

1

Defendant stated in the presentence investigation report that she was

employed by the department from November 1999 to January 2009.

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responded that “everything was okay.” Defendant told Galvan that her

lawyer was on the phone and would speak to Galvan if there were a

problem. Galvan responded that she did not need to speak to

defendant’s lawyer.

¶8 The following day, September 1, 2006, a credit union employee

informed Villasenor that the credit union scanner would not accept

defendant’s check because it could not read the routing number.

Villasenor instructed the employee to verify the routing number. The

employee returned with the check and told Villasenor that the routing

number was missing a digit. Villasenor looked closely at the check

and saw that it was written in the amount of $1 million. She had

never before seen a check for $1 million. During her banking career,

Villasenor had received training in identifying counterfeit checks. She

suspected that the purported business check was counterfeit based on

the arrangement of the routing numbers, the texture of the paper, and

the check’s “rainbow” or “cotton candy” color.

¶9 Suspecting that the check was counterfeit, Villasenor telephoned

JPMorgan Chase Bank, which confirmed that the check was not

drawn on that bank. Villasenor then placed a permanent hold on

defendant’s deposit. According to Villasenor, the check had to go

through the banking system to be stamped “counterfeit.” Pursuant to

credit union procedure, Villasenor sent a letter to defendant informing

her that there was a permanent hold on her deposit.

¶ 10 On September 7, 2006, defendant telephoned Villasenor to ask

what the letter meant. Villasenor told defendant that because the

check was for such a large amount, a hold had been placed until the

check cleared. Defendant told Villasenor that defendant won a lawsuit

against Great America, and that someone from Great America was

supposed to telephone the credit union to verify that the check was

good. Defendant then told Villasenor that someone from Chase Bank

was supposed to call the credit union. Defendant finally told

Villasenor that she would instruct her lawyer to call Villasenor to

inform her that the check was good. No one from Great America or

Chase Bank, or any attorney, ever contacted Villasenor and told her

that the check was good.

¶ 11 On September 11, 2006, the credit union’s accounting department

formally notified Villasenor that the check had been determined to be

counterfeit. Villasenor called defendant on a speaker phone in the

presence of the credit union’s chief operating officer James Bedinger.

Villasenor informed defendant that Chase Bank returned the check,

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and that the $1 million would be debited from her account. Defendant

responded that Great America had filed for bankruptcy. Villasenor

asked when did defendant learn that, to which defendant answered

“this morning.” Villasenor told defendant that Villasenor would have

to debit the $1 million, to which defendant responded, “Well I’m

going to have to sue Great America again then.”

¶ 12 Chicago police detective Francisco Roman was assigned to

investigate this case. He learned that: there was never a lawsuit filed

or settled between Abeni and Great America; there was no one named

Bryan Douglas at Great America; there were no licensed Illinois

attorneys named Susan T. Mitchell or Bennetta C. Thompson; and

Great America never issued any check to defendant or any member

of her family. On September 27, 2006, Detective Roman arrested

defendant for attempted theft and forgery by delivery. After her arrest,

Detective Roman permitted defendant to use the telephone.

Defendant indicated that she was going to call several persons

including Zenobia and an attorney named Bennetta Thompson.

¶ 13 In November 2006, the original arrest charges were superceded by

a seven-count indictment. Defendant was again charged with

attempted theft by delivering the counterfeit check (count III) and

forgery by delivering the check (count II), but also with forgery by

making the check (count I). Defendant was additionally charged with

three counts of official misconduct (720 ILCS 5/33-3(b) (West 2006))

predicated on the attempted theft and forgery charges (counts IV, V,

and VI), and one count of official misconduct in that, by making the

check, she violated a Chicago police department rule prohibiting

conduct that brings discredit upon the department (count VII).

¶ 14 In October 2009, defendant waived a jury, and the court

conducted a bench trial on all counts. The State’s evidence adduced

the above-recited facts. Detective Roman further testified that, in the

course of his investigation, he discovered two police reports, dated

early August 2006, identifying Abeni as an offender and defendant as

the victim. Also, on cross-examination, Detective Roman testified

that he was unable to find any evidence that defendant actually

created the settlement letter or affixed any signatures thereto. Roman

was likewise unable to find any evidence that defendant actually

created the check or affixed thereto the signature of “Bryan Douglas”

as the purported drawer.

¶ 15 Additionally, the parties stipulated that if Cynthia Reising were

called as a witness, she would testify as follows. Reising is the

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comptroller of Six Flags Great America. Great America did not issue

the purported check. The drawer address on the check was incorrect;

the check was not drawn on a bank that Great America used; the

check contained numbers that did not match any Great America

account; any payment from Great America requires two signatures on

a check; and Bryan Douglas was neither an authorized signatory nor

even an employee of Great America. Further, employment records

indicate that Abeni was employed at Great America from May 8,

2004, until June 11, 2004, when her employment was terminated for

tardiness and unsatisfactory work.

¶ 16 The trial court admitted the State’s exhibits without objection, and

the State rested. Defendant moved for a directed finding of not guilty.

Defendant argued that the State failed to present in its case in chief

any evidence that she: (1) created the check, or (2) delivered the

check to the credit union knowing that the check was counterfeit. The

trial court denied defendant’s motion as to all counts.

¶ 17 Defendant testified as follows. In addition to being a college

graduate and a single mother of one son, she was raising her two

nephews from her sister Abeni. She was raising Abeni’s children

because “more often than not” Abeni had not been in their lives due

to her repeated legal problems. In 2005, Abeni was convicted and

sentenced for forging defendant’s name on a check for $80 and

cashing it. She was released in 2006. Abeni was arrested again for

buying an automobile and renting a condominium in defendant’s

name. Next, in early August 2006, Abeni went to the credit union

wearing a wig to impersonate defendant, forged defendant’s name,

and withdrew $700 from an account jointly held by Abeni, Zenobia,

and defendant. Abeni’s name was thereafter removed from the

account.

¶ 18 In late 2006, Zenobia told defendant that Abeni had settled a

lawsuit against Great America, where defendant knew that Abeni had

worked. Zenobia also told defendant that Abeni was dying, and that

Abeni was distributing the settlement proceeds between Zenobia,

defendant, Abeni’s children, and defendant’s cousin, Ahmad Murphy.

Zenobia gave defendant the $1 million check payable to defendant

and the settlement letter. Defendant testified that she was “in shock

*** [b]ecause for the first time in Abeni’s life she was going to do

right by her children and right by my mother and myself.” Defendant

did not independently confirm any of this information; she accepted

it at face value from her mother.

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¶ 19 On August 31, 2006, with the settlement letter in hand, defendant

went to the credit union to deposit the check in her checking account.

Defendant believed that the letter was genuine. She denied creating

the letter or affixing any signatures to it. Defendant likewise believed

that the check was genuine. She did endorse the check. However,

defendant denied that she created, or played any part in creating, the

check. Defendant acknowledged that she was talking on her cell

phone while depositing the check. Defendant testified that she was

speaking to the purported attorney “Bennetta C. Thompson.” Prior to

the deposit, defendant and Zenobia had spoken with “Thompson” and

“Susan T. Mitchell.” By the time of her trial, defendant had learned

that “Thompson” was not a licensed Illinois attorney, but was

working with Abeni.

¶ 20 After receiving the credit union notice that a hold was placed on

her deposit, she acknowledged that she telephoned Villasenor to ask

what the letter meant. However, defendant denied telling Villasenor

that defendant had a lawsuit against Great America. Rather, defendant

told Villasenor that Abeni was the plaintiff in that case. During this

conversation, defendant relayed information from one of Abeni’s

purported attorneys to Villasenor. During the September 11, 2006,

phone call between defendant and Villasenor, defendant told

Villasenor that Great America had filed for bankruptcy because

defendant had received that information from “Thompson.”

¶ 21 Defendant thereafter left several messages for “Thompson,”

which were never returned. Also, defendant unsuccessfully tried to

locate Abeni. After defendant’s arrest, she learned that the check was

counterfeit, Abeni was not sick, and that “this was just another of her

[Abeni’s] schemes.” Defendant had not had any contact with Abeni

subsequent to defendant’s arrest.

¶ 22 Ahmad Murphy testified as follows. Zenobia is his paternal aunt,

and Abeni and defendant are his cousins. Murphy grew up in Chicago

and South Carolina, and eventually attended high school in South

Carolina. He attended college and found employment in North

Carolina. As a child, when Murphy was in Chicago, he lived with

defendant, whom he described as “[s]ort of a surrogate mother,” who

“helped raise” him.

¶ 23 In April 2006, Murphy was attending college when Zenobia

telephoned to inform him that Abeni was sick and had given him

money from the settlement of a lawsuit. Murphy flew to Chicago and

stayed with defendant. Murphy met with Zenobia, who gave Murphy

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a check for $500,000 payable to him. Murphy was “shocked” and

“surprised” because “Abeni has caused a lot of grief with our family.”

¶ 24 The check that Zenobia gave to Murphy looked like the check that

she gave to defendant, except that Murphy’s check was payable to

him in the amount of $500,000. Murphy did not attempt to verify that

the check was genuine because he did not believe that the check was

counterfeit. He never spoke to Abeni about the check because he did

not know where Abeni was when he received the check. Murphy

endorsed the check and deposited it into his account with Bank of

America in Chicago. In September 2006, Murphy learned from

defendant or Zenobia that the check was counterfeit, and that Abeni

was not sick or dying. No one, including his bank, has contacted

Murphy regarding the counterfeit check he deposited.

¶ 25 In January 2010, following the close of evidence and argument,

the trial court found defendant guilty as charged on all counts.

Defendant timely filed a posttrial motion for judgment of acquittal,

or alternatively, a new trial. At the May 2010 hearing on the motion,

defendant argued that the State failed to prove her guilty of the

charged offenses beyond a reasonable doubt. The State confessed

error as to count VII, the charge of official misconduct based on

violating a Chicago police department rule prohibiting conduct that

brings disrepute upon the department.2 The trial court granted

defendant’s motion for acquittal on count VII, but denied her motion

as to the remaining charges. The court sentenced defendant to two

years’ probation and 50 hours of community service on counts I

through VI.

¶ 26 On appeal, the appellate court found no evidence in the record

that defendant was acting in her official capacity as a police officer

when she deposited the check. Accordingly, the court reversed

defendant’s three remaining official misconduct convictions as

charged in counts IV, V, and VI. 2011 IL App (1st) 101391-U, ¶¶ 25-

29. Also, the appellate court found that the conviction for forgery by

delivering the check as charged in count II, and the conviction for

attempted theft by delivering the check as charged in count III,

violated the one-act, one-crime doctrine. The court further observed

that the Class 2 offense of attempted theft was a more serious offense

2

See People v. Williams, 393 Ill. App. 3d 77, 82-84 (2009) (police

department rules and regulations not predicate “laws” under official

misconduct statute), aff’d, 239 Ill. 2d 119 (2010).

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than the Class 3 offense of forgery. Accordingly, the court vacated

defendant’s conviction of forgery by delivery as charged in count II.

Id. ¶ 32. However, the appellate court held that defendant’s

endorsement on the back of the check constituted “making” the

check. Accordingly, the court upheld defendant’s conviction for

forgery by making the check as charged in count I. Id. ¶¶ 18-24.3

¶ 27 Defendant appeals to this court. Additional pertinent background

will be discussed in the context of our analysis of the issues.

¶ 28 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 29 Before this court, defendant does not challenge her conviction of

attempted theft by delivering the counterfeit check. Rather,

defendant’s sole contention is that the evidence fails to establish that

she committed the offense of forgery by making the check (720 ILCS

5/17-3(a)(1) (West 2006)).

¶ 30 A. Mootness

¶ 31 The State initially responds that this contention is moot. The State

observes as follows. Defendant was convicted not only of forgery by

making the check, but was also convicted of forgery and attempted

theft by delivering the check (720 ILCS 5/8-4, 16-1(a)(1)(A), 17-

3(a)(2) (West 2006)), which she does not contest. Attempted theft is

the greatest offense of which defendant was convicted, and she

received a single sentence of probation. Therefore, according to the

State, “it is of no consequence whether defendant is also guilty of

forgery on another basis.”

¶ 32 We disagree with the State that this issue is moot. The record

shows that defendant was convicted of counts I through VI, and

defendant’s sentencing order expressly states that she received a

single sentence on those counts. Also, the sentencing order cites

specifically to both the “making” and “delivery” provisions of the

forgery statute (720 ILCS 5/17-3(a)(1), (a)(2) (West 2006)). Thus,

defendant’s record clearly indicates that she was convicted of forgery

by making the check. This alleged surplus conviction not only may

3

The appellate court further reasoned that defendant’s conviction for

forgery by making the check and her conviction for attempted theft by

delivering the check did not violate the one-act, one-crime doctrine because

they were based on different acts. Id. ¶ 33.

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prejudice defendant in the future (see People v. Davis, 156 Ill. 2d 149,

160 (1993); People v. Lilly, 56 Ill. 2d 493, 495 (1974)), but also

affects the integrity of the judicial process (People v. Artis, 232 Ill. 2d

156, 165-68 (2009); People v. Harvey, 211 Ill. 2d 368, 389 (2004)).

¶ 33 Additionally, we observe that defendant was sentenced in May

2010. Therefore, she could already have served her sentence of two

years’ probation and 50 hours of community service. However, the

nullification of a conviction unquestionably may have important

consequences to a defendant, whether or not the attendant sentence

has been served. “In such circumstances, ‘the probability that a

criminal defendant may suffer collateral legal consequences from a

sentence already served precludes a finding of mootness.’ ” People v.

Jordan, 218 Ill. 2d 255, 263 (2006) (quoting People v. Jones, 215 Ill.

2d 261, 267 (2005)).

¶ 34 B. Endorsement

¶ 35 Turning to the merits, defendant contends that the record does not

contain any evidence that she created the bogus check. According to

defendant her conviction for forgery by making the check was based

solely on the fact that she endorsed the check in her own name.

However, prior to considering the sufficiency of the evidence, we

must first determine whether defendant’s endorsement of the check

constituted “making” the check within the meaning of the forgery

statute. This is a matter of statutory construction, which is a question

of law reviewed de novo. People v. Howard, 228 Ill. 2d 428, 432

(2008); People v. Harris, 203 Ill. 2d 111, 116 (2003).

¶ 36 The principles guiding our review are familiar. The primary

objective in construing a statute is to ascertain and give effect to the

intent of the legislature. The most reliable indicator of legislative

intent is the language of the statute, given its plain and ordinary

meaning. A court must view the statute as a whole, construing words

and phrases in light of other relevant statutory provisions and not in

isolation. Each word, clause, and sentence of a statute must be given

a reasonable meaning, if possible, and should not be rendered

superfluous. The court may consider the reason for the law, the

problems sought to be remedied, the purposes to be achieved, and the

consequences of construing the statute one way or another. Also, a

court presumes that the General Assembly, in its enactment of

legislation, did not intend absurdity, inconvenience, or injustice.

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People v. Gutman, 2011 IL 110338, ¶ 12; People v. Zimmerman, 239

Ill. 2d 491, 497 (2010).

¶ 37 This court has explained that, prior to the Criminal Code of 1961,

several separate statutes prohibited the forgery of specific types of

documents and prescribed different penalties depending on the

instrument involved. Section 17-3 of the Criminal Code of 1961

incorporates and codifies all forms of forgery into a single criminal

statute. People ex rel. Miller v. Pate, 42 Ill. 2d 283, 285-86 (1969);

see People v. Lanners, 122 Ill. App. 2d 290, 293 (1970). At the time

of defendant’s offenses, section 17-3 defined forgery in pertinent part

as follows:

“(a) A person commits forgery when, with intent to

defraud, he knowingly:

(1) makes or alters any document apparently capable

of defrauding another in such manner that it purports to

have been made by another or at another time, or with

different provisions, or by authority of one who did not

give such authority; or

(2) issues or delivers such document knowing it to

have been thus made or altered; or

(3) possesses, with intent to issue or deliver, any such

document knowing it to have been thus made or

altered[.]” (Emphases added.) 720 ILCS 5/17-3(a) (West

2006).4

¶ 38 The gist of forgery is the intent to defraud. People v. Henderson,

71 Ill. 2d 53, 57 (1978); People v. Crouch, 29 Ill. 2d 485, 488 (1963).

The State must establish that a defendant had the intent to defraud by

making or altering, possessing with intent to deliver, or issuing or

delivering any document apparently capable of defrauding another.

720 ILCS 5/17-3(a)(1) to (a)(3) (West 2006); see People v. Horrell,

381 Ill. App. 3d 571, 574 (2008); People v. Stout, 108 Ill. App. 3d 96,

101 (1982). By use of the disjunctive “or,” the forgery statute

4

The forgery statute defines the requisite intent to defraud as “an

intention to cause another to assume, create, transfer, alter or terminate any

right, obligation or power with reference to any person or property,” and

defines “document” as including, but not limited to, “any document,

representation, or image produced manually, electronically, or by

computer.” 720 ILCS 5/17-3(b) (West 2006).

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recognizes that these acts can be committed separately, and ensures

that a defendant is properly charged based on the stage of the process

the defendant occupies. See People v. Angarola, 387 Ill. App. 3d 732,

740 (2009).

¶ 39 Specifically regarding subsection (a)(1) of the forgery statute, the

State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that a defendant, with the

intent to defraud, knowingly made or altered a document such that it

is capable of defrauding another. 720 ILCS 5/17-3(a)(1) (West 2006);

see Angarola, 387 Ill. App. 3d at 737; People v. D’Andrea, 361 Ill.

526, 532 (1935) (applying predecessor forgery statute). The document

“need not necessarily be in due legal form” (id. at 533), or be so

skillfully prepared that it requires an expert to detect it. Goodman v.

People, 228 Ill. 154, 158 (1907). Rather, the test of whether a forged

document is apparently capable of defrauding another is whether a

reasonable person might be deceived into accepting the document as

genuine. Id.; see People v. Turner, 179 Ill. App. 3d 510, 518 (1989);

People v. Tarkowski, 106 Ill. App. 3d 597, 601 (1982).

¶ 40 In the case at bar, defendant has steadfastly contended throughout

these proceedings that the evidence fails to establish that she created

the bogus check in violation of subsection (a)(1). The appellate court

rejected this contention. After citing People v. Epping, 17 Ill. 2d 557

(1959), and People v. Connell, 91 Ill. App. 3d 326 (1980), the court

observed the uncontested fact that defendant endorsed the check. The

court concluded: “Thus, viewing the evidence in the light most

favorable to the State, we find that defendant, by endorsing the check,

made the document apparently capable of defrauding another, such

that a reasonable trier of fact could have found the essential elements

of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” 2011 IL App (1st) 101391-

U, ¶ 23. Defendant assigns error to this reasoning.

¶ 41 The appellate court failed to recognize defendant’s position in the

forgery statute’s sequence of culpable events. For example, the

appellate court overlooked this court’s decision in People v.

Christison, 396 Ill. 549 (1947), where the defendant contended that

he was not properly charged with forgery because, inter alia, “the

check was not endorsed and never cashed.” (Emphasis added.) Id. at

550. This court rejected the defendant’s contention, reasoning that the

crime of forgery is “complete” with the making of the false document

with the intent to defraud, and that it is immaterial whether anyone

was in fact defrauded. Id. at 551 (and cases cited therein). Christison

teaches that forgery by making a counterfeit check occurs at the

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check’s creation with the requisite intent to defraud. A counterfeit

check is capable of defrauding without the need to be endorsed. See,

e.g., People v. Bokuniewicz, 160 Ill. App. 3d 270, 274 (1987).

¶ 42 Further, the appellate court misapprehended this court’s decision

in People v. Epping, 17 Ill. 2d 557 (1959). That case involved an

instrument that was otherwise valid, but was made the subject of

forgery by the defendant’s false endorsement. This court explained

that the inquiry is “whether the endorsement renders the instrument

capable of defrauding and is made for that purpose. If so, the other

elements being present, it is forgery.” Id. at 569. This court concluded

that the defendant’s forged endorsement rendered the “seemingly

valid” instrument capable of defrauding. Id. Similarly, the defendant

in People v. Connell, 91 Ill. App. 3d 326 (1980), contended that he

did not “make” a check within the meaning of subsection (a)(1) of the

forgery statute. Rather, according to the defendant, he merely found

a valid check payable to another and endorsed the check with the

forged name of the payee. The appellate court correctly concluded

that proof of the defendant’s forged endorsement “was as a matter of

law sufficient proof of a ‘making’ of the check.” Id. at 334.5 Epping

teaches that a false endorsement can render an otherwise valid check

capable of defrauding.

¶ 43 Considered together, Christison and Epping teach that where a

check itself is counterfeit, forgery by making occurs, or is complete,

when the check is first created with the intent to defraud. However,

where a check is valid, there is no forgery by making until someone

affixes an endorsement that renders the otherwise valid check capable

of defrauding.

¶ 44 In the case at bar, the offense of forgery by making was complete

when the counterfeit check was created. The check was capable of

defrauding without defendant’s endorsement. Therefore, defendant’s

endorsement of the check, by itself, did not render the check capable

of defrauding. Consequently, her endorsement did not constitute

“making” the check within the meaning of subsection (a)(1) of the

forgery statute.

5

The appellate court reasoned: “Without endorsement, the check could

not be cashed.” Connell, 91 Ill. App. 3d at 334. In the context of that case,

the court was simply explaining that absent the defendant’s forged

endorsement, that otherwise valid check was not capable of defrauding.

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¶ 45 We observe that the appellate court rejected defendant’s

contention that her endorsement of the bogus check in her own name

was not capable of defrauding. 2011 IL App (1st) 101391-U, ¶ 24.

Before this court, the parties disagree as to whether a defendant’s

endorsement in his or her own name can render a check capable of

defrauding. However, we deem discussion of this issue unnecessary

because the counterfeit check in the case at bar was capable of

defrauding at its creation without any endorsement, be it forged or

genuine. See People v. Campa, 217 Ill. 2d 243, 269-70 (2005)

(reviewing court will not decide nonessential issues or render

advisory opinions).

¶ 46 C. Sufficiency of the Evidence

¶ 47 In her appellant’s brief before this court, defendant argues that,

beyond the issue of her endorsement, “there was no evidence

presented at trial” that she actually created the check. The State

counters that “ample circumstantial evidence established that

defendant created the fraudulent check, and the trial court never stated

that it found defendant guilty of [making the check] based solely on

her endorsement.”

¶ 48 The due process clause of the fourteenth amendment to the United

States Constitution safeguards an accused from conviction in state

court except upon proof beyond a reasonable doubt of every fact

necessary to constitute the crime charged. Jackson v. Virginia, 443

U.S. 307, 315-16 (1979); In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 361-64 (1970);

People v. Cunningham, 212 Ill. 2d 274, 278 (2004). Where a criminal

conviction is challenged based on insufficient evidence, a reviewing

court, considering all of the evidence in the light most favorable to

the prosecution, must determine whether any rational trier of fact

could have found beyond a reasonable doubt the essential elements

of the crime. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318-19; People v. Cooper, 194 Ill.

2d 419, 430-31 (2000). This standard of review “gives full play to the

responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to resolve conflicts in the

testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences

from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319; accord

People v. Howery, 178 Ill. 2d 1, 38 (1997). Therefore, a reviewing

court will not substitute its judgment for that of the trier of fact on

issues involving the weight of the evidence or the credibility of the

witnesses. Cooper, 194 Ill. 2d at 431. Although these determinations

by the trier of fact are entitled to deference, they are not conclusive.

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Rather, a criminal conviction will be reversed where the evidence is

so unreasonable, improbable, or unsatisfactory as to justify a

reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt. People v. Wheeler, 226 Ill.

2d 92, 115 (2007); People v. Ortiz, 196 Ill. 2d 236, 259 (2001). This

same standard of review applies regardless of whether the defendant

receives a bench or jury trial. Cooper, 194 Ill. 2d at 431.

¶ 49 This court has recognized that a criminal conviction may be based

solely on circumstantial evidence. Wheeler, 226 Ill. 2d at 120; People

v. Hall, 194 Ill. 2d 305, 330 (2000). However, the same standard of

review applies whether the evidence is direct or circumstantial.

Wheeler, 226 Ill. 2d at 116-18; Cooper, 194 Ill. 2d at 431. The State

argues: “Based on all of the evidence it was more than reasonable for

the trial court to deduce that defendant made or altered the check.”

We disagree.

¶ 50 We have detailed the evidence adduced at trial. The trial court

concluded that the testimony of defendant and her cousin Ahmad was

incredible and unworthy of belief. The court found that defendant was

an educated police officer with a sister who had a criminal record of

similar crimes. Under these circumstances, the trial court rhetorically

asked why defendant did not attempt to determine the legitimacy of

the check by: arranging a meeting with the purported attorneys, or

consulting with another attorney; or showing the check to the credit

union prior to deposit. Because defendant did not do any of these

things, the trial court reasoned: “Quite frankly, my mother gave me

the check excuse just doesn’t hold water.” The court found defendant

guilty on all counts, including forgery by making the check.

¶ 51 Our analysis of this issue “does not necessitate a point-by-point

discussion of every piece of evidence as well as every possible

inference that could be drawn therefrom.” Wheeler, 226 Ill. 2d at 117.

The totality of the evidence pertains to the delivery of the check, as

prohibited by subsection (a)(2) of the forgery statute. Indeed,

defendant does not contest that she delivered the check, which

supported her attempted theft conviction. However, wholly absent

from this record is any evidence that defendant made the check as

prohibited by subsection (a)(1). Indeed, Detective Roman, the

investigating officer, testified that he did not find any evidence that

defendant created the settlement letter or the check. Proof of forgery

by making “must be connected with the person charged or there is a

failure of proof.”People v. Ciralsky, 360 Ill. 554, 560 (1935).

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¶ 52 Of course, the State bears the burden of proving beyond a

reasonable doubt each element of a charged offense and the

defendant’s guilt. Victor v. Nebraska, 511 U.S. 1, 5 (1994); Howery,

178 Ill. 2d at 32; People v. Tye, 141 Ill. 2d 1, 15 (1990). In the case

at bar, there was an entire failure of proof upon the essential element

that defendant created the check. Defendant’s conviction of forgery

by making (720 ILCS 5/17-3(a)(1) (West 2006)) must be reversed.

¶ 53 When a reviewing court reverses a conviction based on

evidentiary insufficiency, the constitutional prohibition against double

jeopardy (U.S. Const., amends. V, XIV; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 10)

precludes the State from retrying the defendant. Therefore, “the only

proper remedy is a judgment of acquittal.” Williams, 239 Ill. 2d at

133; accord Tibbs v. Florida, 457 U.S. 31, 40-42 (1982); Burks v.

United States, 437 U.S. 1, 11-18 (1978); People v. Mink, 141 Ill. 2d

163, 173-74 (1990).

¶ 54 In sum, defendant’s sentencing order reflects that she was

convicted as charged in counts I through VI. We reverse defendant’s

conviction of forgery by making the check as charged in count I, as

well as that part of the appellate court judgment that upheld the

conviction. As earlier noted, the appellate court vacated the

conviction of forgery by delivery in count II under one-act, one-crime

principles, and the official misconduct convictions as charged in

counts IV, V, and VI. Accordingly, we modify defendant’s sentencing

order here, to reflect her sole remaining conviction of attempted theft

as charged in count III.

¶ 55 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 56 For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the appellate court is

affirmed in part and reversed in part, and the judgment of the circuit

court of Cook County is affirmed in part and reversed in part.

¶ 57 Appellate court judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part.

¶ 58 Circuit court judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part.

¶ 59 JUSTICE THOMAS, specially concurring:

¶ 60 I agree with the conclusions of the majority in the first two

sections of its analysis and its reasons for reaching those conclusions.

The question of whether the evidence was sufficient to establish that

defendant committed the offense of forgery by making the check

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under count I was not moot, and a conviction for that offense cannot

rest solely on the fact that a defendant endorses a forged check.

¶ 61 I also agree with the majority’s ultimate conclusion rejecting the

State’s argument that the circumstantial evidence presented in this

case was sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant

created the fraudulent check. I write separately, however, because I

would reach this conclusion based on somewhat different reasoning

than that employed by the majority.

¶ 62 Section 17-3(a)(1) and (2) of the forgery statute provides in

relevant part that “(a) A person commits forgery when, with intent to

defraud, he knowingly: (1) makes or alters any document apparently

capable of defrauding another ***; or (2) issues or delivers such

document knowing it to have been thus made or altered.” 720 ILCS

5/17-3(a)(1), (2) (West 2006). Following a bench trial, defendant was

convicted of, among other offenses, forgery by making the check

under section 17-3(a)(1) (count I), forgery by delivery of the check

under section 17-3(a)(2) (count II), and attempted theft by delivering

the check (count III). The appellate court subsequently vacated count

II under one-act, one-crime principles, as it was based on the same act

of delivery as the greater offense of attempted theft under count III.

2011 IL App (1st) 101391-U, ¶ 32. The appellate court affirmed

defendant’s convictions under counts I and III. Id. ¶ 41.

¶ 63 The relevant facts in the record and the reasonable inferences

from those facts indicate the following. Defendant presented a forged

check to the Chicago Patrolman’s Federal Credit Union (credit union)

in the amount of $1 million for deposit on August 31, 2006.

Defendant gave the teller on duty, Samara Galvan, the check, which

defendant had endorsed. Defendant also presented a deposit slip, two

forms of identification, and an affidavit claiming that the check was

from the settlement of a lawsuit against Six Flags Great America

(Great America).

¶ 64 Galvan knew defendant from her prior contact with her over an

incident that occurred a few weeks earlier at the credit union in early

August of 2006. Galvan recalled that with respect to that incident,

defendant had claimed that a fraud had been committed on her

account by someone who had improperly withdrawn money from it.

It turned out that the money was withdrawn by defendant’s sister,

Abeni Brown, who was “posing” as defendant. Galvan was also the

teller for that transaction. She noted that the person posing as

defendant wore a wig and glasses. Galvan further noted that Abeni

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had joint ownership of the account. It was never explained at trial

why Abeni would have had to pose as defendant, given that Abeni

had the right to access the account and take money out in her own

name. At any rate, Galvan opened up a new account for defendant and

resolved that she would recognize defendant in the future.

¶ 65 Galvan was immediately suspicious of the $1 million check when

defendant presented it on August 31. Galvan showed the check to her

supervisor, Maria Villasenor. Villasenor briefly glanced at the check,

but did not notice the amount. She directed Galvan to process the

check, but to put a hold on it. After making a copy of the affidavit

given to her by defendant, Galvan walked back to the teller window

to where defendant was still standing. Defendant was now on her cell

phone. Defendant asked if anything was wrong, and Galvan told here

that “everything was okay.” Defendant then pretended that she had

her lawyer on the phone. Defendant told Galvan that Galvan could

speak to the lawyer on the phone “if there were any problems.”

¶ 66 The next morning, on September 1, 2006, it was brought to

Villasenor’s attention that the credit union’s scanner could not read

the check because it was missing one of the nine digits required for

a valid routing number. At that time, Villasenor noticed for the first

time that the check amount was for $1 million. She could tell from

the lines, color and texture, and the lack of a full routing number that

it was not a good check and that there was a chance it was counterfeit.

Villasenor then called Chase Bank and verified over the phone that

the check was forged. She then placed a permanent hold on

defendant’s account and sent mail notice to defendant informing her

of the hold. Villasenor explained at trial that if she had not placed a

hold on the account, defendant would have been able to get $5,000

from the account after two business days as a result of the available

balance that would have resulted from the deposit of the check.

¶ 67 On September 7, 2006, defendant called Villasenor to ask what

the letter meant. During the course of that conversation, defendant

told Villasenor a series of lies. Defendant said she had sued Great

America and had won the lawsuit, that someone from Great America

was supposed to call the credit union to let it know this was a good

check, that Chase Bank would call the credit union, and finally that

defendant would have her lawyer call to let the credit union know that

it was a good check.

¶ 68 Villasenor talked to defendant again on the phone on September

11, 2006, after the credit union’s accounting department notified

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Villasenor that the check was indeed counterfeit. Villasenor informed

defendant that Chase Bank had not honored the check and that the

credit union would have to debit defendant’s account. Defendant

responded to this news with more lies. She said that she was “going

to have to sue Great America again then.” She also claimed that the

check was dishonored because Great America had just filed for

bankruptcy. When Villasenor asked defendant when she had learned

this, defendant said that she had found this out that morning.

¶ 69 Chicago Police Detective Francisco Roman conducted the

investigation of the forged check. Roman contacted the chief financial

officer of Great America, who confirmed that there were never any

checks issued to defendant or any of her family members by the

company. Moreover, Great America was never sued by defendant or

any of her family members. Detective Roman did confirm, however,

that Abeni Brown is an actual person and is the sister of defendant.

Roman found that Abeni had two case reports in the police

department database. Both incidents involved Abeni committing

identity theft against defendant. Roman testified at trial that he had

not gathered any evidence to indicate that defendant actually created

either the forged check or the affidavit claiming that the check was

the result of a lawsuit against Great America. Detective Roman

admitted that he did not contact Abeni in connection with this case.

He noted that there was an investigative alert out for her, but no one

from the police department had spoken to her.

¶ 70 The majority concludes that based on the evidence there was an

“entire failure of proof upon the essential element that defendant

created the check.” Supra ¶ 52. The majority claims that the totality

of the evidence pertains to the delivery of the check, and it finds it

significant that Detective Roman, as the investigating officer, did not

gather any direct evidence that defendant created the settlement check

or affidavit. Supra ¶ 51. The majority finds that its “analysis of this

issue ‘does not necessitate a point-by-point discussion of every piece

of evidence as well as every possible inference that could be drawn

therefrom.’ ” Supra ¶ 51 (quoting People v. Wheeler, 226 Ill. 2d 92,

117 (2007)).

¶ 71 The majority’s quote from Wheeler needs to be placed in the

proper context. In that case, this court agreed with the defendant’s

contention that the requirement that “all of the evidence is to be

considered in the light most favorable to the prosecution” means that

appellate review must include consideration of all of the evidence, not

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just the evidence convenient to the State’s theory of the case.

(Emphasis in original.) Wheeler, 226 Ill. 2d at 117. Wheeler

continued on to clarify as follows:

“However, the mandate to consider all the evidence on

review does not necessitate a point-by-point discussion of

every piece of evidence as well as every possible inference

that could be drawn therefrom. To engage in such an activity

would effectively amount to a retrial on appeal, an improper

task expressly inconsistent with past precedent. [Citation.]

Indeed, this court has stated that even ‘the trier of fact is not

required to disregard inferences which flow normally from the

evidence and to search out all possible explanations consistent

with innocence and raise them to a level of reasonable doubt.’

[Citation.] We have also stated that ‘[t]he trier of fact need

not *** be satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt as to each link

in the chain of circumstances. [Citation.] Accordingly, this

court is not required to search out all possible explanations

consistent with innocence or be satisfied beyond a reasonable

doubt as to each link in the chain of circumstances. On the

contrary, we must ask, after considering all of the evidence in

the light most favorable to the prosecution, whether the record

evidence could reasonably support a finding of guilt beyond

a reasonable doubt.” Wheeler, 226 Ill. 2d at 117-18.

¶ 72 Thus, our standard of review requires that we consider all of the

evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution and determine

whether that evidence could reasonably support a finding of guilt

beyond a reasonable doubt. I would also note that “[i]n forgery cases,

proof must often be by circumstantial evidence.” People v. Baylor, 25

Ill. App. 3d 1070, 1074 (1975) (citing People v. Church, 366 Ill. 149,

158 (1937)). This is because forgery is not a crime that is committed

openly and notoriously. See People v. Einstein, 106 Ill. App. 3d 526,

532 (1982). It is by nature secretive, and it is therefore necessary that

certain elements be proved from logical deductions from the facts and

evidence. Id. Moreover, it is well established that the intent to defraud

may be inferred from the facts and circumstances surrounding the

transaction. People v. Bailey, 15 Ill. 2d 18, 23-24 (1958); People v.

Kunce, 196 Ill. App. 3d 388, 391 (1990).

¶ 73 In the present case, there is no question that the circumstantial

evidence was sufficient to show that defendant had an intent to

defraud in connection with the forged check. Defendant does not

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contest the trial court’s findings of guilt under counts II and III

(forgery by delivering the check and attempted theft by delivering of

the check), which necessarily established that she knew the check she

deposited was not made by the authority of Bryan Douglas.

Moreover, she told a series of lies in connection with the forged

check to various credit union employees and pretended to talk with

an attorney on the phone that could clear up any problems with the

check. It was for the trial judge as the trier of fact in this case to

determine the credibility of the witnesses and draw reasonable

inferences from the facts. The trial judge reasonably determined that

defendant’s statements were of a person trying to hide her guilt of the

forgery and that defendant’s witnesses were not credible.

¶ 74 Having said that, however, I conclude that the evidence was not

sufficient to prove defendant guilty of forgery under count I (the

making of the check) when looking at all of the facts and

circumstances of this case. My conclusion would likely have been

different had this been a simple case of defendant claiming to have

won a lawsuit on her own behalf and presenting a settlement check

payable to herself. In such a case it may have been quite reasonable

for the trier of fact to conclude that the circumstances were sufficient

to show that defendant must have made the check. I do not believe it

would have been necessary in such a case for the State to prove the

making of the check, as defendant suggests, by introducing more

concrete evidence, such as a digital image of the check on defendant’s

computer or evidence that defendant had made other copies at home.

I would also not find it conclusive that the detective assigned to the

case could find no such evidence, especially where there is no

indication that a search of defendant’s home was ever conducted.

¶ 75 Here, the problem with the State’s case, then, is that other

undisputed evidence negated the otherwise circumstantial evidence

that might have indicated that defendant must have made the check.

It was undisputed that the affidavit presented to the credit union by

defendant in connection with the check indicated that it was for a

purported lawsuit that claimed that defendant’s sister, Abeni, was the

plaintiff. It was uncontested that Abeni was an actual person, was

defendant’s sister, and had a history of fraud and identity theft. It was

also uncontested that police did not question Abeni or otherwise

investigate her possible role in the incident. Moreover, defendant was

not charged with forgery in the making of the check based on an

accountability theory. Cf. Kunce, 196 Ill. App. 3d at 391 (forgery may

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be charged on an accountability theory, which may be proved by

circumstantial evidence). Under these circumstances, a reasonable

doubt remains as to who actually created the $1 million forged check

that defendant ultimately delivered with the intent to defraud.

¶ 76 Accordingly, I agree with the majority’s decision to reverse

defendant’s conviction as charged in count I for the making of the

check and to modify the sentencing order to simply reflect a

conviction for attempted theft as charged in count III.

¶ 77 JUSTICE KILBRIDE joins in this special concurrence.

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