Rieck v. Jensen

FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

June 30, 2011

PUBLISH Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

WILLIAM RIECK,

Plaintiff - Appellee -

Cross-Appellant,

v. No. 10-4110, 10-4119

SCOTT JENSEN, in his individual and

official capacity as a Utah County

Sheriff’s Deputy,

Defendant - Appellant -

Cross-Appellee,

JAMES O. TRACY, JR., Sheriff of

Utah County; UTAH COUNTY, John

and Jane Doe SWAT officers 1-4, and

John and Jane Does 5-15,

Defendants.

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF UTAH

(D.C. NO. 2:08-CV-00825-BSJ)

Nathan A. Crane (Peter Stirba and Julia D. Kyte, with him on the briefs), Stirba &

Associates, Salt Lake City, Utah, for Defendant - Appellant - Cross-Appellee.

Alyson E. Carter (Robert B. Sykes and Scott R. Edgar, with her on the briefs),

Robert B. Sykes & Associates, P.C., Salt Lake City, Utah, for Plaintiff - Appellee

- Cross-Appellant.

Before HARTZ, EBEL, and HOLMES, Circuit Judges.

HARTZ, Circuit Judge.

Utah County Deputy Sheriff Scott Jensen appeals the district court’s ruling

that he was not entitled to qualified immunity on claims brought against him by

William Rieck alleging illegal entry, illegal detention, and excessive force. The

claims arose out of an incident on Rieck’s 17-acre property in an unincorporated

part of Utah County. The district court ruled that Jensen was not entitled to

qualified immunity because he entered a closed gate to Rieck’s property without a

warrant. On appeal Rieck has not argued any alternative ground for denying

Jensen qualified immunity.

We reverse and remand for entry of summary judgment for Jensen on these

claims. The area of Rieck’s property that Jensen entered was not within the

curtilage of Rieck’s home, and Jensen therefore could enter without violating

Rieck’s constitutional rights. Because our ruling on Jensen’s appeal resolves

Rieck’s cross-appeal seeking to reverse the district court’s ruling denying him

summary judgment against Jensen on the same three claims, we need not address

its merits separately.

I. BACKGROUND

On November 4, 2004, Jensen drove to the vicinity of Rieck’s 17-acre

property in response to a complaint that someone was discharging a firearm near

the city limits of Lehi City. Jensen claims that upon arriving he heard gunshots

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coming from Rieck’s property. He parked his police car across the road from the

entrance to Rieck’s land and called for backup. An unpaved driveway leads from

the entrance through a wooded area to Rieck’s home. The metal gate at the

entrance was closed. A post to the side of the gate supported a mailbox that was

topped with a “No Trespassing” sign. One can easily see the driveway through

the gate, but trees on either side of the driveway block the view of the interior of

the property, and the driveway turns out of view a short distance from the

entrance.

While Jensen was awaiting backup, Rieck drove his truck down the

driveway to go to the mailbox, a trip of several hundred feet. Rieck stepped out

of his vehicle and walked to his mailbox, reaching through the gate to pull down

the mailbox lid. Jensen approached him to ask about the shots, but Rieck refused

to say whether he had been shooting a gun. Jensen claims that he smelled alcohol

coming from Rieck and observed that Rieck had blood-shot eyes. Rieck denied

drinking (although in his deposition he admitted that he may have been chewing

tobacco to which he had added whiskey). Once Rieck retrieved his mail, he told

Jensen that he did not have to talk with him and turned to walk back to his truck.

Despite Rieck’s protests that Jensen had no right to enter his property, Jensen

opened the gate and attempted to stop Rieck. A struggle ensued, during which

Jensen sprayed Rieck with pepper spray, accidentally spraying himself in the

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process. Rieck broke free and drove his truck back to his home. A SWAT team

later arrested Rieck there.

Criminal charges were filed against Rieck in Utah state court, but the trial

court dismissed the charges on the ground that the entry, detention, and arrest

were without justification. See State v. Rieck, 196 P.3d 609, 611 (Utah Ct. App.

2008). Although the state appealed the dismissal, it did not contest the illegality

of Jensen’s entry on Rieck’s property (it argued only that the dismissal was

nonetheless improper), and the Utah Court of Appeals affirmed. See id.

Rieck then filed suit in the United States District Court for the District of

Utah against Jensen and others, seeking relief under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for

violation of his constitutional rights and under various state-law causes of action.

The defendants sought summary judgment on all claims, and Rieck sought partial

summary judgment on his claims against Jensen. On June 4, 2010, the district

court denied Rieck’s motion and granted the defendants’ motion for summary

judgment except on the claims against Jensen for illegal entry, illegal detention,

and excessive force.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Qualified Immunity and Jurisdiction

Rieck has moved to dismiss Jensen’s appeal for lack of jurisdiction. To

assess that motion we examine the doctrine of qualified immunity and the

consequences to jurisdiction that flow from the doctrine.

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Under the qualified-immunity doctrine, government officials are entitled

“not to stand trial or face the other burdens of litigation [unless] the conduct of

which the plaintiff complains violated clearly established law.” Mitchell v.

Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 526 (1985). The doctrine is intended “to shield

[government officials] from undue interference with their duties and from

potentially disabling threats of liability.” Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800,

806 (1982). Qualified-immunity doctrine recognizes that absent such protection,

the “fear of being sued w[ould] dampen the ardor of all but the most resolute, or

the most irresponsible public officials, in the unflinching discharge of their

duties.” Id. at 814 (brackets and internal quotation marks omitted).

The doctrine affects our appellate jurisdiction. Under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 an

appellate court can review only a final decision, “generally . . . one which ends

the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing for the court to do but execute the

judgment.” Catlin v. United States, 324 U.S. 229, 233 (1945). A district-court

denial of a summary-judgment motion leaves much (often everything) to be

decided, so ordinarily it is not a final decision. See Chavez-Rodriguez v. City of

Santa Fe, 596 F.3d 708, 712 (10th Cir. 2010). But the collateral-order doctrine

expands the category of final (and therefore appealable) decisions to include

decisions that are “conclusive on the question . . . decide[d], . . . resolve

important questions separate from the merits, and [are] effectively unreviewable

if not addressed through an interlocutory appeal.” Howards v. McLaughlin, 634

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F.3d 1131, 1138 (10th Cir. 2011). And the Supreme Court has held that

commonly a denial of a motion for judgment based on qualified immunity is such

a collateral order, essentially because the denial “finally and conclusively

determines the defendant’s claim of right not to stand trial.” Mitchell, 472 U.S.

at 526–27. There is an exception, however; a denial of summary judgment is not

considered a final decision if it “determines only a question of evidence

sufficiency, i.e., which facts a party may, or may not, be able to prove at trial,”

Howards, 634 F.3d at 1139 (internal quotation marks omitted).

In this case we may review the district court’s denial of Jensen’s motion for

summary judgment based on qualified immunity because, as we shall see,

Jensen’s entitlement to qualified immunity is based on undisputed facts. There

might also be a question regarding our jurisdiction to consider Rieck’s cross-

appeal, because the district court’s denial of his motion for partial summary

judgment is not a final order. See Utah Animal Rights Coal. v. Salt Lake Cnty.,

566 F.3d 1236, 1239 n.1 (10th Cir. 2009). But disposition of Jensen’s appeal

fully resolves Rieck’s cross-appeal, so we exercise pendent jurisdiction. See

Moore v. City of Wynnewood, 57 F.3d 924, 929–30 (10th Cir. 1995).

Having established our jurisdiction, we now proceed to the merits.

B. The Merits

We review de novo the district court’s denial of a motion for summary

judgment founded on qualified immunity, applying the same standard that the

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district court is to apply. See Bowling v. Rector, 584 F.3d 956, 963 (10th Cir.

2009). The parties have greatly narrowed the issues before us. Rieck presents

only one ground for denying qualified immunity to Jensen—namely, that Jensen’s

entry onto Rieck’s property violated the Fourth Amendment (as applied to the

States through the Fourteenth Amendment, see Specht v. Jensen, 832 F.2d 1516,

1521 (10th Cir. 1987)). 1 Accordingly, our task is to determine (a) whether under

the undisputed facts Jensen’s entry onto Rieck’s property was permissible under

the Fourth Amendment, or (b) if not, whether the law to that effect was clearly

established at the time of the entry. Because we hold that the entry was not

unconstitutional, we need not address the second alternative.

At first blush it may appear that Jensen’s entry onto Rieck’s property must

have been unlawful. After all, the entry was undoubtedly a trespass. See

Sycamore Family, L.L.C. v. Vintage on the River Homeowners Ass’n, Inc., 145

P.3d 1177, 1179 (Utah Ct. App. 2006) (defining trespass as “physical invasion of

the land” and “encroachment on the rights of another” (internal quotation marks

omitted)). Jensen opened a gate with a sign saying “No Trespassing.” And he

was told twice by Rieck that he had no right to enter the property.

1

In the Statement of Facts in his opening appellate brief, Rieck makes a

statement that might be construed as suggesting that Jensen lacked grounds to detain

him because no breathalyzer or field sobriety test was performed. But an argument is

not preserved by merely alluding to it in a statement of facts. See Exum v. U.S.

Olympic Comm., 389 F.3d 1130, 1134 n.4 (10th Cir. 2004) (“Appellees are not expected

to respond to every grievance that may be alluded to in the appellant’s statement of

facts.”).

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Nevertheless, the Supreme Court has made it clear that the Fourth

Amendment does not track property law. Twice the Supreme Court has held that

a trespass by law-enforcement officers did not violate the Fourth Amendment. In

Oliver v. United States, 466 U.S. 170, 173 (1984), two drug agents, acting on

reports that marihuana was being raised on Oliver’s farm, came to the farm to

investigate. After walking on a footpath around a locked gate and various “No

Trespassing” signs, they discovered a field of marihuana over a mile from

Oliver’s house. See id. The district court suppressed evidence of the discovery

of the marihuana field, noting that Oliver had done all he could to demand

privacy and that the “field itself is highly secluded: it is bounded on all sides by

woods, fences, and embankments and cannot be seen from any point of public

access.” Id. at 173–74.

The Supreme Court disagreed. It said that Fourth Amendment protection to

“persons, houses, papers, and effects” does not extend to open fields. Id. at 171

(internal quotation marks omitted). This result comported with the Court’s

understanding of the amendment as protecting only reasonable expectations of

privacy. Id. at 187–88. It explained that “an individual may not legitimately

demand privacy for activities conducted out of doors in fields, except in the area

immediately surrounding the home.” Id. at 178. “[O]pen fields,” it said, “do not

provide the setting for those intimate activities that the [Fourth] Amendment is

intended to shelter from government interference or surveillance. There is no

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societal interest in protecting the privacy of those activities, such as the

cultivation of crops, that occur in open fields.” Id. at 179. The Court noted that

this view was consistent with the common-law distinction between open fields

and a home’s “curtilage.” It defined “curtilage” as “the land immediately

surrounding and associated with the home,” id. at 180, and described it as “the

area to which extends the intimate activity associated with the sanctity of a man’s

home and the privacies of life,” id. (internal quotation marks omitted). 2

The Court “reject[ed] the suggestion that steps taken to protect privacy

establish that expectations of privacy in an open field are legitimate” and ruled

that Oliver’s attempts to conceal his criminal activities by planting marihuana

upon secluded land, erecting fences, and posting “No Trespassing” signs around

the property did not provide Fourth Amendment protection. Id. at 182. There

was no need for a case-by-case analysis of the privacy efforts by the landowner.

Id. at 181. “The test of legitimacy,” said the Court, “is not whether the individual

chooses to conceal assertedly ‘private’ activity. Rather, the correct inquiry is

whether the government’s intrusion infringes upon the personal and societal

values protected by the Fourth Amendment.” Id. 182–83. Thus, the trespass by

the drug agents did not violate Oliver’s Fourth Amendment rights. See id. at

183–84.

2

The Court did not attempt to define the precise line between curtilage and open

fields, though it did say that an open field need not be either open or a field. See id. at

180 n.11.

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The Supreme Court provided further clarification in United States v. Dunn,

480 U.S. 294, 296 (1987), which considered whether an area was part of a house’s

curtilage protected by the Fourth Amendment. Law-enforcement officials

investigating whether Dunn and another man were manufacturing controlled

substances entered their 198-acre ranch without a warrant. See id. at 296–97.

They crossed a ranch-style perimeter fence that completely encircled the property

as well as several interior barbed-wire fences. See id. at 297–98, 304.

Approaching a barn, the officials smelled an acidic odor and, without entering the

barn, observed what they thought to be a phenylacetone laboratory. See id. at

297–98. They later made two similar entries and then obtained a search warrant

for the ranch. Dunn challenged the warrant as the fruit of unlawful searches. See

id. at 298–99.

Following Oliver, the Court ruled that the officers lawfully viewed the

interior of the barn, because they were not within the curtilage of the house. See

id. at 301–05. It reiterated Oliver’s statement that “the central component of [the

curtilage] inquiry [is] whether the area harbors the intimate activity associated

with the sanctity of a man’s home and the privacies of life.” Id. at 300 (internal

quotation marks omitted). Then it laid out a four-factor test for analyzing

curtilage questions:

[1] the proximity of the area claimed to be curtilage to the home, [2]

whether the area is included within an enclosure surrounding the

home, [3] the nature of the uses to which the area is put, and [4] the

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steps taken by the resident to protect the area from observation by

people passing by.

Id. at 301.

Each factor supported the Court’s ruling. The barn was 60 yards from the

house and 50 yards from the fence surrounding the house; “this substantial

distance supports no inference that the barn should be treated as an adjunct of the

house.” Id. at 302. The barn was outside the fence surrounding the house.

“[T]he law enforcement officials possessed objective data indicating that the barn

was not being used for intimate activities of the home.” Id. And Dunn “did little

to protect the barn area from observation by those standing in the open fields.”

Id. at 303.

Applying the four Dunn factors in this case, we conclude that Jensen’s

entry did not violate Rieck’s constitutional rights. The only part of Rieck’s

property entered by Jensen during the incident was the portion of the unpaved

driveway within a few feet of the entrance gate, and this area was not within the

curtilage of Rieck’s home.

First, this area is a considerable distance from Rieck’s home. The exact

distance is not clear, but to get his mail Rieck “drove his truck several hundred

feet down his private driveway.” Cross-Aplt.’s Second Cross Appeal Br. at 9.

Rieck suggests that the second factor supports his curtilage claim because

his property was completely fenced and gated. But this fence around 17 acres is

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not the sort of “enclosure surrounding the home” contemplated by Dunn, 480 U.S.

at 301. After all, in Dunn, too, there was a perimeter fence. See id. at 297. But

the Court focused its attention on the fence surrounding the house itself. See id.

at 302. If Rieck also had the sort of fence that “serve[d] to demark a specific area

of land immediately adjacent to the house that is readily identifiable as part and

parcel of the house,” id., the area of the incident was well outside it. Whether a

fence is “immediately adjacent” to a home may be a close question in some cases,

but this is not one of them.

Third, a driveway abutting and clearly visible from a public highway is not

a suitable setting for intimate activities associated with a home. And finally,

nothing shielded the area from public view. The gate did not obstruct vision.

And although trees apparently blocked the view of the house and much of the

property, they did not block the area in question from observation by those on the

public road.

Thus, the end of the driveway near the gate did not fall within the curtilage

of Rieck’s home, and Jensen’s entry into this area did not violate the Fourth

Amendment. Limiting our decision to the issues before us, we hold that Jensen

was entitled to summary judgment, and Rieck was not.

IV. CONCLUSION

We DENY Reick’s motion to dismiss the appeal; we REVERSE and

REMAND for entry of summary judgment for Jensen.

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