The opinion
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
For the Fifth Circuit
_______________________________
No. 95-11101
Summary Calendar
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BILLY FRANK DAVIS,
Plaintiff-Appellee-Cross Appellant,
VERSUS
DIXIE BURKS, Nurse,
Defendant-Appellant-Cross-Appellee,
and
JOHN GAGE, Sheriff,
Defendant-Appellee.
_____________________________________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Texas
(3:94-CV-1838-H)
_____________________________________________________
September 6, 1997
Before WISDOM, JOLLY, and BENAVIDES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
BACKGROUND
Billy Frank Davis (Davis), the plaintiff-appellee, is a prisoner in a Texas penitentiary. Dixie
Burks (Burks), the defendant-appellant, was the nurse at the prison in which Davis was incarcerated.
In July 1993, Davis first complained to prison personnel that he had cold-like symptoms and
*
Pursuant to Local Rule 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not be
published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in Local Rule 47.5.4.
requested Tylenol and antihistamines. He received all the medicine that he requested. After his first
week on the medication, he informed Burks that he was not feeling any better. Burks instructed
Davis to continue taking the medication.
In August, Davis again complained to Burks, who gave Davis more of the same medications.
On Friday, September 10, 1993, Burks took Davis’s temperature, which read 101.5 degrees,
prompting Burks to give Davis an antibiotic.1 At this time, Burks also scheduled an appointment for
Davis with Dr. David Fearis, the prison physician, for the following week during Dr. Fearis’s regular
visit to the prison. Burks next saw Davis on Tuesday, September 14, at which time his temperature
had risen to 103.8 degrees.2 As scheduled, Dr. Fearis visited Davis the next day. Though Davis did
not appear extremely ill, Dr. Fearis nevertheless ordered a chest X-ray for Davis because his illness
did not respond to the antibiotics and because of the dry cough that Burks had indicated in Davis’s
record. The X-ray revealed that Davis had pneumonia. Dr. Fearis then wrote a letter to the prison
officials and Burks in which he stated that Davis required “immediate hospitalization”.3 Immediately
making this diagnosis, Dr. Fearis learned that Davis was about to be transferred to the Texas
Department of Corrections (TDC), another prison which had superior medical facilities, and would
arrive there within three hours. Because he believed that TDC could properly care for Davis, Dr.
1
Davis contends that Burks illegally prescribed the antibiotic without doctor authorization.
2
Burks did not work on the weekends, thereby explaining two of the three days of delay between
her visits with Davis.
3
Dr. Fearis testified that the lack of an outward appearance of Davis’s illness caused him to
refrain from sending Davis to the hospital himself. Davis testifies, however, that he was visibly ill--that he had
lost weight, that his face was “shrunk in”, and that he constantly sweated. Davis has offered no other evidence
or testimony to support this assertion.
2
Fearis did not object to the transfer and did not believe that delaying treatment for those few hours
would harm Davis. The medical staff at TDC then diagnosed Davis as suffering from tuberculosis.
Upon learning of his affliction, Davis filed this civil rights suit in federal district court,
contending that Burks and Sheriff John Gage, who was in charge of the prison that employed Burks,
violated his Eighth Amendment rights by failing to provide him with adequate medical care. Both
defendants moved for summary judgment on the basis of qualified immunity, which the district court
granted in part and denied in part. Burks now appeals the district court’s denial of her motion for
summary judgment.
DISCUSSION
Though t he general rule prevents this Court from having jurisdiction over interlocutory
appeals, an exception creates jurisdiction over interlocutory appeals that challenge a district court’s
denial of a summary judgment motion asserting qualified immunity, provided that the denial turns on
an issue of law.4
The Eighth Amendment protects prisoners from “cruel and unusual punishments” and requires
prison officials to provide adequate medical care.5 To prevail on his claim of inadequate medical care,
Davis must establish that the prison official in charge of his medical care, in this case Burks, was
4
See Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 530 (1985).
5
Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 102-03 (1976).
3
deliberately indifferent to his serious medical needs.6 Construing the facts in the light most favorable
to Davis, we find that Davis has not established a genuine issue of material fact. 7
“The deliberate indifference standard embodies both an objective and a
subjective prong. First, the alleged deprivation must be, in objective terms,
‘sufficiently serious’. Second, the charged official must act with a sufficiently
culpable state of mind. Deliberate indifference requires more than negligence, but less
than conduct undertaken for the very purpose of causing harm. More specifically, a
prison official does not act in a deliberately indifferent manner unless that official
‘knows and disregards an excessive risk to inmate health or safety; the official must
both be aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk
of serious harm exists, and he must also draw the inference.’” 8
Davis’s allegation that Burks deprived him of adequat e medical care when she failed to diagnose
correctly and to treat Davis’s tuberculosis satisfies the objective prong of the deliberate indifference
test. Davis, however, has presented no evidence from which a reasonable jury could conclude that
Burks recognized Davis’s symptoms as those of tuberculosis and chose to ignore that threat to
Davis’s health.
In support of the second prong, Davis offers only his own uncorroborated testimony and the
testimony of two doctors as expert witnesses. Davis’s expert witnesses both concluded that Burks
failed to examine and to diagnose Davis properly. The experts also testified that deliberate
indifference is one possible explanation for Burks’s failure to properly examine Davis. The testimony
by two doctors that “deliberate indifference”, a legal conclusion, is one possible explanation for
6
Estelle, 429 U.S. at 104.
7
See Johnson v. Treen, 759 F.2d 1236, 1237 (5th Cir. 1985).
8
Hathaway v. Coughlin, 37 F.3d 63, 66 (2d Cir. 1994) (citations omitted), cert. denied, 115
S. Ct. 1108, 130 L. Ed. 2d 1074 (1995).
4
Burks’s deficiencies is not sufficient evidence for a jury to rule in Davis’s favor.9 In addition, Davis’s
own testimony reveals t hat Burks always responded to his requests for medicine and treated him
kindly. The record clearly shows that Burks made numerous attempts to treat Davis’s ailments and
that Burks scheduled Davis to see Dr. Fearis when the antibiotics worsened Davis’s condition. Davis
fails to offer any evidence that Burks was aware of tuberculosis-type symptoms in Davis and that she
chose to ignore those symptoms despite her recognition that Davis’s health was in danger;10 instead,
Davis proffers evidence suggesting only that Burks erroneously treated Davis for a cold when, in fact,
he suffered from a much more serious disease.
While Davis may have set forth facts indicating medical malpractice, a constitutional violation
requires more than evidence that “a physician has been negligent in diagnosing or treating a
[prisoner’s] medical condition”.11 Accordingly, we REVERSE the judgment of the district court
denying Burks’s motion for summary judgment and remand for the entry of an order dismissing
Davis’s claim against Burks.
9
One of the experts agreed only that it was possible that Burks “just didn’t give a damn”.
Record Excerpts at 75, ll. 20-22. This statement hardly meets the criteria for establishing deliberate
indifference.
10
See Johnson, 759 F.2d at 1238; cf. Hathaway, 37 F.3d at 67-68 (finding that there is a genuine
issue as to whether the prison physician was deliberately indifferent based on evidence that the physician was
aware of the prisoner’s problem for over two years, yet never informed the prisoner nor discussed possible
remedies, during which time the prisoner suffered extensively).
11
See Estelle, 429 U.S. at 106.
5