Kendrick

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7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

8 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

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10 CHRISTOPHER MICHAEL WARDLE, No. 2:25-cv-03523-DAD-SCR

11 Plaintiff,

12 v. ORDER

13 NICK KENDRICK, et al.,

14 Defendants.

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16 Plaintiff is proceeding pro se in this action. This matter was accordingly referred to the

17 undersigned pursuant to Local Rule 302(c)(21). Plaintiff has filed a request for leave to proceed

18 in forma pauperis (“IFP”) which includes a statement of income, assets, and expenses and avers

19 an inability to pay the cost of this proceeding. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(1). The motion to

20 proceed IFP (ECF No. 2) will therefore be granted. However, for the reasons provided below, the

21 Court finds Plaintiff’s complaint is legally deficient and will grant Plaintiff leave to file an

22 amended complaint. Alternatively, Plaintiff may elect to proceed on the one claim which the

23 Court finds cognizable.

24 I. SCREENING

25 A. Legal Standard

26 The federal IFP statute requires federal courts to dismiss a case if the action is legally

27 “frivolous or malicious,” fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or seeks

28 monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). In

1 reviewing the complaint, the Court is guided by the requirements of the Federal Rules of Civil

2 Procedure. The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure are available online at www.uscourts.gov/rules-

3 policies/current-rules-practice-procedure/federal-rules-civil-procedure.

4 Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the complaint must contain (1) a “short and

5 plain statement” of the basis for federal jurisdiction (that is, the reason the case is filed in this

6 court, rather than in a state court), (2) a short and plain statement showing that plaintiff is entitled

7 to relief (that is, who harmed the plaintiff, and in what way), and (3) a demand for the relief

8 sought. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a). Plaintiff’s claims must be set forth simply, concisely and directly.

9 Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(d)(1). Forms are available to help pro se plaintiffs organize their complaint in

10 the proper way. They are available at the Clerk’s Office, 501 I Street, 4th Floor (Rm. 4-200),

11 Sacramento, CA 95814, or online at www.uscourts.gov/forms/pro-se-forms.

12 A claim is legally frivolous when it lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact.

13 Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989). In reviewing a complaint under this standard, the

14 court will (1) accept as true all of the factual allegations contained in the complaint, unless they

15 are clearly baseless or fanciful, (2) construe those allegations in the light most favorable to the

16 plaintiff, and (3) resolve all doubts in the plaintiff’s favor. See Neitzke, 490 U.S. at 327; Von

17 Saher v. Norton Simon Museum of Art at Pasadena, 592 F.3d 954, 960 (9th Cir. 2010), cert.

18 denied, 564 U.S. 1037 (2011).

19 The court applies the same rules of construction in determining whether the complaint

20 states a claim on which relief can be granted. Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (court

21 must accept the allegations as true); Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236 (1974) (court must

22 construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff). Pro se pleadings are held to a

23 less stringent standard than those drafted by lawyers. Erickson, 551 U.S. at 94. However, the

24 court need not accept as true legal conclusions, even if cast as factual allegations. See Moss v.

25 U.S. Secret Service, 572 F.3d 962, 969 (9th Cir. 2009). A formulaic recitation of the elements of

26 a cause of action does not suffice to state a claim. Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544,

27 555-57 (2007); Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009).

28 To state a claim on which relief may be granted, the plaintiff must allege enough facts “to

1 state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. “A claim has

2 facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the

3 reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at

4 678. A pro se litigant is entitled to notice of the deficiencies in the complaint and an opportunity

5 to amend, unless the complaint’s deficiencies could not be cured by amendment. See Akhtar v.

6 Mesa, 698 F.3d 1202, 1213 (9th Cir. 2012).

7 B. The Complaint

8 Plaintiff’s complaint is 13 pages long with approximately 185 pages of attachments. ECF

9 No. 1. Plaintiff brings the action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The complaint names five individual

10 defendants and the City of Nevada City. Plaintiff alleges that on January 11, 2024, he was pulled

11 over for an alleged obstructed license plate at 10:47 a.m. by Defendant Officer Kendrick

12 (“Kendrick”). ECF No. 1 at 2. Plaintiff alleges the license plate was not obstructed. Id. Plaintiff

13 complains that Kendrick asked him for identification and “documentation associated with

14 commercial driving.” Id. at 3. Plaintiff claims he was improperly directed to sign the citation,

15 and then not provided a copy of it. Id. at 3-4. After this incident, Plaintiff prepared and mailed to

16 Defendants notices of “Pending Lawsuit-Opportunity to Cure, Demand for Discovery-

17 Conditional Acceptance-Demand for Proof of Claim” (“Notices”). Id. at 4. Plaintiff alleges that

18 Defendants failed to respond or act on these Notices. Id. at 5.

19 Count I alleges violation of the Fourth Amendment against Defendants Kendrick and

20 Mason. Id. at 7-8. Count II alleges a violation of Due Process against all five individual

21 Defendants: Officer Kendrick, Lieutenant Mason, Court Clerk Waheed, Prosecutor Columbel,

22 and Judge Bjerkhoel. Id. at 9-10. Count III alleges that Defendants Kendrick and Mason

23 interfered with his right to travel. Id. at 10. Count IV asserts a Monell claim against the City of

24 Nevada City (“Nevada City”).

25 Plaintiff’s requests damages of at least $100,000, which Plaintiff states includes his “legal

26 labor” at $400 per hour.1 Id. at 13. Plaintiff additionally seeks punitive damages.

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1 The general rule is that pro se litigants cannot recover attorney fees. See Kay v. Ehrler, 499

28 U.S. 432, 435 (1991) (finding the federal circuit courts have unanimously and correctly held that

1 C. Analysis

2 Plaintiff’s complaint concerns a traffic stop and citation issued by Officer Kendrick, and

3 Plaintiff’s subsequent written complaints in the form of pre-suit Notices. Plaintiff’s claims

4 against the other individual Defendants appear to be based on allegations that they did not

5 respond to the Notices. Plaintiff fails to state a claim against the other individual Defendants.

6 “[Section] 1983 ‘is not itself a source of substantive rights,’ but merely provides ‘a

7 method for vindicating federal rights elsewhere conferred.’” Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386,

8 393–94 (1989). A plaintiff alleging a claim under § 1983 must plead that (1) the defendants

9 acting under color of state law (2) deprived plaintiffs of rights secured by the Constitution or

10 federal statutes. Benavidez v. County of San Diego, 993 F.3d 1134, 1144 (9th Cir. 2021). A

11 plaintiff may not refer to defendants collectively, but must explain how specific defendants,

12 acting under color of state law, violated his Constitutional rights. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S.

13 662, 676 (2009) (“Because vicarious liability is inapplicable to Bivens and § 1983 suits, a plaintiff

14 must plead that each Government-official defendant, through the official’s own individual

15 actions, has violated the Constitution.”).

16 In Count I, Plaintiff asserts a Fourth Amendment claim against Defendants Kendrick and

17 Mason. As to Kendrick, Plaintiff alleges that he stopped his vehicle without reasonable suspicion

18 or probable cause and that the stop was allegedly for an obstructed license plate, but it was not

19 obstructed. Plaintiff also alleges Kendrick unnecessarily prolonged the stop. As to Defendant

20 Kendrick, the Court finds that for screening purposes only, Plaintiff states a claim in Count I. As

21 to Defendant Mason, Plaintiff alleges in conclusory fashion that Mason “failed to intervene,

22 investigate, or correct” Kendrick’s conduct. It does not appear from the factual allegations that

23 Mason was present when the stop occurred. Rather, it appears that Plaintiff wrote to Mason as a

24 supervisor, and Plaintiff’s only factual allegation against Mason is that he did not respond to

25 Plaintiff’s pre-suit Notices. This does not state a § 1983 claim against Mason for a violation of

26 either the Fourth or Fourteenth Amendment.

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28 non-attorney pro se litigants cannot recover attorney’s fees).

1 In Count II, Plaintiff alleges Due Process violations against all individual Defendants.

2 The Court finds Count II fails to state a claim. Plaintiff does not state a due process claim against

3 Kendrick for asking him to sign the citation, or against Mason. Plaintiff alleges Court Clerk

4 Waheed “refused to docket filings” but there is no description of what Plaintiff attempted to file

5 or in what action. ECF No. 1 at 5. Waheed may also have immunity from Plaintiff’s claims.

6 “Court clerks have absolute quasi-judicial immunity from damages for civil rights violations

7 when they perform tasks that are an integral part of the judicial process.” Acres Bonusing, Inc v.

8 Marston, 17 F.4th 901, 916 (9th Cir. 2021) (citation omitted).

9 Plaintiff alleges that Prosecutor Columbel proceeded without providing discovery or

10 substantiating the validity of the citation. This allegation is vague and conclusory. Additionally,

11 a prosecutor is entitled to prosecutorial immunity when performing the traditional functions of an

12 advocate. See Ray v. Lara, 31 F.4th 692, 699 (9th Cir. 2022) (“It has long been established that

13 prosecutors enjoy absolute immunity from damages suits under § 1983 for activities that are

14 ‘intimately associated with the judicial phase of the criminal process.’”) (quoting Imbler v.

15 Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409, 430 (1976). Plaintiff complains of Columbel’s conduct of discovery

16 and presentation of evidence. These are advocacy functions associated with the judicial process

17 and Columbel is likely entitled to prosecutorial immunity.

18 Plaintiff alleges Judge Bjerkhoel failed to provide “constitutionally required procedural

19 protections.” This is again a vague allegation, and it is unclear what case or proceeding Plaintiff

20 is referring to, or in what manner his procedural protections were allegedly violated. Judge

21 Bjerkhoel would also be entitled to judicial immunity. “Judges and those performing judge-like

22 functions are absolutely immune from damage liability for acts performed in their official

23 capacities.” Ashelman v. Pope, 793 F.2d 1072, 1075 (9th Cir. 1986) (en banc).

24 Count III asserts a claim against Kendrick and Mason for violation of his constitutional

25 right to travel. The Supreme Court has recognized a fundamental right to travel. Miller v. Reed,

26 176 F.3d 1202, 1205 (9th Cir. 1999). However, burdens placed on travel such as gasoline taxes,

27 or toll roads, do not violate that right. Id. A party also does not have a fundamental right to a

28 certain mode of travel. Id. In Miller the Ninth Circuit concluded: “Miller does not have a

1 fundamental right to drive a motor vehicle, and the DMV did not unconstitutionally impede his

2 right to interstate travel by denying him a driver’s license.” Id. at 1206. Plaintiff alleges only that

3 he was stopped for the duration of a traffic stop and that Kendrick offered as reasons for the stop

4 an obstructed license plate and that Plaintiff was driving with a suspended license. This fails to

5 state a claim for violation of Plaintiff’s constitutional right to travel. See Farson v. City of Lake

6 Stevens, No. 2:22-cv-00405-LK, 2023 WL 1766374 at * 12 (W.D. Wash. Feb. 3, 2023) (“The

7 constitutional right to travel is not a right to travel in any manner, without regulation, and does

8 not provide travelers a right to ignore state traffic laws.”) (citation omitted).

9 Plaintiff’s Monell claim in Count IV, alleges a custom or policy only in a conclusory

10 manner. Plaintiff asserts in conclusory manner that Nevada City, inter alia, has a policy of

11 stopping drivers without probable cause, of failing to train and supervise, and allowing court

12 clerks to reject filings. Plaintiff alleges no facts supporting these assertions. No facts are alleged

13 as to anything other than Plaintiff’s one traffic stop and personal experience with the judicial

14 system. See Hall v. City of Portland, No. 22-35705, 2023 WL 5527854 (9th Cir. Aug. 28, 2023)

15 (list of “vague, conclusory statements regarding the alleged policies and actions of City” failed to

16 state a Monell claim).

17 In addition to the deficiencies outlined above, Plaintiff’s complaints about a Defendant not

18 responding to a pre-suit notice, or the conduct of discovery, as pleaded, fail to state a claim. A

19 plaintiff cannot generally maintain a lawsuit based on how a party conducted discovery in another

20 lawsuit. See Theme Promotions, Inc. v. News Am. Mktg. FSI, 546 F.3d 991, 1007 (9th Cir. 2008)

21 (“Conduct incidental to a lawsuit, including a pre-suit demand letter, falls within the protection of

22 the Noerr-Pennington doctrine.”); see also Rubin v. Green, 4 Cal.4th 1187, 1193 (1993) (“For

23 well over a century, communications with ‘some relation’ to judicial proceedings have been

24 absolutely immune from tort liability by the privilege codified as section 47(b).”2). Moreover,

25 Plaintiff has not shown the existence of a protected liberty or property interest in response to his

26 Notices. Absent such an interest, the U.S. Constitution did not require Defendants to take action.

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28 2 This is a reference to California Civil Code section 47.

1 See Town of Castle Rock, Colo. v. Gonzales, 545 U.S. 748, 767-68 (2005). Plaintiff fails to state

2 a claim based on the manner in which Defendants did, or did not, respond to his Notices.

3 The Court finds that other than his claim in Count I against Officer Kendrick, the

4 complaint fails to state a claim. Plaintiff will be given a choice whether to proceed on this one

5 sole claim against Officer Kendrick, and voluntarily dismiss his remaining claims, or to file a first

6 amended complaint in order to allege additional facts and respond to the deficiencies outlined in

7 this order. Within 30 days, Plaintiff shall file either (1) a notice indicating that he wishes to

8 proceed on the Fourth Amendment claim in Count I against Officer Kendrick and voluntarily

9 dismiss his remaining claims in Counts II, III, and IV as to all Defendants, or (2) a First Amended

10 Complaint, in accordance with the instructions below. If Plaintiff indicates that he wishes to

11 proceed on the Count I claim against Kendrick and voluntarily dismiss his other claims, the Court

12 will then order the complaint served on Kendrick. If Plaintiff files a First Amended Complaint,

13 the Court will screen it in due course.

14 II. AMENDING THE COMPLAINT

15 If plaintiff chooses to amend the complaint, the amended complaint shall be clearly

16 labeled as the First Amended Complaint. In addition, it must contain a short and plain statement

17 of plaintiff’s claims. The allegations of the complaint must be set forth in sequentially numbered

18 paragraphs, with each paragraph number being one greater than the one before, each paragraph

19 having its own number, and no paragraph number being repeated anywhere in the complaint.

20 Each paragraph should be limited “to a single set of circumstances” where possible. Rule 10(b).

21 As noted above, forms are available to help plaintiffs organize their complaint in the proper way.

22 They are available at the Clerk’s Office, 501 I Street, 4th Floor (Rm. 4-200), Sacramento, CA

23 95814, or online at www.uscourts.gov/forms/pro-se-forms.

24 The amended complaint must not force the Court and the defendants to guess at what is

25 being alleged against whom. See McHenry v. Renne, 84 F.3d 1172, 1177-80 (9th Cir. 1996)

26 (affirming dismissal of a complaint where the district court was “literally guessing as to what

27 facts support the legal claims being asserted against certain defendants”). The amended

28 complaint should contain specific allegations as to the actions of each named defendant rather

1 | than making conclusory allegations that the defendants collectively violated plaintiffs rights.

2 Also, the amended complaint must not refer to a prior pleading in order to make □□□□□□□□□□□

3 || amended complaint complete. An amended complaint must be complete in itself without

4 | reference to any prior pleading. Local Rule 220. This is because, as a general rule, an amended

5 || complaint supersedes the original complaint. See Pacific Bell Tel. Co. v. Linkline

6 || Communications, Inc., 555 U.S. 438, 456 n.4 (2009) (“[nJormally, an amended complaint

7 || supersedes the original complaint”) (citing 6 C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal Practice &

8 | Procedure § 1476, pp. 556-57 (2d ed. 1990)). Therefore, in an amended complaint, as in an

9 || original complaint, each claim and the involvement of each defendant must be sufficiently

10 | alleged.

11 Plaintiff's amended complaint must address the issues set forth herein, and in particular

12 | the conclusory nature of the alleged Due Process violations and Monell claim. Plaintiff should

13 | also consider the immunity doctrines set forth above and plead sufficient facts demonstrating why

14 | those Defendants would not be entitled to immunity.

15 Ill. CONCLUSION

16 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:

17 1. Plaintiffs motion to proceed in forma pauperis (ECF No. 2) is GRANTED.

18 2. Plaintiff shall have 30 days from the date of this order to file either:

19 a) an amended complaint that addresses the defects set forth above; or

20 b) a notice indicating that he wishes to proceed on the claim in Count I against Officer

21 Kendrick and voluntarily dismiss all his claims in Counts H, III, and IV as to all

22 Defendants.

23 SO ORDERED.

24 | DATED: August 10, 2026

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26 SEAN C. RIORDAN

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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