Warden

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE

WESTERN DISTRICT OF OKLAHOMA

LUIS AUGUSTO BERMUDEZ )

FLEIRE, )

)

Petitioner, )

)

v. )

Case No. CIV-26-1208-D

)

WARDEN, CIMARRON )

CORRECTIONAL FACILITY, )

et al., )

)

Respondents.1 )

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION

Petitioner Luis Augusto Bermudez Fleire, a noncitizen proceeding pro

se,2 seeks a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2241. Doc. 1.3 United

States District Judge Timothy D. DeGuisti referred the case to the undersigned

1 Respondent Chris Gantt, Warden of the Cimarron Correctional Facility,

is not a federal official, and the response is not filed on his behalf. See Doc. 13,

at 1 n.1.

2 This Report and Recommendation “uses the term ‘noncitizen’ as

equivalent to the statutory term ‘alien.’” Nasrallah v. Barr, 590 U.S. 573, 578

n.2 (2020) (citing 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(3)). Because Petitioner is proceeding pro

se, the Court liberally construes his arguments. Hall v. Bellmon, 935 F.2d

1106, 1110 (10th Cir. 1991). But it is not “the proper function of the district

court to assume the role of advocate for the pro se litigant.” Id.

3 Citations to a court document are to its electronic case filing designation

and pagination. Except for capitalization, quotations are verbatim unless

otherwise indicated.

Magistrate Judge under 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B), (C). Doc. 8. The Government

responded, Doc. 13, and Petitioner filed a reply, Doc. 15. So the matter is at

issue.

For the reasons below, the undersigned recommends the Court grant

Petitioner’s habeas petition in part and order Respondents to provide

Petitioner with an individualized bond hearing within seven days or else

release Petitioner.

I. Factual background and Procedural history.

Petitioner is a citizen of Venezuela who entered the United States on or

about October 27, 2022. Doc. 13, at 1; see Doc. 1, at 11. On November 10, 2022,

the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) issued Petitioner a Notice to

Appear (NTA) alleging he was subject to removal under § 212(a)(6)(A)(i) of the

Immigration and Nationality Act (INA).4 Doc. 13, at 1 (citing Ex. 1, at 1). DHS

released Petitioner on his own recognizance the same day. Id. (citing Ex. 2).

4 Codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i), this section applies to an alien

present in the United States without being admitted or paroled, or who arrived

in the United States at any time or place other than as designated by the

Attorney General. An NTA acts as “a charging document” informing the

noncitizen of “the specific charges against him and outlin[ing] their legal and

factual basis.” Dragomirescu v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 44 F.4th 1351, 1354 (11th Cir.

2022) (citing 8 U.S.C. § 1229a).

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On October 20, 2023, Petitioner filed an application for asylum which remains

pending. Id. at 1-2 (citing Ex. 3).

On July 17, 2026, an Immigration Judge (IJ) ordered Petitioner removed.

Petitioner’s appeal before the Board of Immigration Appeals is pending. See

https://acis.eoir.justice.gov/en/caseInformation (last visited Aug. 19, 2026).5

Petitioner states that he has no criminal history, has appeared for all

Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) appointments, and has a six-

month-old baby. Doc. 1, at 6, 9. ICE arrested him at a scheduled check-in on

March 24, 2026, and he has been detained at the Cimarron Correctional

Facility since then. Doc. 1, at 1, 10-11, 14; Doc. 13, at 2. He avers ICE arrested

him without a judicial warrant, without probable cause, without a meaningful

explanation, and without an adequate opportunity to be heard. Doc. 1, at 9, 11;

Doc. 15, at 2.

5 The undersigned takes judicial notice of the Immigration Court’s filings

in Petitioner’s case, available at Automated Case Information. See United

States v. Pursley, 577 F.3d 1204, 1214 n.6 (10th Cir. 2009) (exercising

discretion “to take judicial notice of publicly-filed records in [this] court and

certain other courts concerning matters that bear directly upon the disposition

of the case at hand”) (quoting United States v. Ahidley, 486 F.3d 1184, 1192 n.5

(10th Cir. 2007)).

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II. Petitioner’s claims.

Petitioner argues: (1) Respondents violated his Fifth Amendment

procedural due process rights as he received no neutral and individualized

review in a pre-deprivation hearing; (2) he was arrested and detained without

probable cause or a judicial warrant; (3) Respondents have been deliberately

indifferent to his serious medical needs; (4) his conditions of confinement are

punitive and dangerous; (5) he fears retaliation for seeking habeas corpus

relief, including transfer, isolation, and interruption of court access; (6) there

is an imminent risk of removal or third-country transfer without meaningful

notice and judicial review; and (7) his continued detention is excessive because

he is not a danger or a flight risk. Doc. 1, at 13-16.

He seeks his immediate release under reasonable conditions of

supervision, or in the alternative, a prompt individualized bond hearing before

a neutral decision-maker. Id. at 21. He also seeks an order for Respondents to

show cause as to why his detention is lawful; an order that he not be

transferred from Cimarron Correctional Facility or outside this Court’s

jurisdiction during this action; an order that he not be removed while this

action is pending unless the Court receives notice;6 an order that Respondents

6 The Court addressed these last two requests in its Order for Response,

Doc. 11.

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provide immediate and continuous access to all of Petitioner’s medication; an

order that Respondents preserve his access to this Court and not retaliate

against him for filing this action; an order for Respondents to preserve all

records involving Petitioner; and a grant of costs to Petitioner. Id. at 21-22.

III. Standard of review.

An application for a writ of habeas corpus “is an attack by a person in

custody upon the legality of that custody, and . . . the traditional function of

the writ is to secure release from illegal custody.” Preiser v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S.

475, 484 (1973). Habeas corpus relief is warranted only if the petitioner “is in

custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United

States.” 28 U.S.C. § 2241(c)(3). “Challenges to immigration detention are

properly brought directly through habeas.” Soberanes v. Comfort, 388 F.3d

1305, 1310 (10th Cir. 2004) (citing Zadvydas v. Davis, 533 U.S. 678, 687-88

(2001)).

IV. Discussion.

A. 8 U.S.C. § 1226 governs Petitioner’s detention.

Petitioner asserts that Respondents violated his due process rights when

ICE detained him without probable cause and an opportunity to be heard, and

without a finding he posed a flight risk or danger. Doc. 1, at 11-14. He points

to his lack of criminal history, his six-month old baby and his partner, and his

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consistent appearance at ICE check-in appointments as proof that he is not a

flight risk or danger. Id. Respondents assert Petitioner is properly detained

under 8 U.S.C. § 1225(b)(2)(A) and his detention without a bond hearing does

not violate either his procedural or substantive due process rights. Doc. 13, at

3-10.

“[B]ecause the legality of Petitioner’s continued detention depends upon

the source of the Government’s detention authority, the Court must determine

whether § 1225(b)(1) or [8 U.S.C.] § 1226(a) governs before it can resolve

Petitioner’s due process claim.” Zhakhonov v. Grant, No. CIV-26-350-J, 2026

WL 1865418, at *2 (W.D. Okla. June 29, 2026).

Petitioner’s current detention “is not part of the inspection process,” and

it did not “arise from an attempted entry at a port of entry.” Zhakhonov, 2026

WL 1865418, at *3. Rather, like the petitioner in Zhakhonov, “Petitioner was

paroled into the United States, permitted to reside in the interior of the country

for several years, pursued his asylum application, and complied with the

conditions of his release before being re-detained” during a routine check-in.

Id. “Under those circumstances, Petitioner’s detention is more naturally

characterized as detention ‘pending a decision on whether the alien is to be

removed from the United States’ within the meaning of § 1226(a).” Id. So the

Court should conclude that Petitioner’s present detention “is governed by

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§ 1226(a), not § 1225(b)[].” Id.; cf. Santillan Quiroz v. Mullin, 180 F.4th 1226,

1239 (10th Cir. 2026) (explaining that § 1225(b)(2)(A) is “limited to the

border”).

B. Petitioner is entitled to a bond hearing.

Petitioner seeks his immediate release or, alternatively, an

individualized bond hearing to resolve the due process violation. Doc. 1, at 21.

Because Petitioner is detained under § 1226(a), the undersigned concludes a

bond hearing is the appropriate remedy.

“Unlike § 1225(b)(1), § 1226(a) contemplates individualized custody

determinations and authorizes release on bond or conditional parole pending

completion of removal proceedings.” Zhakhonov, 2026 WL 1865418, at *3. The

Government has not provided Petitioner with an individualized custody

determination under § 1226(a) since his re-detention. See id. (“[T]he process

afforded by § 1226(a) itself serves as the mechanism through which a

detainee’s liberty interest is protected.”). Because this is “the very process

Congress prescribed for detainees held pursuant to § 1226(a),” the Court

should order Respondents to provide Petitioner with a bond hearing under

§ 1226(a). Id.; see also Navarrete v. Mullin, No. CIV-26-224-SLP, 2026 WL

2323345, at *2 (W.D. Okla. Aug. 11, 2026) (finding the petitioner had a

“protected liberty interest arising from her release on her own recognizance”

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and that the level of process owed to her was “for Respondents to provide [her]

with a bond hearing pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1226”); Todyrenchuk v. Warden of

Diamondback Corr. Facility, No. CIV-26-1243-J, 2026 WL 2186977, at *3

(W.D. Okla. July 29, 2026) (“[T]he Court concludes the proper remedy in this

case is not immediate release, but an individualized bond hearing before an

Immigration Judge exercising jurisdiction under § 1226(a).”); cf. Santillan

Quiroz, 180 F.4th at 1237 (“We hold that noncitizens who entered the United

States and were thereafter detained in the interior of the country are usually

subject to § 1226(a) (and thus eligible for bond), not § 1225(b)(2)(A).”).7

The Court should thus grant the petition in part and order Respondents

to provide Petitioner with a bond hearing under § 1226(a) within seven days or

else release Petitioner. See Santillan Quiroz, 180 F.4th at 1251 n.13 (directing

district court to order the government to provide the petitioner a bond hearing

7 Petitioner requests the Court place the burden on the Government at a

bond hearing to prove he is not a danger to the community or flight risk by

clear and convincing evidence. Doc. 1, at 21. But the Court has previously

declined to order burden shifting. See, e.g., Zhang v. U.S. Dist. Ct., No. CIV-26-

1022-D, 2026 WL 2323190, at *1 (W.D. Okla. Aug. 11, 2026) (“[T]he Court

declines to place the burden on the Government to justify Petitioner’s detention

pending removal proceedings, at this time.”); Rangel v. Mullin, No. CIV-26-

568-D, 2026 WL 1625653, at *2 n.2 (W.D. Okla. June 5, 2026) (“At this time,

the Court declines to place the burden on the government to justify Petitioner’s

detention pending removal proceedings.”). So the undersigned does not

recommend it in this case.

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within seven days “[b]ecause [the petitioner] can properly be subject to

detention under § 1226(a).”); see also Colin v. Holt, No. CIV-25-1189-D, 2025

WL 3645176, at *6 (W.D. Okla. Dec. 16, 2025) (“Petitioner has not received a

bond hearing and Respondents raise no objection challenging their obligations

to provide bond hearings for noncitizens that are detained under 8 U.S.C.

§ 1226(a).”).

C. The Court should decline to address Petitioner’s remaining

claims.

Given the undersigned’s recommendation to grant Petitioner a bond

hearing, the Court should decline to address the merits of Petitioner’s

remaining claims for relief. The Court can grant him relief under § 1226(a).

See Colin, 2025 WL 3645176, at *6 n.3 (“Because the Court grants the relief

the Petitioner requests based on the applicability of 8 U.S.C. § 1226(a), the

Court declines to decide the merits of Petitioner’s due process claim.”); see also

Zhang, 2026 WL 2323190, at *2 n.1 (“Given this determination, the Court

declines to address Petitioner’s remaining claims at this time.”).

Further, the undersigned agrees with Respondents that to the extent

Petitioner raises claims challenging his conditions of confinement, the Court

cannot grant relief in a habeas action. Doc. 13, at 11 (citing Palma-Salazar v.

Davis, 677 F.3d 1031, 1035 (10th Cir. 2012) (“[A] prisoner who challenges the

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conditions of his confinement must do so through a civil rights action.”)). And,

as to his retaliatory removal fears, “the executive branch, which—subject to

compliance with applicable law—has substantial latitude in the execution of

immigration enforcement decisions, including as to noncitizens subject to

orders of removal.” Funes v. Francis, 810 F. Supp. 3d 472, 503 (S.D.N.Y. 2025)

(citing United States v. Texas, 599 U.S. 670, 679 (2023), then citing Garland v.

Aleman Gonzalez, 596 U.S. 543, 546-48 (2022) and 8 U.S.C. § 1231).

V. Recommendation and notice of right to object.

For the reasons set forth above, the undersigned recommends the Court

grant Petitioner’s habeas corpus petition in part and order

Respondents to provide him with an individualized bond hearing in

front of a neutral IJ within seven days or otherwise release Petitioner.

The Court should deny Petitioner’s outstanding motions. Docs. 2, 3, 4. The

undersigned also recommends that the Court order Respondents to certify

compliance with the Court’s order by filing a status report within ten business

days of the Court’s order, and to promptly provide a copy of this order to counsel

for the Warden of the Cimarron Correctional Facility.

The undersigned advises the parties of their right to file an objection to

this Report and Recommendation with the Clerk of this Court by August 27,

2026, in accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 636 and Federal Rule of Civil Procedure

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72.8 The undersigned further advises the parties that failure to make timely

objections to this Report and Recommendation waives the right to appellate

review of both factual and legal questions contained herein. Moore v. United

States, 950 F.2d 656, 659 (10th Cir. 1991). This Report and Recommendation

disposes of the issues referred to the undersigned Magistrate Judge in the

captioned matter.

ENTERED this 20th day of August, 2026.

hea “ered _

SUZANNE MITCHELL

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

8 Given the expedited nature of these proceedings, the undersigned has

reduced the typical objection time to this Report and Recommendation. See

Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(2) advisory committee’s note to 1983 addition (noting that

rule establishing 14-day response time “does not extend to habeas corpus

petitions, which are covered by the specific rules relating to proceedings under

Sections 2254 and 2255 of Title 28.”); see also Whitmore v. Parker, 484 F. App’x

227, 231, 231 n.2 (10th Cir. 2012) (“The Rules Governing § 2254 Cases may be

applied discretionarily to habeas petitions under § 2241” and that “while the

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure may be applied in habeas proceedings, they

need not be in every instance—particularly where strict application would

undermine the habeas review process”).

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