Fender

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO

EASTERN DIVISION

GREGORY D. RICHARD, JR., CASE NO. 3:23-cv-599

Petitioner, DISTRICT JUDGE

BRIDGET MEEHAN BRENNAN

vs.

MAGISTRATE JUDGE

WARDEN DOUGLAS FENDER, JAMES E. GRIMES JR.

Respondent.

REPORT &

RECOMMENDATION

Petitioner Gregory D. Richard, Jr. has filed a Petition for a Writ of

Habeas Corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Richard is in custody at the Warren

Correctional Institution1 and challenges his conviction and sentence in the

case State v. Richard, Marion County Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 2018

CR 0150. The Court referred this matter to a Magistrate Judge under Local

Rule 72.2 for the preparation of a Report and Recommendation. For the

following reasons, I recommend that the Court deny Richard’s Petition.

Summary of facts

In habeas corpus proceedings brought by a person under 28 U.S.C. §

2254, factual determinations made by state courts are presumed correct. 28

U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). The petitioner has the burden of rebutting that

1 Respondent asserts that Chae Harris is the Warden of the Warren

Correctional Institution. Doc. 33, at 1 n.1. As such, Warden Harris is the proper

Respondent. See Rumsfeld v. Padilla, 542 U.S. 426, 434–35 (2004).

presumption by clear and convincing evidence. Franklin v. Bradshaw, 695 F.3d

439, 447 (6th Cir. 2012).

The Ohio Court of Appeals for the Third Appellate District summarized

the facts underlying Richard’s conviction as follows:

{¶2} This case stems from a series of drug-related

events, including the April 2016 overdose of Halee

Hull (“Hull”) and the October 17, 2017 overdose

death of Todd Thompson (“Thompson”) in Marion

County. On April 5, 2018, the Marion County Grand

Jury indicted Richard on Count One of trafficking in

heroin in violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(1), (C)(6), a

fifth-degree felony, and Count Two of involuntary

manslaughter in violation of R.C. 2903.04(A), a first-

degree felony. (Doc. No. 1). However, because he was

incarcerated in federal prison on another case, he

did not appear for arraignment in Marion County

until June 17, 2019. (Doc. No. 19). When he

appeared for arraignment, he entered pleas of not

guilty to the indictment. (Id.).

State v. Richard, 2021-Ohio-2980, 2021 WL 3855301, at *1 (Ohio Ct. App. Aug.

30, 2021) (footnote omitted).

Procedural background

Subsequent trial court proceedings

On June 19, 2019, the Marion County grand jury filed a superseding

indictment that charged Richard with a second-degree felony of corrupting

another with drugs, Ohio Rev. Code 2925.02(A)(3), with a forfeiture

specification; a fifth-degree felony of trafficking in heroin, Ohio Rev. Code

2925.03(A)(1)(c)(6), with a forfeiture specification; and a first-degree felony of

involuntary manslaughter, Ohio Rev. Code 2903.04(A). Doc. 9-1, at 9–10.

Richard, through appointed counsel, pleaded not guilty to the charges. Id. at

11.

Meanwhile, the trial court had set a jury trial for July 2, 2019, and the

State filed a motion to continue trial. Doc. 9-1, at 12. The trial court denied the

State’s motion. Doc. 9-1, at 22–26. The State filed a motion for reconsideration,

arguing that a substantive witness was unavailable for the July 2 trial date

but would be available by July 15. Id. at 27–32. Richard opposed the State’s

motion. Id. at 36–38. On July 2, 2019, the trial court granted the State’s

motion, but stated that due to a previously scheduled trial, the court could not

hold the trial until “later in July.” Id. at 39. The court tolled Richard’s speedy

trial rights until the rescheduled trial date, id., and then reset trial for July

30, 2019, id. at 40. The court wrote that while the parties agreed to the July

30 trial date and Richard waived his speedy trial right until then, he did so

“without waiving any argument he may wish to make with regard to the fact

that the trial of this case was not commenced on or before July 3, 2019.” Doc.

9-1, at 40.

On July 11, 2019, the Marion County grand jury filed a second

superseding indictment that charged Richard with one count of the first-degree

felony of engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity, Ohio Rev. Code

2923.32(A)(1); seventeen counts of fifth-degree felony trafficking in heroin

charges, Ohio Rev. Code 2925.03(A)(1)/(C)(6); three second-degree felony

corrupting another with drugs charges, Ohio Rev. Code 2925.02(A)(3); two

first-degree felony involuntary manslaughter charges, Ohio Rev. Code

2903.04(A); one fourth-degree felony trafficking in heroin charge, Ohio Rev.

Code 2925.03(A)(2)/(C)(6); and one prior federal drug conviction specification.

Doc. 9-1, at 41–46. Richard pleaded not guilty to the charges. Id. at 47.

Richard filed three motions to dismiss due to: preindictment delay; post-

indictment delay; and the fact that fifteen counts in the second superseding

indictment were based on Richard’s federal drug convictions. Doc. 9-1, at 49–

61. The State opposed Richard’s speedy trial motions, but conceded that the

fifteen counts Richard identified were barred and should be dismissed. Id. at

71–90. On July 25, 2019, The trial court dismissed the fifteen counts, with

prejudice. Id. at 91. And on July 29, the trial court overruled Richard’s other

motions to dismiss. Id. at 92–106.

Meanwhile, on July 26, Richard filed a motion requesting relief from

prejudicial joinder, seeking separate trials on the charges pending against him.

Doc. 9-1, at 109. The State opposed Richard’s motion, id. at 113, 117, and

Richard filed a reply, id. at 122. On July 29, after a hearing, the trial court

denied Richard’s motion for separate trials. Id. at 125.

Also on July 29, 2019, the trial court granted Richard’s request for a

continuance to prepare for trial. Doc. 9-1, at 129. Trial was reset for October

22, but on October 15, Richard requested that new counsel be appointed due to

“a breakdown in communication.” Id. at 130, 131. The court granted Richard’s

request and appointed new counsel. Id. at 132. Richard waived his right to

speedy trial from October 15 until a date that trial was to be rescheduled. Id.

at 130.

Trial was reset for February 11, 2020, but was continued at Richard’s

request, and the court tolled Richard’s speedy trial time until the rescheduled

trial date. Doc. 9-1, at 133. On April 13, the State filed a motion to continue

the scheduled trial date due to Ohio’s Covid-19 state of emergency. Id. at 134.

The trial court granted the motion, continued Richard’s jury trial to May 18,

2020, and tolled the speedy trial time until then. Id. at 145.

Next, Richard asked to continue the May 18 trial due to various Covid-

19-related reasons that his counsel identified. Doc. 9-1, at 152. The trial court

granted Richard’s motion, tolled the speedy trial time, and continued the trial

date. Id. at 154. Trial was reset for August 11, 2020. Tr. 173.

On August 10, the State filed a motion to dismiss two counts and amend

the form of the indictment to list the remaining counts in numeric order. Doc.

9-1, at 155. Richard agreed, and the court amended the second superseding

indictment to reflect the changes. Id. at 158.

Also on that day, Richard filed a renewed motion to dismiss the second

superseding indictment based on statutory and constitutional speedy-trial

violations, Doc. 9-1, at 161, which the trial court denied, Doc. 27-2, at 23.

On August 11, 2020, the case proceeded to trial. Doc. 9-1, at 173. The

jury found Richard guilty of one trafficking-in-heroin count (count 4) and two

corrupting-another-with-drugs counts (counts 5 and 8), and not guilty on the

remaining counts. Id. At sentencing, the court sentenced Richard to eleven

months in prison on count 4, five years in prison on count 5, and seven years

in prison on count 8. Id. at 174. The court ordered the sentences in counts 4

and 5 to run concurrently, and consecutive to the sentence in count 8, for an

aggregate sentence of twelve years in prison, plus mandatory fines and

currency forfeiture. Id. Richard filed a motion for an acquittal or new trial, id.

at 177, which the court denied, id. at 173.

Direct appeal

In October 2020, Richard filed in the Ohio court of appeals a timely

notice of appeal. Doc. 9-1, at 185. In his brief, Richard, through new counsel,

raised the following assignments of error:

1. Appellant’s rights to a speedy trial under the

Sixth Amendment and the Ohio Constitution were

violated by post-indictment delay in regard to count

seven, corrupting another with drugs.

2. Appellant was unfairly prejudiced by the joinder

for trial three separate incidents of alleged drug

trafficking.

3. Appellant’s state and federal constitutional rights

to due process were violated because the conviction

in count seven for corrupting another with drugs

was not supported by sufficient evidence.

4. The weight of evidence does not support a

conviction on count seven for corrupting another

with drugs.

5. The sentencing entry improperly imposed

mandatory prison sentences because the prison

sentences were not imposed as mandatory during

the sentencing hearing.2

Doc. 9-1, at 195. On August 30, 2021, the Ohio court of appeals affirmed the

trial court’s judgment and sentence. Id. at 294; Richard, 2021 WL 3855301.

In October 2021, Richard timely filed a pro se appeal to the Ohio

Supreme Court. Doc. 9-1, at 336. In his memorandum in support of jurisdiction,

Richard raised the same grounds that he raised to the Ohio court of appeals.

Id. at 339. In December 2021, the Ohio Supreme Court declined under its rule

of practice 7.08(B)(4) to accept jurisdiction of Richard’s appeal. Id. at 404.

State post-conviction petition

In June 2021, while his direct appeal was pending, Richard filed in the

trial court a pro se petition for post-conviction relief. Doc. 9-1, at 405. Richard

alleged that trial counsel was ineffective for: (1) failing to investigate facts at

Richard’s arraignment that could have led to successful motion to dismiss; (2)

failing to investigate prosecutorial misconduct at his arraignment; (3) failing

to recognize a speedy trial violation regarding the time the State notified

Richard of the charges against him; and (4) failing to present facts showing

that Richard was denied the right to counsel at arraignment. Id. at 411, 413,

414, 416. In September 2021, the trial court overruled Richard’s petition based

on res judicata and, alternatively, on the merits. Id. at 462–69.

2 In this report and recommendation, Richard’s grounds for relief are

reproduced as written.

In February 2023, Richard filed a pro se motion for relief from judgment,

arguing that the trial court never served him with its September 2021 ruling

denying his petition. Doc. 9-1, at 471. Ultimately the Ohio court of appeals

determined that Richard had not been served and accepted Richard’s appeal of

the trial court’s post-conviction petition ruling. Doc. 33-1, at 21. In his appeal,

Richard raised the following assignments of error:

1. The trial court abused its discretion by applying

res judicata to deny review.

2. The trial court abused its discretion by denying

review without, at a minimum, conducting an

evidentiary hearing.

Id. at 124. The State filed a response, id. at 202, and Richard filed a reply, id.

at 210. On August 18, 2025, the Ohio court of appeals affirmed the trial court’s

judgment, finding that Richard’s claims were barred by res judicata. Id. at 218;

State v. Richard, 2025-Ohio-2943, 2025 WL 2391079 (Ohio Ct. App. Aug. 18,

2025).

In September 2025, Richard timely appealed to the Ohio Supreme

Court. Doc. 33-1, at 229. In his memorandum in support of jurisdiction,

Richard raised the following proposition of law:

Where a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel

depends upon facts established by evidence de hors

the record, including a defendant’s affidavit showing

counsel’s failure to investigate and preserve an IAD

violation informed of and factually relayed, res

judicata does not apply.

Id. at 232. On November 25, 2025, the Ohio Supreme Court declined under its

rule of practice 7.08(B)(4) to accept jurisdiction of Richard’s appeal. Id. at 238.

Federal habeas corpus petition

In March 2023, Richard filed a pro se federal habeas corpus petition.3

Doc. 1. In his Petition, he raises the following grounds for relief:

Ground one: The state court’s adjudication of Mr.

Richard’s claim that insufficient evidence existed to

sustain conviction on Count Eight, which charged

corrupting another with drugs, resulting in serious

bodily injury, in violation of R.C. § 2925.02(A)(3),

involved an unreasonable application of the facts,

and resulted in a decision contrary to, and involved

an unreasonable application of, Jackson v. Virginia,

443 U.S. 307 (1979).

Ground two: The state court’s adjudication of Mr.

Richard’s claim that his constitutional and statutory

rights to a speedy trial were violated, including the

right to a speedy trial right conferred by the

Interstate Agreement on Detainers Act, involved an

unreasonable application of the facts, and resulted

in a decision contrary to, and involved an

unreasonable application of, United States v. Mauro,

436 U.S. 340 (1978), and Fex v. Michigan, 507 U.S.

43 (1993).

Ground three: The state court’ adjudication of Mr.

Richard’s claim that trial counsel performed

unreasonably by failing to review the record of

arraignment and discover and present facts which

were essential to a viable motion to dismiss, under

R.C. § 2963.30, Article IV(e), involved an

unreasonable application of the facts, and resulted

in a decision contrary to, and involved an

3 In October 2023, Richard obtained habeas counsel. Doc. 10.

unreasonable application of, Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 669 (1984).

Ground four: The state court’s adjudication of Mr.

Richard’s claim that trial counsel performed

deficiently by failing to discover and object to

prosecutorial misconduct, relating to the false

representations of Prosecutor Owen, regarding the

date he and his office received and reviewed Mr.

Richard’s R.C. § 2963.30, Article III(a), request,

involved an unreasonable application of the facts,

and resulted in a decision contrary to, and involved

an unreasonable application of, Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 669 (1984).

Ground five: The state court’s adjudication of Mr.

Richard’s claim that trial counsel performed

deficiently by failing to object, under the R.C. §

2963.30, Article III(c), based on the violation which

occurred as a result of the failure of the Warden

having custody of Mr. Richard to process his Article

III(a) request in a timely manner, involved an

unreasonable application of the facts, and resulted

in a decision contrary to, and involved an

unreasonable application of, Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 669 (1984).

Ground six: The state court’s adjudication of Mr.

Richard’s claim that trial counsel performed

unreasonably by failing to investigate and present

available facts which would have established a

denial of counsel at arraignment which prejudicially

affected Mr. Richard’s substantial rights, involved

an unreasonable application of the facts, and

resulted in a decision contrary to, and involved an

unreasonable application of, Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 669 (1984).

Doc. 1, at 2–4. The Respondent filed a Return of Writ, Doc. 9, and a

Supplemental Return of Writ,4 Doc. 33. Richard has not filed a traverse.

Legal Standard

Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, Pub.

L. No. 104–132, 110 Stat. 1214, petitioners must meet certain procedural

requirements to have their claims reviewed in federal court. Smith v. Ohio

Dep’t of Rehab. & Corr., 463 F.3d 426, 430 (6th Cir. 2006). “Procedural barriers,

such as statutes of limitations and rules concerning procedural default and

exhaustion of remedies, operate to limit access to review on the merits of a

constitutional claim.” Daniels v. United States, 532 U.S. 374, 381 (2001).

Although procedural default is sometimes confused with exhaustion,

exhaustion and procedural default are distinct concepts. Williams v. Anderson,

460 F.3d 789, 806 (6th Cir. 2006). Failure to exhaust applies when state

remedies are “still available at the time of the federal petition.” Id. (quoting

Engle v. Isaac, 456 U.S. 107, 125 n.28 (1982)). But when state court remedies

are no longer available, procedural default rather than exhaustion applies. Id.

Exhaustion

A federal court may not grant a writ of habeas corpus unless the

petitioner has exhausted all available remedies in state court. 28 U.S.C. §

4 The Court granted Richard’s motion to stay his petition so that he could

exhaust certain of his claims. Doc. 29. The Court later reinstated Richard’s

case, ordered the Warden to file a supplemental return, and gave Richard an

opportunity to file a traverse.

2254(b)(1)(A). A state defendant with federal constitutional claims must fairly

present those claims to the state courts before raising them in a federal habeas

corpus action. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b),(c); Anderson v. Harless, 459 U.S. 4, 6 (1982)

(per curiam); Picard v. Connor, 404 U.S. 270, 275–76 (1971); see also Fulcher

v. Motley, 444 F.3d 791, 798 (6th Cir. 2006) (“Federal courts do not have

jurisdiction to consider a claim in a habeas petition that was not ‘fairly

presented’ to the state courts”) (quoting Newton v. Million, 349 F.3d 873, 877

(6th Cir. 2003)). A constitutional claim for relief must be presented to the

state’s highest court to satisfy the fair presentation requirement. See

O’Sullivan v. Boerckel, 526 U.S. 838, 845–48 (1999); Hafley v. Sowders, 902

F.2d 480, 483 (6th Cir. 1990). And a habeas petitioner must present both the

factual and legal underpinnings of the claims to the state courts. McMeans v.

Brigano, 228 F.3d 674, 681 (6th Cir. 2000). This means that the “petitioner

must present his claim to the state courts as a federal constitutional issue—

not merely as an issue arising under state law.” Koontz v. Glossa, 731 F.2d 365,

368 (6th Cir. 1984).

Procedural default

Procedural default may occur in two ways. Williams, 460 F.3d at 806.

First, a petitioner procedurally defaults a claim by failing “to comply with state

procedural rules in presenting [the] claim to the appropriate state court.” Id.

In Maupin v. Smith, the Sixth Circuit directed courts to consider four factors

when determining whether a claim is barred on habeas corpus review due to a

petitioner’s failure to comply with a state procedural rule: whether (1) there is

a state procedural rule applicable to the petitioner’s claim and whether the

petitioner failed to comply with that rule; (2) the state court enforced the

procedural rule; (3) the state procedural rule is an adequate and independent

state ground on which the state can foreclose review of the federal

constitutional claim; and (4) the petitioner can demonstrate cause for failing to

follow the rule and actual prejudice by the alleged constitutional error. 785

F.2d 135, 138 (6th Cir. 1986); see also Williams, 460 F.3d at 806 (“If, due to the

petitioner’s failure to comply with the procedural rule, the state court declines

to reach the merits of the issue, and the state procedural rule is an independent

and adequate grounds for precluding relief, the claim is procedurally

defaulted.”) (citing Maupin, 785 F.2d at 138).

Second, “a petitioner may procedurally default a claim by failing to raise

a claim in state court, and pursue that claim through the state’s ‘ordinary

appellate review procedures.’” Williams, 460 F.3d at 806 (citing O’Sullivan,

526 U.S. at 847). “If, at the time of the federal habeas petition, state law no

longer allows the petitioner to raise the claim, the claim is procedurally

defaulted.” Id. While the exhaustion requirement is satisfied because there are

no longer any state remedies available to the petitioner, see Coleman v.

Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 732 (1991), the petitioner’s failure to have the federal

claims considered in the state courts constitutes a procedural default of those

claims that bars federal court review, Williams, 460 F.3d at 806.

To overcome a procedural bar, petitioners must show cause for the

default and actual prejudice that resulted from the alleged violation of federal

law that forms the basis of their challenge, or that there will be a fundamental

miscarriage of justice if the claims are not considered. Coleman, 501 U.S. at

750.

Merits review

If a state’s courts adjudicated the merits of a claim, a habeas petitioner

may obtain habeas relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2254, if the petitioner can establish

one of two predicates. To establish the first predicate, the petitioner “must

identify a ‘clearly established’ principle of ‘Federal law’ that” has been

established by a holding of the Supreme Court. Fields v. Jordan, 86 F.4th 218,

231 (6th Cir. 2023) (en banc); see 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). The petitioner must

then show that state’s court’s adjudication “was contrary to,” or “involved an

unreasonable application of” that “clearly established” precedent. 28 U.S.C. §

2254(d)(1) (emphasis added); see Fields, 86 F.4th at 232.

To establish the second predicate, the petitioner must show that the

state’s court’s adjudication “resulted in a decision that was based on an

unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in

the State court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2).

“Under the ‘contrary to’ clause, a federal habeas court may grant the

writ if the state court arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached by the

[United States Supreme] Court on a question of law or” based on “a set of

materially indistinguishable facts.” Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 412–13

(2000). “Under the ‘unreasonable application’ clause, a federal habeas court

may grant the writ if the state court identifies the correct governing legal

principle from th[e] Court’s decisions but unreasonably applies that principle

to the facts of the prisoner’s case.” Id. at 413. “[A]n ‘unreasonable application

of’” the Court’s holdings is one that is “‘objectively unreasonable,’ not merely

wrong; even ‘clear error’ will not suffice.” White v. Woodall, 572 U.S. 415, 419

(2014) (quoting Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63, 75–76 (2003)).

“[A] ‘clearly established’ principle of ‘Federal law’ refers to the

“holdings,” not “dicta,” of the Supreme Court’s decisions. Fields, 86 F.4th at

231 (quoting White, 572 U.S. at 419). A state court is not required to cite

Supreme Court precedent or reflect an “awareness” of Supreme Court cases,

“so long as neither the reasoning nor the result of the state-court decision

contradicts” such precedent. Early v. Packer, 537 U.S. 3, 8 (2002); Lopez v.

Wilson, 426 F.3d 339, 358 (6th Cir. 2005). If the Supreme Court has not

addressed the petitioner’s specific claims, a reviewing district court cannot find

that a state court acted contrary to, or unreasonably applied, Supreme Court

precedent or clearly established federal law. Carey v. Musladin, 549 U.S. 70,

77 (2006); see White, 572 U.S. at 426 (“Section 2254(d)(1) provides a remedy for

instances in which a state court unreasonably applies this Court’s precedent;

it does not require state courts to extend that precedent or license federal

courts to treat the failure to do so as error.”).

In determining whether the state court’s decision involved an

unreasonable application of law, the Court uses an objective standard.

Williams, 529 U.S. at 410. “A state court’s determination that a claim lacks

merit precludes federal habeas review so long as ‘fair-minded jurists could

disagree’ on the correctness of the state court’s decision.” Harrington v. Richter,

562 U.S. 86, 101 (2011) (quoting Yarborough v. Alvarado, 541 U.S. 652, 664

(2004)); see also Bray v. Andrews, 640 F.3d 731, 738 (6th Cir. 2011). “[A] state

prisoner must show that the state court’s ruling on the claim being presented

in federal court was so lacking in justification that there was an error well

understood and comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for fair-

minded disagreement.” Harrington, 562 U.S. at 103.

Discussion

Ground one fails on the merits

In ground one, Richard challenges the Ohio court of appeals’ rejection of

his sufficiency-of-the-evidence claim. Doc. 1, at 2. Respondent argues that

ground one fails on the merits. Doc. 33, at 24.

When reviewing a claim that a petitioner’s conviction is not supported

by sufficient evidence, the court asks “whether, after viewing the evidence in

the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have

found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson

v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); see Cavazos v. Smith, 565 U.S. 1, 7 (2011).

The court defers to the trier-of-fact’s determination. Brown v. Konteh, 567 F.3d

191, 205 (6th Cir. 2009). The standard is not whether the trier-of-fact made the

correct guilt or innocence determination, but whether it made a rational

decision to convict or acquit. Herrera v. Collins, 506 U.S. 390, 402 (1993). The

court does “not reweigh the evidence, re-evaluate the credibility of witnesses,

or substitute [its] judgment for that of the [fact-finder].” Brown, 567 F.3d at

205; see also Matthews v. Abramajtys, 319 F.3d 780, 788 (6th Cir. 2003).

“Circumstantial evidence alone is sufficient to support a conviction, and it is

not necessary for the evidence to exclude every reasonable hypothesis except

that of guilt.” Johnson v. Coyle, 200 F.3d 987, 992 (6th Cir. 2000) (internal

quotations and citations omitted); see also Durr v. Mitchell, 487 F.3d 423, 449

(6th Cir. 2007) (“circumstantial evidence is entitled to equal weight as direct

evidence”).

On federal habeas review, an additional layer of deference applies.

Brown, 567 F.3d at 205; see Coleman v. Johnson, 566 U.S. 650, 651 (2012). So

even if this Court were to conclude that a rational trier-of-fact could not have

found Richard guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, the Court “must still defer to

the state appellate court’s sufficiency determination as long as it is not

unreasonable.” Brown, 567 F.3d at 205; see also White v. Steele, 602 F.3d 707,

710 (6th Cir. 2009).

The Ohio court of appeals considered Richard’s claim as follows:

{¶59} In his third and fourth assignments of error,

Richard argues that his that his corrupting-another-

with-drugs conviction under Count Eight is based on

insufficient evidence and is against the manifest

weight of the evidence. In particular, in his third

assignment of error, Richard argues that the State

presented insufficient evidence that his corrupting-

another-with-drugs conviction under Count Eight is

based on insufficient evidence because the State

presented insufficient evidence that he “furnished

Thompson with the heroin that caused his overdose

* * *.” (Emphasis added.) (Appellant’s Brief at 20).

In his fourth assignment of error, he specifically

argues that the weight of the evidence shows that

Aaron “Stanley” [(“Stanley”) w]as the drug supplier,

not Richard * * *.” (Id. at 22).

Standard of Review

{¶60} Manifest “weight of the evidence and

sufficiency of the evidence are clearly different legal

concepts.” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380,

389 (1997). Thus, we address each legal concept

individually.

{¶61} “An appellate court’s function when reviewing

the sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal

conviction is to examine the evidence admitted at

trial to determine whether such evidence, if

believed, would convince the average mind of the

defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” State

v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259 (1981), paragraph two of

the syllabus, superseded by state constitutional

amendment on other grounds, State v. Smith, 80

Ohio St.3d 89 (1997). Accordingly, “[t]he relevant

inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a

light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational

trier of fact could have found the essential elements

of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id.

“In deciding if the evidence was sufficient, we

neither resolve evidentiary conflicts nor assess the

credibility of witnesses, as both are functions

reserved for the trier of fact.” State v. Jones, 1st Dist.

Hamilton Nos. C-120570 and C-120571, 2013-Ohio-

4775, ¶ 33, citing State v. Williams, 197 Ohio App.3d

505, 2011-Ohio-6267, ¶ 25 (1st Dist.). See also State

v. Berry, 3d Dist. Defiance No. 4-12-03, 2013-Ohio-

2380, ¶ 19 (“Sufficiency of the evidence is a test of

adequacy rather than credibility or weight of the

evidence.”), citing Thompkins at 386.

* * *

Sufficiency of the Evidence Analysis

{¶63} We begin by addressing Richard’s sufficiency-

of-the-evidence argument as it relates to his

corrupting-another-with-drugs conviction under

Count Eight. The offense of corrupting another with

drugs is codified under R.C. 2925.02 and provides, in

relevant part:

(A) No person shall knowingly do any of

the following:

* * *

(3) By any means, administer or

furnish to another or induce or cause

another to use a controlled substance,

and thereby cause serious physical

harm to the other person, or cause the

other person to become drug

dependent.

R.C. 2925.02(A)(3).

{¶64} Because it is the only element that Richard

challenges on appeal, we will address only the

furnish element of the offense. Although, the term

“furnish” is not defined by the Revised Code, the

term was defined for the jury to mean to “provide,

supply, or give access to.” (Aug. 17, 2020 Tr., Vol. V,

at 818). Accord State v. Patterson, 11th Dist.

Trumbull No. 2013-T-0062, 2015-Ohio-4423, ¶ 86. In

other words, our sister appellate districts have

concluded that, to be guilty of corrupting another

with drugs (by furnishing a controlled substance), it

is of no consequence whether the controlled

substance is sold or delivered directly to a victim,

provided that the sale gave the victim access to the

controlled substance. See State v. Price, 8th Dist. No.

107096, 2019-Ohio-1642, ¶ 51; Patterson at ¶ 86 (“It

does not matter if the heroin was sold or delivered

directly to [a third party], provided that the sale

gave [the victim] access to it.”).

{¶65} In support of his sufficiency-of-the-evidence

challenge, Richard argues that a rational trier of fact

could not have found that he was involved in the

drug transaction involving Thompson because

“there was no evidence whatsoever that Richard

ever provided Thompson with any drugs.”

(Appellant’s Brief at 20). The record belies Richard’s

argument. Indeed, viewing the evidence in a light

most favorable to the prosecution, Richards’s

corrupting-another-with-drugs conviction under

Count Eight is based on sufficient evidence.

{¶66} Importantly, the State may establish the

elements of a crime with direct or circumstantial

evidence. State v. Miller, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

103591, 2016-Ohio-7606, ¶ 60, citing State v. Durr,

58 Ohio St.3d 86, 92 (1991). “‘Circumstantial

evidence’ is the ‘proof of facts by direct evidence from

which the trier of fact may infer or derive by

reasoning or other facts.’” State v. Lawwill, 12th

Dist. Butler No. CA2007-01-014, 2008-Ohio-3592, ¶

12, quoting State v. Wells, 12th Dist. Warren No.

CA2006-02-029, 2007-Ohio-1362, ¶ 11, citing State

v. Griesheimer, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 05AP-1039,

2007-Ohio-837, ¶ 26. Circumstantial evidence has

no less probative value than direct evidence.

Griesheimer at ¶ 26, citing Jenks at paragraph one

of the syllabus. See also State v. Heinish, 50 Ohio

St.3d 231, 238 (1990) (“This court has long held that

circumstantial evidence is sufficient to sustain a

conviction if that evidence would convince the

average mind of the defendant’s guilt beyond a

reasonable doubt.”); Miller at ¶ 61 (stating that

“circumstantial evidence alone is sufficient to

support a conviction”), citing State v. Coleman, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102966, 2016-Ohio-297, ¶ 22.

“‘[A]ll that is required of the jury is that it weigh all

of the evidence, direct and circumstantial, against

the standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt.’”

Miller at ¶ 61, quoting Jenks at 272.

““‘Circumstantial evidence is not only sufficient, but

may also be more certain, satisfying, and persuasive

than direct evidence.”’” Id., quoting State v.

Hawthorne, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96496, 2011-

Ohio-6078, ¶ 9, quoting Michalic v. Cleveland

Tankers, Inc., 364 U.S. 325, 330, 81 S.Ct. 6 (1960).

{¶67} Accordingly, based on our review of the record,

we conclude the State presented sufficient

(circumstantial) evidence at trial that Richard knew

that he gave Thompson access to heroin. Compare

Price, 2019-Ohio-1642, at ¶ 51 (concluding that

“[t]he state presented sufficient evidence that

showed Price knew he was giving the victim access

to heroin and fentanyl by selling it to [a third

party]”). In particular, at trial, the State presented

the testimony of Stanley, who testified that he

contacted Richard on October 17, 2017 to “acquire

heroin” and to “make an introduction” between

Richard and Thompson. (Aug. 14, 2020 Tr., Vol. IV,

at 586-587). See Price at ¶ 50, citing Patterson at ¶

86, State v. Potee, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2016-

06-045, 2017-Ohio-2926, ¶ 31, and State v. Jones,

5th Dist. Licking No. 05 CA 59, 2006-Ohio-916, ¶ 46.

He clarified that “[w]henever [he] spoke to Mr.

Richard, [he] was calling to acquire heroin” and

“that’s what [he] was wanting then.” (Aug. 14, 2020

Tr., Vol. IV, at 586). Stanley further testified that

Richard appeared at his apartment later that

evening and that he introduced Richard to

Thompson. (Id. at 595, 605). After introducing the

two men, Stanley “bowed out and went to the

restroom” for “a few minutes.” (Id. at 605-606).

Thereafter, “Richard said he had to leave.” (Id. at

606).

{¶68} Furthermore, the State presented

surveillance-photo evidence corroborating that

Richard and Thompson were at Stanley’s apartment

during the same time period. Specifically, State’s

Exhibits 36 and 48 depict Thompson arriving at

Stanley’s apartment at 6:07 p.m. and departing

Stanley’s apartment at 7:57 p.m., respectively.

Likewise, State’s Exhibit 43 and depicts Richard

entering Stanley’s apartment building at 7:34 p.m.

and State’s Exhibits 46 and 47 depict Richard

departing the building at 7:44 p.m. (See State’s Exs.

40-43, 45-47).

{¶69} The State also presented evidence that

Thompson was found unconscious on the floor his

bedroom by his parents at approximately 10:00 p.m.

on October 17, 2017. (Aug. 13, 2020 Tr., Vol. III, at

520, 533). According to Cobern Thompson

(“Cobern”), Thompson’s father, “a needle [was]

laying on the floor” next to Thompson. (Id. at 521).

Cobern further testified that Thompson left the

residence that evening at approximately 5:45 p.m.

and returned at approximately 8:00 p.m. (Id. at 521-

522). Thompson later died as a result of “[a]cute

heroin toxicity.” (Aug. 12, 2020 Tr., Vol. II, at 314).

(See also State’s Ex. 33). Based on the totality of this

evidence, we conclude that a rational trier of fact

could have found that Richard furnished Thompson

heroin. Consequently, Richard’s corrupting-another-

with-drugs conviction under Count Eight is based on

sufficient evidence.

Richard, 2021 WL 3855301, at *11–13.

Richard argues that only circumstantial evidence was presented at

trial, and that “[n]o evidence established, beyond a reasonable doubt, that, on

the date and time in question, … Richard sold, furnished, or offered drugs to

decedent Thompson (or, for that matter, Stanley).” Doc. 1, at 30–31. Richard

underscores the point that at trial, Stanley did not testify that he saw Richard

provide Thompson with drugs or that he even heard the two of them talking

about drugs. Id. Rather, Stanley was in his bathroom doing drugs, while

Richard and Thompson were alone in the other room watching a basketball

game. Id. Richard also points out that Thompson died four to five hours after

leaving Stanley’s house, and that what Thompson did and who he saw in those

unaccounted-for hours remains a mystery. Id. Richard submits that his “DNA

was not present”—although he doesn’t dispute that he was at Stanley’s

house—and that Stanley was Thompson’s drug supplier long before Richard

met him. Id. at 31. Finally, Richard asserts that Thompson and Stanley were

“lifelong addicts, addicted to heroin, before … Richard knew of or met them,”

and that Stanley received immunity for his testimony against Richard. Id. at

31–32; see also id. at 34–36.

As the Ohio court of appeals explained, circumstantial evidence alone is

sufficient to support a conviction. Richard, 2021 WL 3855301, at *12; see

Johnson, 200 F.3d at 992. And on sufficiency review, the court does not

evaluate the credibility of witnesses, Brown, 567 F.3d at 205, so Richard’s

suggestion that Stanley was not credible, Doc. 1, at 31–31, is unavailing.

Moreover, the jury heard Stanley admit that he was a long-time drug user and

that he agreed to testify in exchange for the State dropping charges against

him. Doc. 27-4, at 26–27, 59–60. Finally, although Thompson died at his

parents’ house around 10:00 p.m., surveillance video showed him leaving

Stanley’s residence at 7:57 p.m., and Thompson’s father stated that Thompson

arrived home at about 8:00 p.m. Richard, 2021 WL 3855301, at *13. So there

was no mysterious four-to-five hour, unaccounted-for window of time during

which Thompson could have gone to other places to obtain drugs from other

people.

Next, Richard argues that the Ohio court of appeals’ decision was based

an unreasonable determination of the facts. Doc. 1, at 33. He asserts that he

hadn’t met Thompson before that October day and that Thompson was

addicted to heroin before Richard met him. Id. But neither of these facts have

any bearing on whether Richard furnished heroin to Thompson on the day they

met at Stanley’s residence.

Richard also argues that the Ohio court of appeals’ decision was an

unreasonable application of the Supreme Court holding in Jackson. Doc. 1, at

33. He asserts that the Ohio court of appeals, reciting Ohio law, wrote that the

word furnishing included a situation in which a defendant did not directly

provide the victim drugs, but also when the defendant provided drugs to a third

party who, in turn, provided the drugs to the victim. Id. Richard submits that

there was no evidence showing that he provided drugs to Stanley, who would

have been the third-party in the scenario described by the Ohio court of

appeals. Id.

But the Ohio court of appeals cited the third-party scenario as a

description of all that the word furnishing in the corrupting-another-with-

drugs statute encompasses. Richard, 2021 WL 3855301, at *12 (citing Ohio

Rev. Code 2925.02(A)(3) and discussing cases). The court highlighted evidence

showing that Stanley had obtained drugs in the past from Richard; Thompson

visited Stanley’s residence and said that he wanted drugs; Stanley therefore

called Richard, who went to Stanley’s residence; Richard and Thompson were

alone together at Stanley’s residence while Stanley was in the bathroom using

drugs; shortly thereafter, Richard left Stanley’s residence and then Thompson

left Stanley’s residence; Thompson promptly returned home; and hours later

Thompson used heroin and died. Id. at 13. The court concluded that “a rational

trier of fact could have found that Richard furnished Thompson heroin.” Id.

This would be true under even the broadest meaning of the word furnishing

under Ohio law—whether the jury found that Richard directly provided drugs

to Thompson, or that Richard indirectly provided drugs to Thompson via

Stanley.5 The Ohio court of appeals’ finding that there was sufficient evidence

to support Richard’s conviction of corrupting another with drugs was not an

unreasonable application of the Jackson sufficiency standard.

Finally, Richard argues that the Ohio court of appeals impermissibly

“pil[ed] inference upon inference.” Doc. 1, at 36. But he doesn’t describe what

inferences he believes the court “pil[ed].” There was only one inference—that

Richard furnished drugs to Thompson when the two were alone together at

Stanley’s residence. The rest of the evidence—showing that Stanley

historically contacted Richard only when he wanted to buy heroin; Thompson

went to Stanley’s and said he wanted drugs; Stanley asked Richard to come

5 The Ohio court of appeals discussed this third-party definition of

furnishing because at trial and on appeal, Richard argued that Stanley was

the person who provided the drugs to Thompson. See, e.g., Doc. 27-4, at 72;

Richard, 2021 WL 3855301, at *13 (discussing Richard’s manifest-weight

argument and stating that “Richard argues that the evidence identifying him

as the person who furnished Thompson heroin is outweighed by the evidence

that Stanley was the person who furnished Thompson heroin.”).

over; Richard went to Stanley’s for ten minutes and was alone with Thompson;

and then Thompson went home, used heroin, and died, Richard, 2021 WL

3855301, at *13—are facts, not inferences. Ground one fails on the merits.

Ground two fails on the merits

In ground two, Richard argues that the Ohio court of appeals

unreasonably applied the facts and the law when it rejected his speedy trial

claim, which involved in part the application of the Interstate Agreement on

Detainers Act (IAD).6 Doc. 1, at 2, 37. Respondent argues that ground two is

not cognizable and fails on the merits. Doc. 33, at 32–45.

Richard’s speedy-trial claim fails on the merits.7 The Sixth Amendment

6 Congress enacted the IAD in 1970, “joining the United States and the

District of Columbia as parties to the … Agreement …, which has also been

enacted by 46 States.” U.S. v. Mauro, 436 U.S. 340, 343 (1978). The IAD “is

designed ‘to encourage the expeditious and orderly disposition of . . . charges

[outstanding against a prisoner] and determination of the proper status of any

and all detainers based on untried indictments, informations, or complaints.’”

Id. Ohio enacted the IAD, which is codified at Ohio Revised Code § 2963.30.

7 Respondent cites Browning v. Folz, 837 F.2d 276, 283 (6th Cir. 1988), in

support of his assertion that an IAD claim is not cognizable. Doc. 33, at 32–33.

In Browning, the Court held that a violation of the IAD “is not a basis for

habeas corpus relief.” 837 F.2d at 283. But in Browning, the Court discussed a

stand-alone IAD violation—the petitioner had not alleged a Sixth Amendment

speedy trial violation. Id. Here, ground two alleges a constitutional speedy trial

violation. Doc. 1, at 2; see Reed v. Farley, 512 U.S. 339, 342, 353 (1994) (holding

that a violation of the IAD’s statutory 120-day limitation is not cognizable

“when the defendant registered no objection to the trial date at the time it was

set, and suffered no prejudice attributable to the delayed commencement” and

rejecting the petitioner’s constitutional speedy trial claim because he failed to

show prejudice). Because Richard alleged a constitutional speedy trial

violation that is in part based on a purported detainer, I consider his claim on

the merits.

to the United States Constitution guarantees a defendant a “speedy and public

trial,” U.S. Const. Amend. VI, Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 515-516 (1972),

and applies to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment, Klopfer v. North

Carolina, 386 U.S. 213, 223 (1967). In Barker, the Supreme Court refused to

establish a set number of days that would constitute a violation of a defendant’s

speedy trial right. 407 U.S. at 523. Rather, the Court established a balancing

test “in which the conduct of both the prosecution and the defendant are

weighed.” Id. at 530. Courts consider: (1) the length of the delay between the

date of indictment or arrest, whichever is earlier, and the trial date; (2) the

reason for the delay; (3) the defendant’s assertion of his right to a speedy trial;

and (4) prejudice to the defendant. Id., at 530; United States v. Marion, 404

U.S. 307, 320–21 (1971); see also Brown v. Romanowski, 845 F.3d 703, 712–13

(6th Cir. 2017). No one factor is dispositive. Barker, 407 U.S. at 533. Rather,

the factors are related and must be considered together with any other relevant

circumstances. Id.; Brown, 845 F.3d at 712. And, as with other fundamental

rights, defendants may knowingly and voluntarily waive their right to a speedy

trial. Barker, 407 U.S. at 529.

In Ohio, state courts consider the speedy trial provisions found in the

Ohio Revised Code, which Ohio courts consider coextensive with the Sixth

Amendment speedy trial requirement. Brown v. Bobby, 656 F.3d 325, 330 (6th

Cir. 2011).

The Ohio court of appeals considered Richard’s speedy trial claim as

follows:

{¶11} In his first assignment of error, Richard argues

that the trial court erred by denying his motions to

dismiss the second superseding indictment (and the

amended superseding indictment) alleging a post-

indictment delay because his constitutional right to

a speedy trial was violated. In particular, Richard

contends only that his corrupting-another-with-

drugs charge under Count Eight “should be

dismissed on speedy trial grounds” since “[t]he

original indictment was filed in April 2018 and trial

was not held until August 2020, a total of two years

and four months,” and he was prejudiced by this

delay. (Appellant’s Brief at 12, 16).

Standard of Review

{¶12} “Appellate review of a trial court’s decision on

a motion to dismiss for a speedy-trial violation

involves a mixed question of law and fact.” State v.

Westerfield, 3d Dist. Crawford No. 3-17-15, 2018-

Ohio-2139, ¶ 17, citing State v. James, 4th Dist. Ross

No. 13CA3393, 2014-Ohio-1702, ¶ 23. See also State

v. Johnson, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 16CA3733, 2016-

Ohio-7036, ¶ 19 (“Furthermore, we review a decision

interpreting the [Interstate Agreement on Detainers

(“IAD”)] under a de novo standard of review.”).

“‘Accordingly, a reviewing court must give due

deference to the trial court’s findings of fact if they

are supported by competent, credible evidence but

will independently review whether the trial court

correctly applied the law to the facts of the case.’”

State v. Gartrell, 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-14-02, 2014-

Ohio-5203, ¶ 104, quoting State v. Hansen, 3d Dist.

Seneca No. 13-12-42, 2013-Ohio-1735, ¶ 20, citing

State v. Masters, 172 Ohio App.3d 666, 2007-Ohio-

4229, ¶ 11 (3d Dist.). See also Westerfield at ¶ 17.

Analysis

{¶13} “An accused is guaranteed the constitutional

right to a speedy trial pursuant to the Sixth and

Fourteenth Amendments of the United States

Constitution and Ohio Constitution, Article I,

Section 10.” State v. Ferguson, 10th Dist. Franklin

No. 16AP-307, 2016-Ohio-8537, ¶ 12, citing State v.

Taylor, 98 Ohio St.3d 27, 2002-Ohio-7017, ¶ 32.

“Although ‘statutory and constitutional speedy trial

[rights] are [generally] coextensive,’ the

constitutional right, as embodied in the Ohio

Constitution and the United States Constitution,

‘may be broader than the * * * statutory right’ in

some circumstances.” State v. Wagner, 2d Dist.

Miami No. 2020-CA-6, 2021-Ohio-1671, ¶ 14,

quoting State v. Kadunc, 10th Dist. Franklin No.

15AP-920, 2016-Ohio-4637, ¶ 19.

{¶14} “‘To determine whether a defendant has been

deprived of [their] constitutional speedy-trial rights,

a court must balance four factors: (1) the length of

the delay, (2) the reason for the delay, (3) the

defendant’s assertion of a speedy-trial right, and (4)

the prejudice to the defendant.’” State v. Irish, 3d

Dist. Mercer No. 10-18-13, 2019-Ohio-2765, ¶ 25,

quoting State v. Adams, 144 Ohio St.3d 429, 2015-

Ohio-3954, ¶ 88.

{¶15} “However, prior to engaging in any balancing,

‘the court must make a threshold determination

concerning the length of [the] delay.’” Id. at ¶ 26,

quoting Adams at ¶ 89. ““‘Until there is some delay

which is presumptively prejudicial, there is no

necessity for inquiry into the other factors that go

into the balance.”’” (Emphasis sic.) Id., quoting State

v. Hull, 110 Ohio St.3d 183, 2006-Ohio-4252, ¶ 23,

quoting Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 530, 92 S.Ct.

2182 (1972). “A delay becomes presumptively

prejudicial as it approaches one year in length.”

Adams at ¶ 90, citing Doggett v. United States, 505

U.S. 647, 652, 112 S.Ct. 2686 (1992), fn. 1.

{¶16} In this case, even if we assume without

deciding that Richard’s corrupting-another-with-

drugs conviction under Count Eight “relate[s] back

to the original April 2018 indictment for purposes of

evaluating speedy trial,” Richard’s constitutional

right to a speedy trial was not violated. (Appellant’s

Brief at 11). See Adams at ¶ 84 (noting that “[a] later

indictment is not subject to the speedy-trial

timetable of an earlier indictment or arrest ‘when

additional criminal charges arise from facts

different from the original charges, or the state did

not know of these facts at the time of the initial

indictment’ or earlier arrest”), quoting State v.

Baker, 78 Ohio St.3d 108, 110 (1997). Here, the delay

from the issuance of the indictment until Richard

was brought to trial was approximately 28 months

(April 5, 2018 to August 11, 2020). This delay weighs

in favor of Richard and is long enough to be deemed

“presumptively prejudicial,” which necessitates

consideration of the second, third, and fourth factors

to determine whether he was deprived of his

constitutional speedy-trial rights. See Wagner at ¶

25, citing Barker at 530 and Adams at ¶ 88.

Nevertheless, while the 28-month delay exceeded

the one-year prescription, the first factor’s weight is

negligible (for reasons more fully explained below)

since it did not result in a significant infringement

on Richard’s liberty. See State v. Triplett, 78 Ohio

St.3d 566, 569 (1997).

{¶17} Accordingly, we will address the next factor—

the reason for the delay. “The inquiry into causation

for the delay involves a sliding scale.” Irish at ¶ 31.

“‘Where the state purposefully causes a delay,

hoping to gain some impermissible advantage at

trial, this factor would weigh heavily against the

state and in favor of dismissal.’” Id., quoting State v.

Hubbard, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2014-03-063,

2015-Ohio-646, ¶ 19, citing Doggett at 656. “In

contrast, where the defendant caused or contributed

to the delay, this factor would weigh significantly

against him.” Id. “Finally, ‘[a] more neutral reason

such as negligence or overcrowded courts should be

weighted less heavily but nevertheless should be

considered * * *.’” Id., quoting Barker at 531.

““‘Between diligent prosecution and bad-faith delay,

official negligence in bringing an accused to trial

occupies the middle ground.”’” Id., quoting Hubbard

at ¶ 19, quoting Doggett at 656-657. ““‘Although

negligence is obviously to be weighed more lightly

than a deliberate intent to harm the accused’s

defense, it still falls on the wrong side of the divide

between acceptable and unacceptable reasons for

delaying a criminal prosecution once it has begun.”’”

Id., quoting Hubbard at ¶ 19, quoting Doggett at

657.

{¶18} Here, Richard argues that “a large portion of

the delay is directly attributable to the State”

because it “should not have taken three months” to

serve him with the indictment and the warrant and

because the State’s “neglect resulted in another five

months of delays” “after Richard filed his IAD

motion.” (Appellant’s Brief at 14). In other words,

Richard challenges only the delay between the

indictment and the time he arrived in Ohio to face

trial. Accordingly, we will address only that period

of delay under the second factor. In our review of the

second factor, we cannot find any evidence in the

record to suggest that the State intentionally caused

that delay, even though the State concedes that it

may have been negligent in causing some delay

during that time period.

¶19} Indeed, our review of the record in this case

reveals that a warrant for Richard’s arrest was

returned on April 6, 2018—the day after the

indictment was issued in this case—with

instructions for personal or residential service on

Richard at 308 Carner Avenue in Marion or at the

Multi-County Jail in Marion. (Doc. Nos. 2, 3). Yet,

after attempting to personally serve Richard, the

warrant was returned on June 28, 2018 indicating

that Richard did “not live at [that] address.” (Doc.

No. 6). Nevertheless, a second warrant was issued

on July 17, 2018 with instructions for personal or

residential service on Richard at a federal prison in

West Virginia. (Doc. No. 7). Thereafter, personal

service on Richard was perfected at the federal

prison on July 27, 2018. (Doc. No. 8).

{¶20} Our review of the record reflects that Richard

pleaded guilty in a federal case on June 12, 2018 and

was sentenced to 21 months in federal prison on

June 15, 2018. (Doc. No. 129, Exs. B, C). Thus, and

contrary to Richard’s argument on appeal, we cannot

say that the record supports that the State willfully

refused to take the appropriate steps to determine

Richard’s location between April and July 2018.

{¶21} Moreover, we cannot say that the State

intentionally caused a delay by failing to respond to

Richard’s IAD motion. “Although codified at R.C.

2963.30, the IAD is ‘a congressionally sanctioned

interstate compact * * * and thus is a federal law

subject to federal construction.’” State v. Wells, 94

Ohio App.3d 48, 52 (10th Dist.1994), quoting

Carchman v. Nash, 473 U.S. 716, 719, 105 S.Ct.

3401 (1985), and citing Cuyler v. Adams, 449 U.S.

433, 436-442, 101 S.Ct. 703 (1981).

{¶22} “The IAD outlines two procedures by which a

prisoner against whom a detainer has been lodged

may be transferred to the temporary custody of

another state for disposition of charges pending

there.” (Emphasis added.) State v. Black, 142 Ohio

St.3d 332, 2015-Ohio-513, ¶ 8. “‘One of these

procedures may be invoked by the prisoner; the

other by the prosecuting attorney of the receiving

State.’” Id., quoting State. Cuyler, 449 U.S. 433, 444,

101 S.Ct. 703 (1981).

{¶23} Under the prisoner-initiated procedure

outlined in the statute, “a federal prisoner must be

brought to trial within 180 days following the

delivery of written notice to the appropriate trial

court and prosecutor’s office accompanied by”

documentation outlined in Article III(a) of the IAD.

(Emphasis added.) State v. Barrett, 191 Ohio App.3d

245, 2010-Ohio-5139, ¶ 10 (8th Dist.), citing R.C.

2963.30, Article III(a). Specifically, “Article III(b)

requires the prisoner to send written notice

requesting final disposition to the ‘warden,

commissioner of corrections or other official having

custody of him.’” Id., quoting R.C. 2963.30, Article

III(b). This official is then required to forward the

written notice and the accompanying documentation

“to the appropriate prosecuting official and court by

registered or certified mail, return receipt requested.”

(Emphasis added.) R.C. 2963.30, Article III(b).

{¶24} Although this official “must promptly inform

the prisoner of any detainer as well as the prisoner’s

rights in making a request for final disposition,”

there is no duty under the IAD “on the part of the

state to promptly notify prisoners of pending

indictments.” (Emphasis added.) Black at ¶ 9; State

v. Wells, 110 Ohio App.3d 275, 281 (10th Dist.1996).

See also State v. Kopietz, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-19-

1037, 2019-Ohio-5277, ¶ 19 (declining “to impose an

implied obligation on the state to file a detainer upon

a defendant who is in custody of another state”).

{¶25} “[T]he one-hundred-eighty-day time period set

forth in R.C. 2963.30 * * * begins to run when a

prisoner substantially complies with the

requirements of the statute set forth in Article III(a)

and (b) thereof.” State v. Mourey, 64 Ohio St.3d 482,

485 (1992). “‘“Substantial compliance” requires the

defendant to do “everything that could be reasonably

expected.”’ Barrett, 191 Ohio App.3d 245, 2010-Ohio-

5139, at ¶ 11, quoting State v. Quinones, 168 Ohio

App.3d 425, 2006-Ohio-4096, ¶ 17 (8th Dist.),

quoting State v. Ferguson, 41 Ohio App.3d 306, 311

(10th Dist.1987).

{¶26} “Under the prosecutor-initiated procedure

outlined in the statute, the receiving state has 120

days after the prisoner’s arrival in the state to bring

the prisoner to trial.” Black at ¶ 10, citing R.C.

2963.30, Article IV(c). Specifically, “[a]rticle IV

applies when the prosecution files the detainer.”

State v. Levy, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 83114, 2004-

Ohio-4489, ¶ 36. See also Black at ¶ 10 (“To initiate

the procedure, the prosecuting official in the

receiving state must make a written request for

temporary custody to the ‘appropriate authorities of

the state in which the prisoner is incarcerated.’”),

quoting R.C. 2963.30, Article IV(a). “When the

prosecution files the detainer, the speedy trial

begins to run after the inmate is returned to the

requesting state.” Levy at ¶ 36.

{¶27} Under either procedure, the IAD requires

dismissal of criminal charges in three

circumstances: (1) “if a trial is not held in the

receiving state ‘prior to the return of the prisoner to

the original place of imprisonment’”; (2) “if the

receiving state fails to accept temporary custody of

the prisoner after filing a detainer” or (3) “[i]f a

prisoner is not brought to trial within the time

periods proscribed by Articles III and IV” of the IAD.

Black at ¶ 11, quoting R.C. 2963.30, Article III(d),

and citing Article IV(e); Johnson, 2016-Ohio-7036,

at ¶ 35.

{¶28} To determine whether Article III or IV of the

IAD are applicable to Richard’s case, we must first

determine whether the State lodged a detainer

against Richard. See State v. Hornsby, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 28322, 2020-Ohio-1526, ¶ 11. See

also Johnson at ¶ 22. “Although the term ‘detainer’

is not defined in the IAD, the agreement, by its

terms, makes the existence of a detainer a

prerequisite to its applicability.” Wells, 94 Ohio

App.3d at 53, citing United States v. Mauro, 436 U.S.

340, 347-351, 98 S.Ct. 1834 (1978). See also Johnson

at ¶ 24 (“The provisions of the IAD are triggered

when a prosecutor files a detainer with the

institution currently holding the prisoner.”).

Given the means employed in Article

III to achieve the IAD’s purpose, the

detainer requirement of the IAD is

simply to ensure that prison officials in

a “sending state” have in fact received

official notice of criminal charges

pending in another state against an

inmate; it is not intended to impose

technical requirements regarding the

form of that notice, as such technical

requirements would frustrate the very

purpose of the agreement by rendering

it inapplicable in many cases where

prison officials have in fact been

notified that charges are pending in

another state against one of their

inmates.

Wells at 53.

{¶29} “Further, the history of the IAD reveals that

both the drafters of the agreement and the United

States Congress had broad and general

understandings of what constituted a ‘detainer’ for

purposes of the IAD.” Id. Generally, “a detainer is ‘a

request filed by a criminal justice agency with the

institution in which a prisoner is incarcerated,

asking the institution either to hold the prisoner for

the agency or to notify the agency when [the] release

of the prisoner is imminent.’” State v. Sanchez, 110

Ohio St.3d 274, 2006-Ohio-4478, ¶ 19, quoting

Carchman, 473 U.S. at 719. See also Black at ¶ 5.

However, the United States Supreme Court

(referring to the legislative history of the IAD)

additionally noted that “detainer may be defined as

a warrant filed against a person already in custody

with the purpose of insuring that he will be available

to the authority which has placed the detainer.”

(Citation omitted.) Carchman at 727.

{¶30} Even if we construe the definition of a detainer

in the most liberal sense in relation to the

indictment against Richard or the warrant for his

arrest, none of the provisions under Article III or IV

of the IAD are applicable to Richard’s case. First,

assuming without deciding that a detainer was

properly placed against Richard in this case (to

ultimately determine whether the State

intentionally caused a delay), the provisions of

Article III are inapplicable to Richard’s case because

Richard failed to follow the necessary steps to

substantially comply with the requirements of

Article III to invoke the right to be brought to trial

within 180 days.

{¶31} In this case, Richard sent a written notice on

January 3, 2019 to only the Marion County Clerk of

Courts by ordinary mail.4 (See Doc. No. 9).

Importantly, the record reflects that Richard did not

send his notice to the Marion County Prosecutor’s

Office. And, because Richard did not send his notice

to the Marion County Prosecutor’s Office, he did not

substantially comply with the requirements in the

IAD. Accord Levy, 2004-Ohio-4489, at ¶ 32-35

(concluding that Levy did not substantially comply

with the requirements in the IAD since Levy mailed

his request to only the Cuyahoga County Common

Pleas Court clerk’s office by ordinary mail).

Accordingly, Richard did not invoke the provisions of

Article III of the IAD. Thus, the provisions of Article

III are not applicable to Richard’s case.

[FN4] Richard sent a second written

notice on April 25, 2019 to only the

Marion County Clerk of Courts by

ordinary mail. (Doc. No. 16).

{¶32} Consequently, since Richard failed to invoke

Article III of the IAD, Article IV applies to his case

(assuming without deciding that a detainer was

properly placed). Accord Levy at ¶ 36 (“Accordingly,

we conclude Levy failed to invoke Article III(a) or (b);

therefore, Article IV applies.”). Moreover, since

Richard was not transferred from custody in West

Virginia to custody in Ohio, the State’s time to try

him never began to run.5 Accord Hornsby, 2020-

Ohio-1526, at ¶ 12 (concluding that “Hornsby did not

demonstrate that dismissal was appropriate under

Article IV [since] the State’s time to try him never

began to run, because he was not transferred from

custody in Indiana into custody in Ohio”).

[FN 5] Even though Richard asserts

that he was brought to Ohio on June

17, 2019 under a detainer, this court

cannot find any evidence in the record

reflecting that assertion. (See

Appellant’s Brief at 1).

{¶33} Nevertheless, there is no evidence in the

record reflecting that the indictment or the warrant

were served on the federal prison at which Richard

was incarcerated, and neither presented a request

that Richard be held so that he could be transferred

into custody in Ohio for trial on the charges against

him in Marion County. Compare id. at ¶ 13

(“Additionally, neither the indictment nor the

warrant were served on Branchville Correctional

Facility, and neither presented a request that

Hornsby be held there so that he could later be

transferred into custody in Ohio for trial on the

charge against him here.”). See also Wells, 94 Ohio

App.3d at 54. “Neither the indictment nor the

warrant, therefore, could have functioned as a

detainer, because both failed to convey the request

that is the defining characteristic of a detainer.”

Hornsby at ¶ 13, citing State v. Smith, 4th Dist. Ross

No. 18CA3627, 2018-Ohio-5020, ¶ 30.

{¶34} Furthermore, even though the State is under

no obligation to lodge a detainer against a defendant

who is incarcerated in another state, the State

assumes some negligence in attempting to bring

Richard to Ohio to face the charges in Marion

County. (See Appellee’s Brief at 8); Kopietz, 2019-

Ohio-5277, ¶ 19. See also Black, 142 Ohio St.3d 332,

2015-Ohio-53, at ¶ 9; Wells, 110 Ohio App.3d at 281.

Specifically, the State concedes that

(notwithstanding our conclusion that Richard failed

to substantially comply with the requirements of the

IAD to invoke the provisions of Article III), the trial

court ordered it on January 16, 2019 to respond to

Richard’s January 3, 2019 written notice, and that it

failed to respond until April 2019. (Appellee’s Brief

at 8). (See also Doc. Nos. 10, 14).

{¶35} Nevertheless, instead of proceeding under the

prosecutor-initiated provisions of the IAD, the State

filed a writ of habeas corpus ad prosequendum on

April 18, 2019 with the Federal Bureau of Prisons

requesting Richard to be returned to the trial court

for purposes of arraignment. (See Doc. Nos. 13, 14,

15). However, this court has previously held that a

writ of habeas corpus ad prosequendum does not

constitute a detainer as described by the IAD. See

State v. Dye, 3d Dist. Crawford No. 3-92-47, 1993 WL

157728, *3-4 (May 14, 1993). See also Mauro, 436

U.S. 340, at syllabus.

{¶36} Therefore, based on the State’s concession of

some minor prosecutorial negligence, we conclude

that such weighs in Richards’ favor, if only

somewhat, under the second factor. See Irish, 2019-

Ohio-2765, at ¶ 35.

{¶37} Next, under the third factor, we consider

Richard’s assertion of his right to a speedy trial.

“‘The third factor addresses the timeliness and

frequency of the defendant’s assertions of his

speedy-trial right.’” Id. at ¶ 36, quoting State v. Rice,

1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-150191, 2015-Ohio-5481, ¶

27, citing Barker, 407 U.S. at 529. Here, the record

reflects that Richard knew of the charges (at the

latest) on July 27, 2018, when he was personally

served with a copy of the indictment. (See Doc. No.

8). Yet, Richard failed to assert his right to a speedy

trial until January 3, 2019, when he filed his first

(defective) written notice attempting to invoke the

provisions of Article III of the IAD. Even if the State

properly lodged a detainer against Richard (and

assuming that Richard’s written notice was not

defective), there is a five-month gap in time for

which Richard bears some responsibility. See Rice at

¶ 27, citing State v. Walker, 10th Dist. Franklin No.

06AP-810, 2007-Ohio-4666, ¶ 31. Thus, we conclude

that the third factor weighs in the State’s favor.

{¶38} Finally, we consider the degree to which

Richard was prejudiced by the delay. “In considering

the prejudice suffered by a defendant, the Supreme

Court of the United States has ‘held that the

inquiring court should assess prejudice “in light of

the interests the speedy trial right was designed to

protect.”’” Irish at ¶ 38, quoting State v. McCain, 9th

Dist. Wayne No. 15AP0055, 2016-Ohio-4992, ¶ 18,

quoting Barker at 532. The speedy-trial right was

designed to “‘[1] to prevent oppressive pretrial

incarceration; [2] to minimize anxiety and concern of

the accused; and [3] to limit the possibility that the

defense will be impaired.” State v. Spencer, 4th Dist.

Scioto No. 15CA3718, 2017-Ohio-456, ¶ 36, quoting

Barker at 532. ““‘Of these forms of prejudice, ‘the

most serious is the last, because the inability of a

defendant adequately to prepare his case skews the

fairness of the entire system.’”’” Irish at ¶ 38,

quoting State v. Stevens, 3d Dist. Logan No. 8-14-09,

2014-Ohio-4875, ¶ 19, quoting Doggett, 505 U.S. at

654, quoting Barker at 532. “‘Impairment of one’s

defense is also the most difficult form of prejudice to

prove “because time’s erosion of exculpatory

evidence and testimony ‘can rarely be shown.’”’” Id.,

quoting Stevens at ¶ 19, quoting Doggett at 655,

quoting Barker at 532.

{¶39} Here, Richard does not allege that his defense

was impaired by the delay. Rather, he contends that

“the prosecution’s negligence deprived [him] of the

opportunity for concurrent terms, caused him

anxiety while waiting in federal prison, and resulted

in additional oppressive incarceration after his

federal prison term expired.” (Appellant’s Brief at

16). As to Richard’s oppressive-incarceration

argument, we note that the first interest protected

by the right a speedy trial considers only whether

Richard was subject to oppressive pretrial

incarceration. In this case, Richard was incarcerated

in federal prison in West Virginia during the

preponderance of the timeframe relevant to

Richard’s speedy-trial claim. Consequently, Richard

was not threatened with the prospect of oppressive

pretrial incarceration since his liberty was already

severely restrained. Accord Irish at ¶ 42.

{¶40} Furthermore, Richard’s argument that he

suffered prejudice because the State’s delay cost him

the possibility to serve the Marion County sentence

concurrently with his federal sentence is likewise

specious. In general, “‘the theoretical and

speculative loss of the opportunity for [a] defendant

to serve the sentence on the pending charge

concurrently with the sentence in another case’ is

insufficient to constitute substantial prejudice to the

defendant.” McCain at ¶ 19, quoting Rice at ¶ 32. See

also Spencer at ¶ 37 (“Losing his opportunity to

bargain for concurrent sentences is based upon

speculation and is not sufficient to show prejudice;

there is no constitutional or statutory right to be

given concurrent sentences.”), citing State v. Jones,

4th Dist. Ross No. 95CA2128, 1996 WL 312469, *2

(June 4, 1996) and Rice at ¶ 32.

{¶41} Finally, we further reject Richard’s contention

that he endured “significant anxiety” from the delay.

(Appellant’s Brief at 15). Richard’s “blanket

statement, without more, that he suffered anxiety

caused by the delay is insufficient to show the type

of prejudice required for a violation of constitutional

speedy-trial rights.” Hubbard, 2015-Ohio-646, at ¶

23, citing State v. Glass, 10th Dist. Franklin No.

10AP-558, 2011-Ohio-6287, ¶ 26 and State v. Eicher,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 89161, 2007-Ohio-6813, ¶

33. Altogether, because we conclude that Richard

did not show any actual prejudice, the fourth factor

weighs heavily in favor of the State. See Irish at ¶

46.

{¶42} In sum, even though the first and second

factors weigh slightly in Richard’s favor, we conclude

that the third and fourth factors weigh more heavily

in favor of the State, outbalancing the first and

second factors. Thus, after carefully considering the

factors, we conclude that the delay in this case does

not violate Richard’s constitutional right to a speedy

trial. Therefore, Richard’s first assignment of error

is overruled.

Richard, 2021 WL 3855301, at *2–8 (footnote omitted).

Richard first argues that the Ohio court of appeals’ finding that the

State didn’t lodge a detainer against him was an unreasonable determination

of the facts. Doc. 1, at 39. But Richard relies on the Ohio court of appeals’

recitation of facts in support of his argument. Id. So what Richard objects to is

the legal conclusion that the court drew from these facts.

Richard concedes that:

a warrant for [his] arrest was returned on April 6,

2018—the day after the indictment was issued in

this case—with instructions for personal or

residential service on Richard at 308 Carner Avenue

in Marion or at the Multi-County Jail in Marion.

(Doc. Nos. 2, 3). Yet, after attempting to personally

serve Richard, the warrant was returned on June 28,

2018 indicating that Richard did “not live at [that]

address.” (Doc. No. 6). Nevertheless, a second

warrant was issued on July 17, 2018 with

instructions for personal or residential service on

Richard at a federal prison in West Virginia. (Doc.

No. 7). Thereafter, personal service on Richard was

perfected at the federal prison on July 27, 2018.

(Doc. No. 8).

Richard, 2021 WL 3855301, at *4; Doc. 1, at 39. Richard concludes that

“[u]nder these facts, a ‘detainer,’ as that term is used in the [IAD], codified in

Ohio law at R.C. § 2963.30, Article III(a), was lodged no later than July 27,

2018; rendering the provisions of the [IAD] applicable.” Id. But Article III

discusses what a prisoner must do to trigger the 180-day limitations period in

the IAD. See R.C. § 2963.30, Art. III(a); Richard, 2021 WL 3855301, at *5. The

fact that the State served Richard with a warrant on July 27, 2018, doesn’t

show an act that Richard undertook to invoke the IAD.

Furthermore, the Ohio court of appeals found that the State “filed a writ

of habeas corpus ad prosequendum,” not a detainer, with the Federal Bureau

of Prisons. Richard, 2021 WL 3855301, at *7. And a writ of habeas corpus ad

prosequendum is not the same thing as a detainer, see United States v. Mauro,

436 U.S. 340, 360 (1978), as the Ohio court of appeals observed, Richard, 2021

WL 3855301, at *7 (citing Mauro). Richard has not shown that the Ohio court

of appeals’ finding—that the State filed a writ of habeas corpus ad

prosequendum—was an unreasonable determination of the facts, and he hasn’t

shown that the Ohio court of appeals’ legal conclusion was an unreasonable

application of Supreme Court precedent.

Next, Richard argues that the Ohio court of appeals unreasonably

determined the facts when it found that he failed to provide notice to the

prosecutor of his intent to invoke his speedy trial right under Article III(a) of

the IAD. Doc. 1, at 40. In support of his argument that the prosecutor was

sufficiently notified, Richard relies on State v. Marr, 126 N.E.3d 333 (Ohio Ct.

App. 2018). Id. at 40–41.

Marr doesn’t help Richard here. First, because Marr doesn’t represent

United States Supreme Court precedent, whether the Ohio court of appeals

unreasonably applied it is not relevant to this merits-based evaluation on

federal habeas review. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1).

Next, Marr was a case about whether the State violated the Ohio statute

codifying the IAD. 126 N.E.3d at 334. But in his direct appeal, Richard did not

allege a stand-alone IAD violation. Rather, Richard alleged that his “rights to

a speedy trial under the Sixth Amendment and the Ohio Constitution were

violated by post-indictment delay.” Doc. 9-1, at 195, 208–13. So the Ohio court

of appeals in Richard’s case analyzed Richard’s compliance with the IAD’s

requirements under one of the Barker speedy-trial factors, which is how

Richard had presented it. Doc. 9-1, at 208–13. And evaluating the Barker

factors is what state courts do when faced with constitutional speedy trial

claims. Barker, 407 U.S. at 530.

Finally, in Marr, the defendant “delivered a handwritten letter” in April

2017 to the court of common pleas advising the court that he was incarcerated

at an Indiana correctional facility and requesting transportation to the county

to resolve “an untried indictment against him.” 126 N.E. at 335. “A copy of the

letter was shortly thereafter provided to the … County Prosecutor.” Id. In July

2017, the prosecutor “prepared and delivered forms requesting temporary

custody of … Marr pursuant to Article IV of the [IAD].” Id. The court found

that Marr substantially complied with the Ohio IAD statute because the letter

he sent to the court in early 2017, which the court then sent to the prosecutor,

was sufficient to trigger his IAD rights. Id. at 340.

But in Marr, unlike in Richard’s case, the State only challenged whether

Marr “properly filed” his letter with the court, and whether the contents of the

letter were sufficient to trigger his rights under the IAD. Id. at 339. It didn’t

argue that Marr hadn’t substantially complied by not delivering his letter to

the prosecutor, and indeed it had stipulated that the letter “was … provided

to” it. Id. at 335. Here, the State asserted that Richard hadn’t substantially

complied because he hadn’t sent his notice to the prosecutor’s office, see Doc. 9-

1, at 252, and the Ohio court of appeals agreed, Richard, 2021 WL 3855301, at

*6.

In any event, the Ohio court of appeals’ determination on this issue was

relevant to the second Barker factor—the reason for the delay. Richard, 2021

WL 3855301, at *4–7. And the court found that this factor favored Richard. Id.

at *7. In doing so, the court explained that on January 16, 2019, the trial court

directed the prosecutor to respond to Richard’s notice, and that the prosecutor

“failed to respond until April 2019.” Id. So the Ohio court of appeals credited

Richard’s assertion that providing notice to the court in January 2019 was

sufficient to provide notice to the prosecutor for purposes of evaluating the

reason for the delay under Barker. Id. Richard’s conclusion that the Ohio court

of appeals failed to follow “established precedent, namely, Marr,” Doc. 1, at 41,

is not responsive to what the Ohio court of appeals actually found based on the

claim that Richard presented.

Richard also argues that the Ohio court of appeals unreasonably applied

Fex v. Michigan, 507 U.S. 43 (1993). Doc. 1, at 40. In Fex, the Court, on direct

review, held that the 180-day clock in Article III(a) of the IAD begins to run

not when the prisoner sends the notice, but when the notice “has actually been

delivered to the court and prosecuting officer.” 507 U.S. at 52. Fex didn’t

describe what it means to “actually … deliver” a notice to the prosecutor, so

the Ohio court of appeals’ decision did not mis-apply Fex. See also White, 572

U.S. at 426 (“Section 2254(d)(1) provides a remedy for instances in which a

state court unreasonably applies [Supreme Court] precedent; it does not

require state courts to extend that precedent or license federal courts to treat

the failure to do so as error.”). And, as explained above, the Ohio court of

appeals credited Richard with having notified the prosecutor in January 2019

when it evaluated the second Barker factor.

Richard hasn’t challenged the Ohio court of appeals’ evaluation of the

Barker factors or how the court of appeals ultimately weighed them. He hasn’t

shown that the Ohio court of appeals unreasonably determined the facts or

unreasonably applied Supreme Court precedent. Ground two fails on the

merits.

Grounds three through six are procedurally defaulted

Grounds three though six are ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel

claims. In ground three, Richard alleges that trial counsel unreasonably failed

to review the arraignment record to discover facts indicating a viable motion

to dismiss under the IAD. Doc. 1, at 3. Ground four states that trial counsel

was deficient for failing to “discover and object to prosecutorial misconduct”

regarding the prosecutor’s statements about when his office received Richard’s

IAD request. Id. Ground five alleges that trial counsel was deficient for failing

to object to the federal prison warden’s alleged failure to timely process

Richard’s IAD request.8 Id. at 4. And ground six alleges that trial counsel

8 Richard’s trial counsel did file a motion to dismiss the charges on the

basis of IAD violations. Doc. 9-1, at 161–66. The trial court rejected Richard’s

motion, finding that Richard failed to substantially comply with the IAD’s

requirements because he didn’t provide an address for service on the

prosecutor despite the form providing space for an address. See Doc. 27-2, at

21–23.

unreasonably failed to investigate and present facts which would have shown

that Richard was denied the right to counsel at his arraignment. Id.

Respondent argues that all of these grounds are procedurally defaulted.

Richard raised the claims he presents in grounds three through six in

his state postconviction petition. Doc. 9-1, at 411–17. The trial court denied

Richard’s petition on the basis of res judicata. Id. at 466–67. The Ohio court of

appeals affirmed the trial court’s judgment, agreeing that Richard’s claims

were barred by res judicata. Doc. 33-1, at 217–27. The Ohio court of appeals

first observed that Richard “was not represented by the same attorney at trial

and on direct appeal.” Doc. 33-1, at 225. The court then explained that all of

Richard’s ineffective assistance of trial counsel claims were based on the state

court record. Id. at 226 (stating that Richard’s claims were based on trial court

hearing transcripts and an affidavit “in which he made statements that were

either cumulative of the information already in the record or unnecessary to

litigating these claims.”). The court therefore concluded that Richard’s claims

should have been raised on direct appeal and were barred by res judicata. Id.

at 227.

Because all of Richard’s ineffective assistance claims are based on the

trial court record, see Doc. 1, at 41–52, they should have been raised on direct

appeal, as the Ohio court of appeals found. See Buell v. Mitchell, 274 F.3d 337,

349 (6th Cir. 2001) (“Ohio courts have consistently held that claims that can

be adjudicated based on facts in the record can only be presented on direct

appeal”) (citing State v. Lentz, 639 N.E.2d 784, 785 (Ohio 1994)). The Sixth

Circuit “has held that this rule is regularly and consistently applied by Ohio

courts as required by the four-part Maupin test.” Id. Because Richard didn’t

raise his ineffective assistance of trial counsel claims on direct appeal, they are

procedurally defaulted. See Buell, 274 F.3d at 349.

Richard has not alleged cause or prejudice to excuse his procedural

default. He can’t claim as cause ineffective assistance of appellate counsel for

failing to raise the claims on direct appeal, because he never litigated such a

claim in state court. See Edwards v. Carpenter, 529 U.S. 446, 451–53 (2000)

(explaining that ineffective assistance of appellate counsel can serve as cause

to excuse a procedural default, but only if the ineffective assistance of appellate

counsel claim is not itself procedurally defaulted). And Richard may not do so

now, because any Ohio Appellate Rule 26(B) application to reopen to allege

ineffective assistance of appellate counsel would have been due almost five

years ago.9 See also Prieto v. Schweitzer, No. 4:18-cv-222, 2019 WL 2605639,

at *8, n.5 (N.D. Ohio May 31, 2019) (the petitioner’s failure to file an Ohio

Appellate Rule 26(B) application to reopen or provide any reason why he had

not filed one procedurally defaulted any ineffective-assistance-of-appellate-

counsel claims), report and recommendation adopted, 2021 WL 147049 (N.D.

9 A Rule 26(B) application to reopen is the method to raise ineffective

assistance of appellate counsel. See Ohio App. R. 26(B)(1). An application must

be filed “within ninety days from journalization of the appellate judgment [on

direct appeal] unless the applicant shows good cause for filing at a later time.”

Id.

Ohio Jan. 15, 2021); Rice v. Welch, No. 3:10-cv-1916, 2014 WL 4794585, at *26

(N.D. Ohio Sept. 23, 2014) (“Rice does not claim to have filed a Rule 26 motion;

nor does he argue that he could now do so given the relevant deadline, which

passed over six years ago.”). Moreover, this federal habeas case was stayed for

almost two years while Richard exhausted his postconviction petition appeal.

See Doc. 29; non-document order, 3/16/2026. Richard has not claimed that

during this time he attempted to pursue a late Rule 26(B) application.

Finally, Richard has not alleged actual innocence to excuse his

procedural default. Grounds three through six are procedurally defaulted.

Richard’s request for an evidentiary hearing is denied

In his petition, Richard requests an evidentiary hearing. Doc. 1, at 52.

For cause, he states that “a due process violation deprived [him] of the right to

appeal the denial of his petition for post-conviction relief he would have

otherwise exercised.” Id. But after Richard filed this federal habeas petition,

the Ohio court of appeals accepted his appeal of the trial court’s judgment

denying his postconviction petition. Doc. 33-1, at 21–22. So the basis for

Richard’s request for a hearing is moot.

Even so, 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e) provides that a state court’s determination

of the facts is presumed to be correct, and a petitioner must show clear and

convincing evidence to rebut this presumption. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). Section

2254(e)(2) states that if a petitioner failed in state court to develop the factual

basis of a claim, the district court “shall not hold an evidentiary hearing on the

claim unless the applicant shows” that the claim relies on (1) “a new rule of

constitutional law”; or (2) “a factual predicate that could not have been

previously discovered through the exercise of due diligence.” 28 U.S.C. §

2254(e)(2)(A)(i),(ii). The petitioner must also show that “the facts underlying

the claim would be sufficient to establish by clear and convincing evidence that

but for constitutional error, no reasonable factfinder would have found the

[petitioner] guilty of the underlying offense.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2)(B).

Richard hasn’t “specified what could be discovered through an

evidentiary hearing,” so he hasn’t shown that he is entitled to one. See Stanford

v. Parker, 266 F.3d 442, 460 (6th Cir. 2001). Moreover, all of Richard’s

postconviction claims are procedurally defaulted, barring court review. See id.

I therefore deny Richard’s motion for an evidentiary hearing.10

Conclusion

For the reasons set forth above, I recommend that the Court deny

Richard’s Petition.

Dated: July 30, 2026

/s/ James E. Grimes Jr.

James E. Grimes Jr.

U.S. Magistrate Judge

10 In his petition, Richard also requested the appointment of counsel. Doc.

1, at 52. Thereafter, Richard retained counsel, Doc. 10, so this request is denied

as moot.

OBJECTIONS

Any objections to this Report and Recommendation must be filed with

the Clerk of Court within 14 days after the party objecting has been served

with a copy of this Report and Recommendation. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Failure

to file objections within the specified time may forfeit the right to appeal the

District Court’s order. See Berkshire v. Beauvais, 928 F.3d 520, 530–31 (6th

Cir. 2019).