Doe

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

CENTRAL DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS

PEORIA DIVISION

JANE DOE,

Plaintiff,

v. Case No. 1:26-cv-01106-MMM-RLH

INTERNATIONAL STUDENT

EXCHANGE, INC.; ANGELA REEDY;

and JAMIE LE DONNE,

Defendants.

ORDER & OPINION

The federal policy in favor of arbitration is so widely accepted that it hardly

needs citation. See Marmet Health Care Ctr., Inc. v. Brown, 565 U.S. 530, 533 (2012);

9 U.S.C. §§ 1–402 (Federal Arbitration Act). But “what Congress gives it can take

away.”1 And it has exercised that power by expressly withdrawing some disputes

from the otherwise broad policy favoring arbitration. See, e.g., Circuit City Stores, Inc.

v. Adams, 532 U.S. 105, 112 (2001). This is one such dispute. Enacted in 2022, the

Ending Forced Arbitration of Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment Act (EFAA)

allows victims of sexual assault to forego arbitration and litigate in a judicial forum.

See 9 U.S.C. § 402(a). Plaintiff Jane Doe’s complaint places this case squarely within

the EFAA’s text, so her choice to pursue relief in this Court must be honored.

Defendants’ motion to compel arbitration will be denied.

1 Paul R. Verkuil, Separation of Powers, the Rule of Law and the Idea of Independence, 30 Wm. & Mary

L. Rev. 301, 318 (1989).

The facts of this case are undeniably tragic. Plaintiff Jane Doe is an Italian

citizen who chose to pursue a high-school education in the United States. (Doc. 1 at

1, 10.) To that end, she entered a foreign exchange program called the “Secondary

School Visitor Exchange Program.” (Doc. 1 at 4.) Defendant International Student

Exchange, Inc. (ISE) is a non-profit corporation and sponsor of the program. (Doc. 1

at 18.) Among other things, ISE recruits host families and appoints coordinators to

oversee students during their studies abroad. (Doc. 1 at 4.) As a condition of entry,

ISE asks prospective exchange students—like Doe—to sign a “Program Agreement.”

(Docs. 1 at 3; 13 at 3.) The agreement contains an arbitration clause: “Any dispute

concerning, relating, or referring to” the exchange program is to be “resolved

exclusively” in arbitration. (Doc. 13 at 4.)

Doe’s complaint alleges the following. Soon after settling in with her host

family in the United States, the father, Gary Leato, began to touch, hug, fondle, grope,

and kiss Doe—all without her consent. (Doc. 1 at 11.) And in December 2023, he raped

her. (Doc. 1 at 12.) After informing her ISE coordinators, they flouted their obligations

to report the rape and advised her to confront her attacker personally. (Doc. 1 at 12.)

Ultimately, ISE removed Doe from the home and placed her with another family in

Indiana. (Doc 1 at 12.) Even so, Leato continued to contact her. (Doc. 1 at 12.) When

Doe informed her new host family about the rape, they promptly contacted local law

enforcement. (Doc. 1 at 13.) Leato was later charged with—and pleaded guilty to—

felony sexual assault of a minor. (Doc. 1 at 13.)

Doe filed this suit in March 2026 against ISE and two of its coordinators:

Angela Reedy and Jamie Le Donne. (Doc. 1.) In short, she asserts that Defendants

negligently failed to screen the host family before placing Doe in their care. (Doc. 1 at

16.) She also asserts that ISE failed to adequately train its employees on how to

properly handle reports of sexual misconduct.

Defendants move to compel arbitration. They invoke the arbitration clause in

the agreement Doe and her family signed when she entered the program. That

clause’s broad language, to be sure, covers this dispute—a fact Doe apparently does

not contest. (See generally Doc. 23.) Assuming the agreement is valid, the Federal

Arbitration Act would usually require this Court to enforce its terms. See 9 U.S.C. §

2; see also A.D. v. Credit One Bank, N.A., 885 F.3d 1054, 1060 (7th Cir. 2018)

(explaining that the FAA demands an enforceable arbitration agreement, a dispute

within its scope, and a refusal to arbitrate). But not here. Regardless whether the

agreement is valid, the EFAA allows Doe to disaffirm it and proceed in court.

The Court’s inquiry begins and ends with the EFAA’s text.2 See United States

v. Marcotte, 835 F.3d 652, 656 (7th Cir. 2016) (“When a statute is unambiguous, our

inquiry ‘starts and stops’ with the text.”). “At the election of the person alleging

conduct constituting a . . . sexual assault dispute,” the EFAA provides, “no predispute

arbitration agreement . . . shall be valid or enforceable with respect to a case which

is filed under Federal, Tribal, or State law and relates to the sexual assault dispute.”

2 The EFAA also specifically confers the power to decide issues of arbitrability to courts “irrespective

of whether the agreement purports to delegate such determinations to an arbitrator.” 9 U.S.C. § 402(b).

The parties seem to agree on this point. (See Doc. 13 at 10; Doc. 23 at 2.)

9 U.S.C. § 402(a). A “sexual assault dispute,” in turn, “means a dispute involving a

nonconsensual sexual act or sexual contact.” Id. § 401(4). Put simply, when a plaintiff

asserts claims related to nonconsensual sexual contact, she may elect to forego an

arbitration agreement otherwise applicable to those claims.

That is exactly what Doe has done. She alleges that Gary Leato—the father of

her host family—perpetrated nonconsensual sexual acts against her. (See Doc. 1 at

11.) And she asserts state-law negligence claims against Defendants for allowing the

incident to happen—or, at least, for failing to implement measures to prevent it. (See

Doc. 1 at 13–23.) The dispute thus “involve[es] a nonconsensual sexual act or sexual

contact.” 9 U.S.C. § 401(4). It was “filed under . . . State law.” Id. § 402(a). And it

undeniably “relates to” the sexual assault because Doe’s injury—and, in turn, her

negligence claims—arise from the assault. See Chevron USA Inc. v. Plaquemines

Parish, La., 146 S. Ct. 1052, 1060 (2026) (“The phrase ‘relating to’ sweeps broadly. It

means ‘to stand in some relation; to have bearing or concern; to pertain; refer; to bring

into association or connection with.’” (quoting Morales v. Trans World Airlines, 504

U.S. 364, 383 (1992))).3

Defendants make several arguments why the EFAA does not apply here. None

are persuasive.

First, they suggest that “Congress intended the EFAA to address employment

and consumer situations.” (Doc. 13 at 10.) They cite President Biden’s signing

3 As Doe observes, where the EFAA applies, it applies “to the entire case”—not “to merely the claims

in the case that pertain to the alleged sexual” assault. Johnson v. Everyrealm, Inc., 657 F. Supp. 3d

535, 540 (S.D.N.Y. 2023). Here it makes no difference, because all Doe’s claims relate to the assault.

remarks, where he announced that the EFAA’s passage marked “a momentous day

for justice and fairness in the workplace.” (Doc. 13 at 10.) And they cite statements

from various lawmakers describing the EFAA as a positive change to “employment

law.” (Doc. 13 at 10.) “But legislative history is not the law.” Epic Sys. Corp. v. Lewis,

584 U.S. 497, 523 (2018) The best—and indeed, the only reliable—evidence of

congressional intent is the text Congress enacted. Cf. CSX Transp., Inc. v.

Easterwood, 507 U.S. 658, 664 (1993). The EFAA’s text does not cabin its reach to

particular fields of law. It says nothing about employment law, consumer law, or any

other kind of law. Instead, it speaks broadly to all cases “filed under Federal, Tribal,

or State law.” 9 U.S.C. 9 U.S.C. § 402(a). And the only disputes it addresses are those

involving sexual assault or sexual harassment. See id. In the context of those

disputes—regardless of how, where, or under what law they arise—“no predispute

arbitration agreement . . . shall be valid or enforceable.” Id. (emphasis added). Had

Congress wished to limit the EFAA to employment or consumer contracts, it would

have said so. But it did not. See Azar v. Allina Health Servs., 587 U.S. 566, 579–80

(2019) (refusing to “allow ‘ambiguous legislative history to muddy clear statutory

language.’” (quoting Milner v. Dep’t of Navy, 562 U.S. 562, 572 (2011))).

Second, Defendants observe that “the vast majority of cases invoking the EFAA

relate to employment relationships.” (Doc. 13 at 12.) Maybe so. The vast majority of

arbitration agreements probably appear in the employment context. So most

courtroom battles over arbitrability take place during the course of employment

litigation. But it does not follow that the EFAA only applies to employment disputes.

Also inapposite are Defendants’ citations to courts who have said in passing that the

EFAA “applies to plaintiffs alleging claims of or related to workplace sexual

harassment.” (Doc. 13 at 12 (quoting Hodgin v. Intensive Care Consortium, Inc., 666

F. Supp. 3d 1326, 1329 (S.D. Fla. 2023)). See also Lee v. Bath Manor Ltd. P’ship, No.

111756, 2023 WL 2534122, at *3 n.3 (Oh. App. Ct. Mar. 16, 2023) (Keough, J.,

concurring) (“[The EFAA] effectively bans employers from forcing workers into

arbitration to resolve sexual assault and harassment complaints in the workplace.”).

Those courts did not purport to exhaust the circumstances in which the EFAA may

apply. Nor does saying that the EFAA applies to workplace harassment the same as

saying it does not apply to harassment in other contexts.

Third and finally, Defendants say the EFAA does not apply to sexual assault

disputes in which the alleged perpetrator was not the defendant’s agent or employee.

To their credit, some courts have endorsed that view. In M.D. v. Verizon

Communications, Inc., for instance, the plaintiff was stalked and harassed by a man

who obtained her information by issuing a phony search warrant to Verizon. No. 5:24-

cv-474, 2025 WL 2712831, at *1 (E.D.N.C. Sep. 23, 2025). She sued Verizon for

negligent infliction of emotional distress, and Verizon moved to compel arbitration.

See id. The court found that the plaintiff had “alleg[ed] conduct that constitutes

sexual harassment” and that the dispute thus “relat[ed] to a sexual harassment

dispute” under the EFAA. Id. at *2. It nonetheless concluded, “based on

Congressional intent,” that “the EFAA should not apply.” Id. In that court’s view, the

principal concern underlying the EFAA was the “obscuring of sexual harassment

misconduct by companies.” Id. And in addressing that concern, Congress did not want

the EFAA to apply where the perpetrator of the assault was not “an employee of the

company that sold services to the consumer.” Id.

The court in Farnham v. Grindr, LLC followed suit. No. 8:25-cv-1260, 2025 WL

3062698 (M.D. Fla. Nov. 3, 2025). That case “stem[med] from the brutal torture and

murder” of a sixteen-year-old girl at the hands of a man she had met on Grindr, a

dating application. Id. at *1. Her estate sued Grindr, who moved to compel

arbitration. Id. Citing M.D. v. Verizon, the court reasoned that “the EFAA ‘was

primarily intended to preclude arbitration in employment disputes.’” Id. at 2 (citing

Verizon, 2025 WL 2712831, at *2.). Because the perpetrators of the assault had “no

legal relationship to Grindr,” the court concluded, the case was “not one intended to

fall within the scope of the EFAA.” Id.

This Court respectfully disagrees. Both Farnham and Verizon rewrote clear

statutory text based on what they believed to be Congress’s intent. In their view,

Congress was primarily concerned with employer-employee arbitration agreements,

so the EFAA “should not” apply where the defendant has no legal relationship to the

perpetrator of the assault. Verizon, 2025 WL 2712831, at *2. But “the text of a law

controls over purported legislative intentions unmoored from any statutory text.”

Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta, 597 U.S. 629, 642 (2022). As both courts recognized—

and indeed, Verizon stated explicitly—the disputes in those cases “related to” a sexual

assault or sexual harassment under the EFAA. 2025 WL 2712831, at *2. The EFAA’s

text therefore allowed the plaintiffs in those cases to proceed in a judicial forum.

So too here. Asking whether Congress would have wanted the EFAA to apply would

be futile, for the remarks of select lawmakers do not represent the intent of the

collective body. See Appalachian Power Co. v. Sadler, 314 F. Supp. 2d 639, 641

(S.D.W. Va. 2004) (describing the exercise as a “quest for an amorphous prey, since a

collective legislative intent is seldom identifiable in any case”). And in any event,

limiting the EFAA’s reach by resort to legislative history would exceed this Court’s

mandate to apply the law as written. See Castro-Huerta, 597 U.S. at 642 (forbidding

courts from “replac[ing] the actual text with speculation as to Congress’ intent” and

instructing them to “presume more modestly that the legislature says what it means

and means what it says” (citations and quotations omitted)). The EFAA says that

Doe’s arbitration agreement with ISE is void here. So the Court presumes that is

what Congress intended.

CONCLUSION

IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that Defendants’ Motion to Compel

Arbitration, (Doc. 12) is DENIED. Defendants must file an answer or other

responsive pleading to Doe’s Complaint on or by August 5, 2026.

So ordered.

Entered this 22nd day of July 2026.

s/ Ronald L. Hanna

Ronald L. Hanna

United States Magistrate Judge