Opinion

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO

EASTERN DIVISION

CITY OF PAINESVILLE, OHIO, ) CASE NO. 1:26-cv-1433

)

Plaintiff, ) JUDGE CHARLES E. FLEMING

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v. )

)

BROWNING-FERRIS INDUSTRIES OF ) ORDER DENYING PRELIMINARY

OHIO, INC., ) INJUNCITION

)

)

Defendant.

)

Before the Court are Plaintiff City of Painesville, Ohio’s (“City”) motion for a temporary

restraining order and preliminary injunction (“TRO Motion”) (ECF No. 1-1, PageID #1–15). For

the reasons that follow, the TRO Motion is DENIED.

I. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

On June 23, 2026, the City filed a Verified Complaint against Defendant Browning-Ferris

Industries of Ohio, Inc. (“Republic”) in Lake County Court of Common Pleas. (ECF No. 1-1,

PageID #16–24). The complaint generally alleges that Republic and the City entered into a written

contract for residential solid waste collection and disposal within the City (“Contract”) (Id. at

PageID #25–80), that contract terminates at the end of June 2026, and Republic is breaching the

terms of the contract by charging a $50 cart “collection fee” to the City’s residents for retrieval of

tote carts at the termination of the Contract. (Id. at PageID #17–21). The complaint also alleges

that the parties executed an Addendum to the Contract (“Addendum”) on April 21, 2025 (Id. at

PageID #81), which allowed Republic to charge a $50 “Delivery/Removal/Exchange Fee” for a

customer/resident who requested an additional cart or the removal of an existing cart, but the

Addendum did not create a universal end-of-contract “collection fee.” (Id. at PageID #18, ¶ 10).

The City asserts two causes of action: (i) Breach of Contract (Count One); and (ii) Temporary

Restraining Order, Preliminary Injunction, and Permanent Injunction (Count Two). (Id. at PageID

#22–24).

The same day, the City filed the TRO Motion. (ECF No. 1-1, PageID #1–15). In the

complaint and the TRO Motion, the City requests that the Court: (i) enjoin Republic from charging

billing, demanding, collecting, or attempting to collect any cart pickup, cart retrieval, or cart

removal fee not expressly authorized by the Contract; (ii) order Republic to refund any of the cart

collections fees they have received within 48 hours; and (iii) send a “correction notice” to all

affected residents within 48 hours stating that collection of the disputed fee has been suspended

pending court order. (ECF No. 1-1, PageID #9, 24).

On June 24, 2026, Republic removed the case to the Northern District of Ohio pursuant to

28 U.S.C. §§ 1332, 1441, and 1446 on the basis of the Court’s diversity jurisdiction. (ECF No. 1).

On June 26, 2026, the Court held a Temporary Restraining Order Hearing (“TRO Hearing”), in

which testimony was taken, certain exhibits were admitted, and post-hearing briefs were

scheduled. (Minutes of proceedings [non-document] dated June 26, 2026). On July 2, 2026,

Republic filed its response in opposition to the TRO Motion. (ECF No. 6). The City filed its reply

in support of the TRO Motion on July 9, 2026. (ECF No. 7).

II. LEGAL STANDARD

A preliminary injunction is an extraordinary and drastic remedy that is only appropriate

where a movant establishes circumstances that clearly demand it. See Stenberg v. Cheker Oil Co.,

573 F.2d 921, 925 (6th Cir. 1978) (quoting Canal Auth. of Fla. v. Callaway, 489 F.2d 567, 576

(5th Cir. 1974)); see also James B. Oswald Co. v. Neate, 98 F.4th 666, 672 (6th Cir. 2024);

Overstreet v. Lexington-Fayette Urb. Cnty. Gov’t, 305 F.3d 566, 573 (6th Cir. 2002). By

preventing that harm and preserving the status quo between the parties, a preliminary injunction

protects a court’s ability to decide the case on its merits. Stenberg, 573 F.2d at 925.

Courts decide whether to take this extraordinary measure by considering four factors:

“(1) whether the movant has a strong likelihood of success on the merits; (2) whether the movant

would suffer irreparable injury absent the injunction; (3) whether the injunction would cause

substantial harm to others; and (4) whether the public interest would be served by the issuance of

an injunction.” S. Glazer’s Distribs. of Ohio, LLC v. Great Lakes Brewing Co., 860 F.3d 844, 849

(6th Cir. 2017). Ultimately, whether to grant such relief is a matter within the discretion of the

district court. See Certified Restoration, 511 F.3d at 540–41.

III. ANALYSIS

A. Likelihood of Success on the Merits

First, the Court must consider whether the City has demonstrated a strong likelihood of

success on the merits of the claim underlying the preliminary injunction. Certified Restoration,

511 F.3d at 543. Although the City does not have to prove its case in full at this stage in the

proceedings, it must show more than a mere possibility of success. See Certified Restoration, 511

F.3d at 543. While no one factor carries controlling weight, Michigan State v. Miller, 103 F.3d

1240, 1249 (6th Cir. 1997), the first—whether the movant is likely to succeed on the merits—is

generally considered the most important. Higuchi Int’l Corp. v. Autoliv ASP, Inc., 103 F.4th 400,

404 (6th Cir. 2024). If the movant is unlikely to succeed on their claim anyway, a court will not

bother enjoining the opposing party. Id.

“Under Ohio law, the elements of a breach of contract claim are: (1) the existence of a

contract; (2) performance by the plaintiff; (3) breach by the defendant; and (4) damage or loss to

the plaintiff as a result of the breach.” V & M Star Steel v. Centimark Corp., 678 F.3d 459, 465

(6th Cir. 2012) (citing Savedoff v. Access Grp., Inc., 524 F.3d 754, 762 (6th Cir. 2008)). The

parties do not dispute the existence of a contract or performance by the plaintiff (the City). The

parties primarily dispute whether there was a breach by the defendant (Republic).

The TRO Motion argues that Republic breached the Contract because: (i) it has notified

the City, and has begun to, charge City residents/customers a “collection fee” which is associated

with the retrieval and removal of refuse carts based on the termination of the Contract (which

occurred on 6/30/2026); and (ii) the Contract contains no such provision for a “collection” fee.

(ECF No. 1-1, PageID #6). Republic responds that the City has not demonstrated a likelihood of

success on the merits of its breach of contract claim for three reasons. First, Republic agues that

the City has failed to present the “complete” Contract, which prevents the Court from determining

the rights of the parties under the Contract with sufficient certainty, because the City has failed to

provide any executed document reflecting the parties’ intention when the Contract was extended

in 2016. (ECF No. 6, PageID #102–03). Second, Republic argues that the City has failed to

identify any provision in the Contract or the Addendum prohibiting Republic from charging a

“collection fee” and the Addendum expressly authorizes a $50 fee for

“delivery/removal/exchange.” (Id. at PageID #103–04). Third, Republic argues that the City has

failed to demonstrate it has suffered any damages as a result of the alleged breach. (Id. at PageID

#104–05).

The City replies that the Contract does not include any “collection fee” provision associated

with end of the Contract and Republic’s corporate representative admitted that its other contracts

with municipalities in Ohio include explicit language for such fees. (ECF No. 7, PageID #117–18).

It further argues that a reasonable interpretation of the clear language in the Addendum is that it

creates a collection fee for any new/additional carts requested by residents after the Addendum

went into effect in 2025 but it did not create a universal collection fee for carts originally provided

under the Contract; thus, any attempt to impose a $50 collection fee for all carts constitutes a

breach of the contract. (Id. at PageID #118–19). Finally, the City argues that Republic’s argument

concerning the lack of the “complete contract” is irrelevant because the Contract and Addendum

clearly suggest that any additional addendums have no bearing on the determination of whether

there is an end-of-contract collection fee. (Id. at PageID #120).

The Court first notes that the City appears to have changed its tack. The complaint alleges

that the Contract and the Addendum do not contain any provision for an end-of-contract

“collection fee,” (ECF No. 1-1, PageID #19, ¶¶ 13–17), while its post-hearing brief now argues

that the Addendum does provide for such a collection fee with respect to any new/additional carts

ordered after the Addendum went into effect, (ECF No. 7, PageID #118–19). The TRO Motion

simply states that Republic has committed breach of contract by charging any “collection fee” and

does not distinguish between carts initially provided under the Contract and any post-Addendum

carts. Plaintiff’s change in approach creates some confusion, which is heightened by the general

request for injunctive relief as to all collection/retrieval fees in the TRO Motion with no carveout

for post-Addendum carts. It also creates issues with Plaintiff’s evidence establishing a breach of

contract. The City relies on Plaintiff’s Exhibit C, which is an invoice of a customer/resident who

was charged the disputed “collection fee” for two carts. (See Pl.’s Ex. C). But the invoice does

not demonstrate whether this resident received one or both carts after the Addendum went into

effect.

The Court also notes concerns regarding the missing extension agreements. The Contract

provides for a seven-year term starting on May 24, 2016 and ending on June 30, 2023, with a

mutual option for an additional three years. (ECF No. 1-1, PageID #17, 25, 43). At the TRO

Hearing, City Manager and Public Safety Director Doug Lewis testified that the Contract had been

extended the additional three years, but the City did not provide any executed agreement or other

document that verifies the execution of the three-year extension. The Court asked questions

concerning the extension of the Contract at the TRO Hearing, and Republic raised the issue of the

missing extension documents in its response brief. (ECF No. 6, PageID #102–03). The City

contends that any missing extension agreement/document has no bearing on the Court’s

determination of whether the Contract authorizes an end-of-contract collection fee. (ECF No. 7,

PageID #120). The Court disagrees. Any extension agreement or authorization may contain

provisions that might have amended the original terms of the Contract, including the addition of

an end-of-contract collection fee. Thus, the missing document(s) might be relevant to the Court’s

analysis. That said, the Court notes that Republic has made no argument or assertion that the

missing addendum contained any alteration to the terms of the Contract, or the addition of a

collection fee, when the three-year option was executed.

Based on the exhibits and record before it, the Court would find that it is likely the City

would succeed on its breach of contract claim against Republic, to the extent that Republic

breached the Contract by charging residents a collection fee for any pre-Addendum carts. There

is no provision in the Contract that provides for an end-of-contract collection fee for those carts

provided to residents. At the TRO Hearing, Kyle Sonagere, Republic’s General Manager, admitted

as such. By contrast, the Contract states that Republic will provide one free refuse tote cart to each

subscribing resident. (ECF No. 1-1, PageID #43, 50). The Addendum addresses the ability of

residents to request a second cart for their home and sets forth the rates for this specific additional

service. (ECF No. 1-1, PageID #81). The Addendum sets forth a “Delivery/Removal/Exchange”

fee of $50, but it is found in an exhibit chart labeled “Pricing for Additional Cart(s).” (Id.). The

Addendum makes no mention of this additional fee applying to any of the free carts originally

provided under the Contract, nor does it state that there is any alteration to the original terms of

the Contract. As argued by the City, the reasonable interpretation of the Addendum is that it adds

a collection fee for any new/additional carts requested after the Addendum went into effect (2025

to 2026), not that it created a universal end-of-contract collection fee for all pre-Addendum carts.

Nevertheless, in light of the Court’s concerns with Plaintiff’s change in position and the

missing extension agreement/document, the Court cannot fully conclude that the City has shown

a strong likelihood of success on the merits. That is not to say that the City could not cure this

issue by filing a renewed motion for preliminary injunctive relief and also providing additional

evidence to support the merits of its claim. However, there is a more fundamental flaw with the

City’s request for preliminary injunctive relief that is discussed in the section below.

B. Irreparable Injury

The second factor that the Court must consider “is whether the plaintiff will suffer

irreparable injury without the injunction.” Certified Restoration, 511 F.3d at 543. “A plaintiff’s

harm from the denial of a preliminary injunction is irreparable if it is not fully compensable by

monetary damages.” Overstreet v. Lexington–Fayette Urb. Cnty. Gov’t, 305 F.3d 566, 578 (6th

Cir. 2002). Similar to likelihood of success on the merits, the second factor—whether the movant

would suffer irreparable injury—is considered an “indispensable” requirement for a temporary

restraining order or preliminary injunction. Fischer v. Thomas, 78 F.4th 864, 868 (6th Cir.

2023); Ohio v. Becerra, 87 F.4th 759, 783 (6th Cir. 2023) (“A showing of irreparable harm is an

indispensable p[r]er[e]quisite for the issuance of a preliminary injunction.”). Thus, without a

showing of immediate, irreparable harm, the Court cannot issue a TRO or a preliminary injunction.

Notably, “‘mere economic loss does not constitute irreparable injury,’ because it is compensable

by damages.” TowerCo 2013, LLC v. Berlin Twp. Bd. of Trs., 110 F.4th 870, 889 (6th Cir. 2024)

(quoting Ohio ex rel. Celebrezze v. Nuclear Regul. Com., 812 F.2d 288, 291 (6th Cir. 1987)).

The TRO Motion asserts that the City will suffer the following irreparable harm absent

injunctive relief:

a. Confusion among residents;

b. Interference with the orderly transition of municipal refuse collection services;

c. Administrative burdens on City government;

d. unauthorized payments by residents to Republic and/or damage to a resident's

credit rating if the resident does not pay the unauthorized charges;

e. unauthorized money being taken out of customer accounts because of the auto-

pay function;

f. Potential disruption of essential public services;

g. Harm that cannot be adequately remedied by monetary damages.

(ECF No. 1-1, PageID #6–7). Republic responds that the City has failed to establish irreparable

harm because: (i) the only alleged injury identified at the TRO Hearing were three City

departments receiving phone calls from residents regarding “collection fees” on their invoices;

(ii) the City failed to provide evidence to substantiate the volume or impact of these calls; and

(iii) and damages based on this theory would be compensable through monetary damages. (ECF

No. 6, PageID #106–07). It further argues that the City not only lacks standing to assert damages

for potential harm to residents, but any impact on residents also paying the disputed fee is purely

an economic loss remediable through monetary damages; nor is there any evidence that the

residents’ credit will be harmed if they dispute any collections attempt. (Id. at PageID #107).

The City replies that unauthorized charges and threats of collection are irreparable harm

because many residents are living paycheck to paycheck, such charges will cause economic

hardship and anxiety, and that any damages are not readily remediable through later damages.

(ECF No. 7, PageID #120). The City further argues that “[t]he administrative and reputational

harms to the City stemming from resident complaints, disruption of transition plans, and

interference with municipal operations constitute additional irreparable harm.” (Id. at PageID

#122).

First, the City fails to address Republic’s argument that it lacks standing to assert damages

on behalf of its residents because it must identify immediate, irreparable harms that the City itself

will suffer. (ECF No. 6, PageID #106–07). The Court has the same standing concerns. By failing

to address this standing issue, the City has effectively conceded this argument and waived any

opposition. C.f. Santo’s Italian Café LLC v. Acuity Ins. Co., 508 F. Supp. 3d 186, 207 (N.D. Ohio

2020) (“It is well understood . . . that when a plaintiff files an opposition to a dispositive motion

and addresses only certain arguments raised by the defendant, a court may treat those arguments

that the plaintiff failed to address as conceded.”); Brown v. VHS of Mich., Inc., 545 F. App’x 368,

372 (6th Cir. 2013) (“This Court’s jurisprudence on abandonment of claims is clear: a plaintiff is

deemed to have abandoned a claim when a plaintiff fails to address it in response to a motion for

summary judgment.”) (collecting cases).

Even considering the alleged harms to the City’s residents, the Court finds that they are not

irreparable injuries because they involve purely economic losses. If a resident were charged

unauthorized collection fees and had paid those fees (through autopay or other means), that injury

is compensable through monetary damages. The City argues that potential damage to residents’

credit (if they refuse to pay the disputed collection fees and are sent to collection) constitutes

immediate, irreparable harm. It provides no legal authority for this proposition. Nor is the Court

persuaded that any potential harm to a resident’s credit score constitutes irreparable harm. Any

potential harm to a resident’s credit score would be compensable through monetary damages and

can be further remedied by a subsequent order by the Court to remove the disputed debt from any

offending credit report. This conclusion comports with the weight of authority, with courts

routinely concluding that harm to a party’s credit score does not amount to irreparable damage.

See, e.g., Evans v. City of Ann Arbor, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 71606, 2021 WL 1405171, at *2

(E.D. Mich. April 14, 2021) (“Plaintiffs do not explain how having a lower credit score will result

in immediate and irreparable harm. . . . Economic damages such as lost revenue are generally

insufficient to support emergency injunctive relief.”); Williams v. Transworld Sys. Inc., No. 25-

cv-09527-HSG, 2025 LX 509998, at *4–5 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 26, 2025) (“For these reasons, courts

presented with similar TRO applications have typically found that the plaintiff has not shown

irreparable harm and noted that ‘harms to [a plaintiff’s] credit score and finances more broadly are

fundamentally economic harms, unsuitable for a temporary restraining order.’” (collecting cases));

Silva v. Volkswagen Grp. of Am., Inc., 2025 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4646, 2025 WL 819076, at *2 (C.D.

Cal. Jan. 9, 2025) (“Harms to Plaintiff's credit score and finances more broadly are fundamentally

economic harms, unsuitable for a temporary restraining order.”); Royer v. Discover Fin. Servs.,

No. 22-1429, 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 199494, at *36–37 (E.D. Pa. Nov. 7, 2023) (collecting cases).

To the extent that the City argues “administrative” injury stemming from resident

complaints (based on the disputed collection fee), disruption of the transition to the new collection

service, and interference with municipal operations, the City has not demonstrated how any of

these injuries are not compensable through monetary damages. Nor has the City cited authority to

support such a proposition. To the extent the City cites confusion among residents and reputational

harms, the City provides no explanation or clarification regarding these alleged injuries or any

evidence to support such damages. More importantly, the Court is not convinced that these injuries

would not also be compensable through monetary damages.

Accordingly, the Court finds that the City has failed to establish that there would be

irreparable harm if no preliminary injunctive relief were granted at this time. Because the lack of

irreparable harm is sufficient to deny relief, the Court will forego analysis of the final two factors.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the City’s TRO Motion (ECF No. 1-1, PageID #1-15) is

DENIED.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Date: July 16, 2026 (‘adh

CHARLES E.FLEMING ts

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

1]