Bowman

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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

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11 ROBERT A. BOWMAN, Case No. 25-cv-3194-BAS-SBC

12 Plaintiff,

ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO

13 v. DISMISS COMPLAINT WITH

PREJUDICE (ECF No. 4)

14 LEAH MICHELLE BOUCEK,

15 Defendant.

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17 Plaintiff Robert A. Bowman, pro se, filed this action against Defendant

18 Commissioner Leah Michelle Boucek. (ECF No. 1.) Defendant is a San Diego Superior

19 Court Commissioner presiding over Plaintiff’s family state court matter.

20 Presently before the Court is Defendant’s motion to dismiss the action with

21 prejudice. (ECF No. 4.) The motion is fully briefed. (ECF Nos. 5, 10.) The Court finds the

22 matter suitable for determination on the papers submitted. See Civ. L.R. 7.1(d)(1). For the

23 following reasons, the Court GRANTS with prejudice Defendant’s motion to dismiss.

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1 I. BACKGROUND

2 Plaintiff is the petitioner in a family court marital dissolution matter pending in the

3 San Diego Superior Court—In re Marriage of Bowman, Case No. 23FL014013C. (Compl.

4 ¶ 21, ECF No. 1.)1

5 In brief, Plaintiff alleges Defendant adjudicated the matter as a Commissioner

6 without Plaintiff’s express stipulation. (Compl. ¶ 1.) Plaintiff thus argues Defendant lacked

7 jurisdiction in violation of California Constitution Article VI, § 21 and California Code of

8 Civil Procedure § 259(d). (Compl. ¶ 2.) Plaintiff frames this argument as a “structural

9 error.” (Compl. ¶ 4.)

10 Alleging that Defendant lacked jurisdiction, Plaintiff seeks to void several of

11 Defendant’s orders, specifically those: (1) removing Plaintiff’s custody of his children; (2)

12 imposing a multi-year restraining order prohibiting contact with his children; (3) denying

13 Plaintiff financial means to retain counsel; and (4) blocking Plaintiff’s ability to seek relief

14 as a domestic violence victim. (Compl. ¶ 3.)

15 Plaintiff sought appellate review, but both the California appellate court and the

16 Supreme Court of California declined to reach the merits. (Compl. ¶ 6; Opp’n, Ex. A, ECF

17 No. 5-2; Opp’n, Ex. B, ECF No. 5-3; Opp’n, Ex. C, ECF No. 5-4; Opp’n, Ex. C. cont., ECF

18 No. 5-5.)2

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1 Before the marital dissolution proceeding, Plaintiff filed a domestic-violence-related action,

22 Bowman v. Bowman, Case No. 23FDV05815C. There, Plaintiff sought a domestic violence restraining

order (“DVRO”) from his former partner Ms. Bowman. (Compl. ¶¶ 18–19.) Defendant presided over the

23 matter Bowman v. Bowman. (Compl. ¶¶ 14, 19, 24–28.) Subsequently, Ms. Bowman filed for a DVRO

against Plaintiff and for dissolution of the marriage through the action In re Marriage of Bowman, Case

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No. 23FL014013C. (Compl. ¶¶ 20–21.) The two cases were consolidated into one before Defendant.

25 (Compl. ¶ 29.) Plaintiff argues that a valid stipulation neither existed in Bowman v. Bowman nor in the

consolidated action In re Marriage of Bowman. (Compl. ¶¶ 24, 29, 31, 52.)

26 2 The Court grants Plaintiff and Defendant’s request for judicial notice of the state family court

actions under Federal Rule of Evidence 201. (Mot. 1:22–4:27, ECF No. 4); see, e.g., Taylor v. Kelety,

27 No. 20-CV-1987-DMS-AGS, 2021 WL 1733386, at *3 n.4 (S.D. Cal. May 3, 2021) (“Court records, as

public records, are generally subject to judicial notice, although a court cannot judicially notice disputed

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1 Plaintiff asserts both state and federal claims against Defendant, specifically: (1)

2 civil rights violations under 42 U.S.C. § 1983; (2) violations of the Violence Against

3 Women Act (“VAWA”), 34 U.S.C. § 12291; (3) conspiracy to deprive constitutional rights

4 under 42 U.S.C. § 1985(2); (4) defamation; and (5) related state law claims. (Compl. ¶ 1.)

5 Plaintiff requests this Court grant the following relief: (1) declaratory relief; (2) a

6 judicial-immunity exception; (3) injunctive relief; (4) compensatory damages; (5) punitive

7 damages; (6) statutory damages; (7) attorney’s fees and costs; (8) a jury trial; (9) and other

8 appropriate relief. (Compl., Prayer for Relief ¶¶ 1–9.)

9 In response, Defendant filed a motion to dismiss the complaint under Federal Rules

10 of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6). (Motion, ECF No. 4.) Defendant moves to

11 dismiss on several grounds, namely: (1) the Rooker-Feldman doctrine; (2) Younger

12 abstention; (3) Absolute Immunity; (4) the Anti-Injunction Act; (5) failure to allege a cause

13 of action under VAWA; (6) the Litigation Privilege; (7) failure to allege a cause of action

14 under the Tom Bane Civil Rights Act; and (8) the unavailability of declaratory relief. (Id.)

15 Plaintiff filed an opposition that improperly added a motion to disqualify counsel

16 and a motion to strike, which the Court will not consider. (Opp’n, ECF No. 5.) Plaintiff

17 also filed several supplemental documents. (Supp. Doc., ECF Nos. 6–9.) Defendant

18 replied. (Reply, ECF No. 10.)

19 II. LEGAL STANDARDS

20 A. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1)

21 Under Rule 12(b)(1), a party may move to dismiss a claim for lack of subject matter

22 jurisdiction. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12 “Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction” and

23 “possess only that power authorized by Constitution and statute.” Kokkonen v. Guardian

24 Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). Accordingly, “[a] federal court is presumed

25 to lack jurisdiction in a particular case unless the contrary affirmatively appears.” Stock W.,

26 Inc. v. Confederated Tribes, 873 F.2d 1221, 1225 (9th Cir. 1989). “[T]he burden of

27 establishing the contrary rests upon the party asserting jurisdiction.” Kokkonen, 511 U.S.

28 at 377.

1 B. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6)

2 A motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) tests the legal sufficiency of the

3 claims asserted in the complaint. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12; Navarro v. Block, 250 F.3d 729, 731

4 (9th Cir. 2001). To survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a complaint must plead sufficient

5 factual allegations “to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v.

6 Twombly, 550 U.S. 554, 570 (2007). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff

7 pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the

8 defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009).

9 III. ANALYSIS

10 The Court finds that Younger abstention precludes the exercise of jurisdiction over

11 this case.

12 A. Younger Abstention

13 “Since the beginning of this country’s history Congress has, subject to few

14 exceptions, manifested a desire to permit state courts to try state cases free from

15 interference by federal courts.” Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37, 43 (1971). In Younger, the

16 Supreme Court articulated a federal policy against interference with pending state judicial

17 proceedings. Id. at 45; see also H.C. ex rel. Gordon v. Koppel, 203 F.3d 610, 613 (9th Cir.

18 2000).

19 Although Younger dealt with a state court criminal prosecution, the doctrine is

20 applicable to state court civil proceedings. See Moore v. Sims, 442 U.S. 415, 423 (1979)

21 (“Th[e] policy was first articulated with reference to state criminal proceedings, but as we

22 recognized in Huffman v. Pursue, Ltd., 420 U.S. 592 (1975), the basic concern—that threat

23 to our federal system posed by displacement of state courts by those of the National

24 Government—is also fully applicable to civil proceedings in which important state interests

25 are involved.”).

26 Absent extraordinary circumstances, Younger abstention is required where state

27 proceedings are: (1) ongoing, (2) implicate important state interests, and (3) afford the

28 plaintiff an adequate opportunity to litigate federal claims. See Hirsh v. Justices of Supreme

1 Court of California, 67 F.3d 708, 712 (9th Cir. 1995) (citing Middlesex County Ethics

2 Commission v. Garden State Bar Association, 457 U.S. 423, 432, 437 (1982)).

3 All three conditions are satisfied here. First, the relief Plaintiff seeks would interfere

4 with matters pending before the state court. (Opp’n ¶ 14:21–23) (“Plaintiff is not seeking

5 to overturn any final state-court judgment. The consolidated dissolution proceeding

6 remains pending, and no final custody order or judgment has been entered.”). Second, those

7 proceedings implicate important state interests in family relations. See Elwood v. Drescher,

8 90 F. App’x 501, 503 (9th Cir. 2004) (finding Younger abstention applicable to an family

9 relations action against a state commissioner).

10 The Ninth Circuit has explicitly recognized that domestic relations are a traditional

11 area of state concern:

12 Family relations are a traditional area of state concern. In

13 addition, a state has a vital interest in protecting the authority of

14 the judicial system, so that its orders and judgments are not

15 rendered nugatory. This is a particularly appropriate admonition

16 in the field of domestic relations, over which federal courts have

17 no general jurisdiction, and in which the state courts have a

18 special expertise and experience.

19 Koppel, 203 F.3d at 610 (citations and quotation marks omitted).

20 Third, Plaintiff has an adequate state forum in which to raise his federal claims. In

21 fact, Plaintiff has already presented due process concerns to the California appellate courts

22 and may continue to pursue relief through the California courts following final judgment.

23 (Opp’n, Ex. A, Ex. B, Ex. C, Ex. C. cont.); see Young v. Schwarzenegger, No. C-10-03594-

24 DMR, 2011 WL 175906, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 18, 2011) (“Even the fact that the state

25 supreme court has previously rejected an identical constitutional challenge on its merits

26 does not mean the state courts have deprived a plaintiff of the opportunity to make the

27 constitutional argument.”).

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1 Plaintiff argues that abstention is inappropriate because the state courts have proved

2 ||inadequate to protect his constitutional rights. (Compl. {] 12.) This argument fails. The

3 ||inability to obtain favorable relief through state appellate review does not establish the

4 || inadequacy of the state forum or warrant federal intervention. See Middlesex County Ethics

5 || Committee, 457 U.S. at 432 (“Where vital state interests are involved, a federal court

6 || should abstain “unless state law clearly bars the interposition of the constitutional □□□□□□□□

7 ||(quoting Moore, 442 U.S. at 426 (1979))).

8 Because all three Younger conditions are satisfied, this Court abstains from

9 || entertaining Plaintiff's claims in a federal forum. See Baffert v. Cal. Horse Racing Bd., 332

10 613, 619 (9th Cir. 2003) (stating that Younger abstention applies “even if the

11 constitutionality of the pending proceedings is at the heart of [the plaintiffs] claim”).

12 CONCLUSION

13 For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS with prejudice Defendant’s motion

14 || to dismiss the complaint. (ECF No. 4.)

15 The Court DISMISSES the action. The Clerk of Court shall enter a judgment of

16 || dismissal and close the file.

17 IT IS SO ORDERED.

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19 | DATED: April 13, 2026 (yi. (Duhark

0 H n. Cynthia Bashant, Chief Judge

United States District Court

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