The opinion
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
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WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON
AT SEATTLE
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8 RICHARD ARTHUR KIRKHAM,
9 Plaintiff, Case No. C24-1625-DGE-SKV
10 v. REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION
11 CITY OF BELLINGHAM, et al.,
12 Defendants.
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Richard Arthur Kirkham (“Plaintiff”) proceeds pro se in this civil rights action brought
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under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and § 1985. Plaintiff is currently incarcerated at the Whatcom County
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Jail Work Center and brings claims relating to events leading up to and occurring on the date of
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his September 2023 arrest by officers of the Bellingham Police Department (“BPD”). See Dkt.
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38. Whatcom County Deputy Prosecutor Kellen Kooistra now moves to dismiss Plaintiff’s
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1 claims with prejudice pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).1 See Dkt. 64.
2 Plaintiff did not file a response.2
3 The undersigned, having now considered the motion and the materials properly
4 considered in relation to the motion, recommends that it be GRANTED and that Plaintiff’s
5 claims against Kooistra be DISMISSED without prejudice.
6 BACKGROUND
7 The undersigned previously analyzed, at length, Plaintiff’s claims and allegations. See
8 Dkt. 67. It now supplements that analysis by highlighting allegations made against Kooistra
9 specifically.
10 First, Plaintiff alleges that Kooistra was an active part of a July 20, 2023, email chain
11 appended to his Amended Complaint. See Dkt. 38 at 9 (citing Exhibits B3–B6). In that email
12 chain, participants discuss how to respond to Plaintiff entering a restricted zone while on GPS
13 monitoring. See Dkt. 38-1 at 23–26 (Exhibits B3–B6). Plaintiff concedes that he “accidentally
14 drove within a restricted zone” during the incident at issue. Dkt. 38 at 9. One participant notes
15 that Plaintiff was due in court that same day, and that Eric Richey, Prosecuting Attorney for
16 Whatcom County, thought it best to deal with the infraction when Plaintiff arrived instead of
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18 1 Defendants City of Bellingham, Rebecca Mertzig, Donald Almer, Jeremy Harper, Shaun Nelson, Luke Haas,
Jeremy Woodward, Kaige Edgar, Nicolas Sturlaugson, Steven Longbottom, Dhillon Jobandeep, Avery Lyons,
19 Kevin Bean, David Johnson, Michael Shannon, and Lisa Aspessi (collectively “City Defendants”) moved separately
to dismiss Plaintiff’s claims. See Dkt. 49. The undersigned issued a Report and Recommendation on their motion,
which remains pending before the District Judge. See Dkt. 67.
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2 A copy of Kooistra’s motion was mailed to Plaintiff on November 14, 2025. See Dkt. 64 at 15 (Declaration of
21 Service). In his Objections to the undersigned’s Report and Recommendation on the City Defendants’ motion,
Plaintiff indicated that he had not been made aware of Kooistra’s motion until he received the Report and
22 Recommendation. See Dkt. 68 at 14. He expressed intent to respond, asked the Court to delay ruling on Kooistra’s
motion until he had a “fair opportunity” to do so, and stated that he had contacted Kooistra’s attorney to request
service. Id. Over a month has since passed. Plaintiff has not filed an opposition, moved for an extension of time to
23 respond by a date certain, or reported further issues obtaining a copy of Kooistra’s motion. Having afforded
Plaintiff ample opportunity to file a response or seek relief from deadlines, the undersigned now addresses
Kooistra’s motion.
1 dispatching SWAT to arrest him. See Dkt. 38-1 at 24 (Exhibit B-4); Dkt. 38 at 9 (citing Exhibit
2 B4). After some back and forth, Kooistra responds that Defendant Luke Haas, a BPD Corporal,
3 would ensure Whatcom County Jail was aware there was probable cause to arrest Plaintiff for the
4 new GPS violation. See Dkt. 38-1 at 23 (Exhibit B-3); Dkt. 38 at 10 (citing Exhibits B3-B6).
5 Plaintiff alleges that message indicates Kooistra and Haas discussed ways to keep Plaintiff
6 incarcerated. See Dkt. 38 at 10 (citing Exhibits B3–B6).
7 Next, Plaintiff alleges that Kooistra conspired with Defendant Lisa Aspessi, a BPD
8 Detective, to obtain a rush warrant and deploy SWAT for Plaintiff’s September 28, 2023, arrest.
9 See id. at 11. Plaintiff avers that Kooistra and Aspessi did not consult Richey because they knew
10 he would not approve of a SWAT deployment. See id. (citing Exhibit B-9). While Plaintiff
11 concedes probable cause existed for his arrest, Dkt. 9 at 3, he contends that Kooistra knew
12 Aspessi sought the rush warrant to unreasonably deploy SWAT against Plaintiff. See id. at 12.
13 For support, Plaintiff includes a screenshot of two text messages allegedly exchanged by Aspessi
14 and Kooistra. See Dkt. 38 at 11 (citing Exhibit B-9). In those messages, Aspessi informs
15 Kooistra that she has “PC for Kirkham,” that SWAT is watching his vehicle, and that she wants
16 to obtain an arrest warrant “asap.” Dkt. 38-1 at 29 (Exhibit B-9). She asks Kooistra if he is
17 “able to charge that” or if she should ask someone else. Id. Kooistra confirms he will “charge
18 it.” Id.
19 Finally, Plaintiff alleges that Kooistra conspired with BPD not to charge Plaintiff with
20 resisting his September 28, 2023, arrest to prevent BPD officers’ allegedly altered bodycam
21 footage from being scrutinized by his attorneys. See Dkt. 38 at 24.
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1 For this conduct, Plaintiff purports to bring 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and § 1985 claims against
2 Kooistra for violations of his Fourth Amendment rights.3 See id. at 28.
3 LEGAL STANDARD
4 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8 requires plaintiffs to set out “a short and plain
5 statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief[.]” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2).
6 Defendants may move to dismiss claims pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) on grounds that the complaint
7 falls short of Rule 8’s pleading standard.
8 “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter,
9 accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556
10 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). A claim is
11 facially plausible “when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the
12 reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. “The
13 plausibility standard is not akin to a ‘probability requirement,’ but it asks for more than a sheer
14 possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a
15 cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Id. Likewise, factual
16 allegations “that are ‘merely consistent with’ a defendant’s liability[] . . . ‘stop[] short of the line
17 between possibility and plausibility of entitlement to relief.’” Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at
18 557).
19 On a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the Court’s “review is limited to the complaint, materials
20 incorporated by reference into the complaint, and matters of which . . . [the Court] may take
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3 Kooistra also moves to dismiss a putative claim against him for negligence. See Dkt. 64 at 3. Plaintiff makes clear
that he brings only constitutional and conspiracy claims against Kooistra, see Dkt. 38 at 28, while asserting
23 negligence and other state law tort claims against some City Defendants, see id. at 29–31. In view of the precision
with which Plaintiff crafted his claims, the Court declines to read a negligence claim against Kooistra into the
Amended Complaint.
1 judicial notice.” Mauia v. Petrochem Insulation, Inc., 5 F.4th 1068, 1071 (9th Cir. 2021) (citing
2 Karasek v. Regents of Univ. of Cal., 956 F.3d 1093, 1104 (9th Cir. 2020)). The Court “accept[s]
3 as true all facts alleged in the complaint and construe[s] them in the light most favorable to
4 plaintiff[], the non-moving party.” DaVinci Aircraft, Inc. v. United States, 926 F.3d 1117, 1122
5 (9th Cir. 2019) (third alternation in original) (quoting Snyder & Assocs. Acquisitions LLC v.
6 United States, 859 F.3d 1152, 1157 (9th Cir. 2017)). However, the Court need not “accept as
7 true allegations that . . . are merely conclusory, unwarranted deductions of fact, or unreasonable
8 inferences.” Daniels-Hall v. Nat’l Educ. Ass’n, 629 F.3d 992, 998 (9th Cir. 2010) (citing
9 Manzarek v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 519 F.3d 1025, 1031 (9th Cir. 2008)).
10 DISCUSSION
11 Kooistra moves for dismissal for failure to state a claim and asserts absolute and qualified
12 immunity. See Dkt. 64 at 3. Taking as true all non-conclusory allegations against Kooistra,
13 Plaintiff states neither a § 1983 nor conspiracy claim. Accordingly, the undersigned
14 recommends that all claims against Kooistra be dismissed.
15 A. Section 1983 Claim
16 In order to sustain a cause of action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a plaintiff must show that
17 (1) he suffered a violation of rights protected by the Constitution or created by federal statute,
18 and (2) the violation was proximately caused by a person acting under color of state law. See
19 Crumpton v. Gates, 947 F.2d 1418, 1420 (9th Cir. 1991). The causation requirement of § 1983
20 is satisfied if a plaintiff demonstrates that a defendant did an affirmative act, participated in
21 another’s affirmative act, or omitted to perform an act which he was legally required to do that
22 caused the alleged deprivation. See Arnold v. IBM, 637 F.2d 1350, 1355 (9th Cir. 1981) (quoting
23 Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743–44 (9th Cir. 1978)). “The inquiry into causation must be
1 individualized and focus on the duties and responsibilities of each individual defendant whose
2 acts or omissions are alleged to have caused a constitutional deprivation.” Leer v. Murphy, 844
3 F.2d 628, 633 (9th Cir. 1988).
4 Plaintiff alleges no acts by Kooistra that caused the alleged violation of his Fourth
5 Amendment rights. The Court takes as true Plaintiff’s allegations that Kooistra sought a rush
6 warrant requested by law enforcement and notes that a court subsequently issued that warrant.
7 Plaintiff does not challenge that court’s probable cause determination or the arrest itself—only
8 the manner in which his arrest was effectuated. Kooistra’s procurement of an arrest warrant
9 supported by probable cause comported with Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment rights and was not a
10 cause of the alleged violations during execution.
11 Plaintiff’s theories as to Kooistra’s knowledge or motive when obtaining that warrant do
12 not supply the requisite causal link. Allegations that Kooistra knew Aspessi sought the warrant
13 to unreasonably deploy SWAT and that he bypassed the county’s top prosecutor to further a
14 conspiracy to arrest Plaintiff using excessive force are wholly conclusory. Because the
15 constitutional violation Plaintiff alleges does not turn on procurement of the arrest warrant but
16 rather the manner in which it was executed, and as Plaintiff advances only conclusory allegations
17 connecting Kooistra to that violation, Plaintiff has not stated a plausible § 1983 claim.
18 B. Conspiracy Claim
19 Consistent with the prior Report and Recommendation, the Court construes Plaintiff’s §
20 1985 claim against Kooistra as a Washington civil conspiracy claim. See Dkt. 67 at 15–16. To
21 state a claim for civil conspiracy, a plaintiff must demonstrate that “(1) two or more people
22 combined to accomplish an unlawful purpose, or combined to accomplish a lawful purpose by
23 unlawful means; and (2) the conspirators entered into an agreement to accomplish the
1 conspiracy.” All Star Gas, Inc., of Washington v. Bechard, 100 Wash. App. 732, 740 (2000)
2 (citing Wilson v. State, 84 Wash. App. 332, 350–51 (1996)). Plaintiff’s “[m]ere suspicion . . . is
3 insufficient to prove a conspiracy.” Id. (quoting Wilson, 84 Wash. App. at 351). Likewise,
4 “facts and circumstances relied upon to establish a conspiracy [that] are as consistent with a
5 lawful or honest purpose as with an unlawful undertaking[]” do not suffice. Id. (quoting Lewis
6 Pacific Dairymen’s Ass’n v. Turner, 50 Wash.2d 762, 772 (1957)).
7 Kooistra’s alleged participation in an email chain discussing a GPS monitoring violation
8 conceded by Plaintiff, procurement of an arrest warrant supported by probable cause, and
9 decision to not charge Plaintiff with resisting his September 28, 2023, arrest are all facts
10 consistent with lawful performance of prosecutorial duties. Plaintiff’s suspicion that Kooistra
11 took those lawful actions to advance a conspiracy against him is bald conjecture and inadequate
12 to support a conspiracy claim.
13 Because Plaintiff has not alleged any plausible claims against Kooistra, the Court need
14 not consider whether Kooistra would be entitled to absolute or qualified immunity.
15 CONCLUSION
16 For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff has not plausibly alleged § 1983 or conspiracy claims
17 against Kooistra, and the undersigned recommends all claims against Kooistra be DISMISSED
18 without prejudice. A proposed order accompanies this Report and Recommendation.
19 OBJECTIONS
20 Objections to this Report and Recommendation, if any, should be filed with the Clerk and
21 served upon all parties to this suit not later than fourteen (14) days from the date on which this
22 Report and Recommendation is signed. Failure to file objections within the specified time may
23 affect your right to appeal. Objections should be noted for consideration on the District Judge’s
1 motions calendar fourteen (14) days from the date they are filed. Responses to objections may
2 be filed by the day before the noting date. If no timely objections are filed, the matter will be
3 ready for consideration by the District Judge on February 4, 2026.
4 Dated this 14th day of January, 2026.
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A
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S. KATE VAUGHAN
7 United States Magistrate Judge
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