Davis v. Secretary of Health and Human Services

In the United States Court of Federal Claims

OFFICE OF SPECIAL MASTERS

No. 14-978V

Filed: May 13, 2026

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

HARVARD DAVIS, *

*

Petitioner, *

*

v. *

*

*

SECRETARY OF HEALTH *

AND HUMAN SERVICES, *

*

Respondent. *

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Lisa Roquemore, Esq., Law Office of Lisa A. Roquemore, Rancho Santa Margarita, CA, for

petitioner.

Lynn C. Schlie, Esq., U. S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for respondent.

RULING AWARDING DAMAGES 1

Roth, Special Master:

On October 14, 2014, Harvard Davis (“Mr. Davis” or “petitioner”) timely filed a petition

for compensation under the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-

10, et seq. 2 (the “Vaccine Act” or “Program”), alleging that the influenza (“flu”) vaccination that

he received on August 19, 2013, caused him to develop Guillain-Barre Syndrome (“GBS”)

subsequently diagnosed as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (“CIDP”).

Petition, ECF No. 1 at 2, 7.

Following three days of hearings, a Ruling on Entitlement issued in favor of petitioner on

April 27, 2022. ECF No. 169. The matter proceeded to damages. ECF No. 170.

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Because this Ruling contains a reasoned explanation for the action taken in this case, it must be made publicly

accessible and will be posted on the United States Court of Federal Claims' website, and/or at

https://www.govinfo.gov/app/collection/uscourts/national/cofc, in accordance with the E-Government Act of 2002.

44 U.S.C. § 3501 note (2018) (Federal Management and Promotion of Electronic Government Services). This means

the Ruling will be available to anyone with access to the internet. In accordance with Vaccine Rule 18(b), Petitioner

has 14 days to identify and move to redact medical or other information, the disclosure of which would constitute an

unwarranted invasion of privacy. If, upon review, the undersigned finds that the identified material fits within this

definition, such material will be redacted from public access.

2

National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986, Pub. L. No. 99-660, 100 Stat. 3755. Hereinafter, for ease of citation,

all “§” references to the Vaccine Act will be to the pertinent subparagraph of 42 U.S.C. § 300aa (2012).

The parties have agreed upon most of the elements of compensation. The unresolved items

are before the Court for resolution. For the reasons set forth below, I find the following damages

appropriate: a lump sum of $240,000 for pain and suffering; agreed-upon lost earnings of

$336,475; agreed-upon Medi-Cal lien of $1,906,249.80, to be updated; out-of-pocket expenses of

$9,270.32, consisting of $2,818.09 in mileage, $1,200 for lawn care, and $5,252.23 in agreed-upon

expenses; and monies sufficient to fund petitioner’s life care plan.

I. Issues to be Determined

The issues in dispute for the Court’s consideration include pain and suffering, various life

care expenses, and past unreimbursable expenses. See Petitioner’s Briefing (“Pet. Br.”), ECF No.

220 at 2; Respondent’s Briefing (“Resp. Br.”), ECF No. 221 at 2.

II. Factual Background

A. Procedural History

The early procedural history is set forth at length in the Ruling on Entitlement issued on

April 27, 2022, and is incorporated herein by reference. See Ruling on Entitlement (“Ruling”),

ECF No. 169 at 2-3.

Following the issuance of the Ruling, ECF No. 169, and an order to proceed with damages,

ECF No. 170, the parties engaged in settlement discussions for approximately 18 months and

resolved many issues of damages. However, the parties determined that a damages hearing was

necessary to resolve the rest. ECF Nos. 173-193. The hearing was scheduled, ECF No. 193,

settlement discussions continued, and the parties were referred to the Office of Special Masters’

Alternative Dispute Resolution (“ADR”) Program to resolve and/or narrow the remaining issues

in dispute for the hearing. See ECF Nos. 206-211.

Pre-Hearing Briefs were filed on May 13, 2024. ECF Nos. 220-221. The damages hearing

was held on June 6-7, 2024, in Washington, D.C. ECF No. 225. Thereafter, the parties continued

to engage in discussion and filed additional evidence. Pet. Exs. 164-203; Resp. Exs. T-BB. Final

submissions were filed on November 12, 2025, December 1, 2025, and December 16, 2025,

regarding the unresolved damages. ECF Nos. 294-295. A joint submission specifying the damages

and out-of-pocket expenses still in dispute along with each party’s position on the disputed items

was filed. ECF No. 296.

The matter is now ripe for decision.

B. Medical History

In-depth details of petitioner’s extensive medical history prior to and following his receipt

of the subject flu vaccination, affidavits, expert opinions, and testimony at the entitlement hearing

are each contained in the Ruling on Entitlement and are incorporated herein by reference. See

Ruling, ECF No. 169 at 3-29. Petitioner’s medical history will only be discussed below where it

pertains to specific items of compensation in dispute.

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III. Legal Framework

Petitioner “bear[s] the burden of proof with respect to each element of compensation

requested.” Brewer v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 93-92V, 1996 WL 147722, at *22 (Fed.

Cl. Spec. Mstr. Mar. 18, 1996); see also § 11(e) (“[P]etitioner shall submit . . . assessments,

evaluations, and prognoses and such other records and documents as are reasonably necessary for

the determination of the amount of compensation to be paid to, or on behalf of, the person who

suffered such injury. . . .”).

A. Pain and Suffering

Compensation awarded via the Vaccine Act shall include “actual and projected pain and

suffering and emotional distress from the vaccine-related injury . . . not to exceed $250,000.” §

15(a)(4). The petitioner bears the burden of proof for each element of compensation requested.

Brewer, 1996 WL 147722, at *22.

Pain and suffering and emotional damages are “inherently subjective” and cannot be

calculated mathematically. I.D. v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 04-1593V, 2013 WL

2448125, at *9 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Apr. 19, 2013). In determining an award of pain and suffering,

special masters should consider the awareness of the injury, severity of the injury, and duration of

the suffering. Id.; McAllister v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 91-1037V, 1993 WL 777030,

at *3 (Fed Cl. Spec. Mstr. Mar. 26, 1993), vacated and remanded on other grounds, 70 F.3d 1240

(Fed. Cir. 1995).

In the past, special masters determined pain and suffering on a continuum, where only the

most severely injured received the full $250,000 amount available for pain and suffering. See, e.g.,

Hocraffer v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 99-533V, 2007 WL 914914, at *5-6 (Fed. Cl.

Spec. Mstr. Feb. 28, 2007) (discussing the development of the “continuum of injury” for awards

of pain and suffering). This approach was explicitly rejected by the Court of Federal Claims in

2013. In Graves v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., Judge Merow stated that this approach forced

“all suffering awards into a global comparative scale in which the individual petitioner’s suffering

is compared to the most extreme cases and reduced accordingly.” 109 Fed. Cl. 579, 589-90 (2013).

Instead, pain and suffering damages should be assessed independently of the $250,000 statutory

limit, after which the cap is “applied.” Id. at 587-88. Judge Merow determined the appropriate

award of pain and suffering damages using the three McAllister factors and looking to prior pain

and suffering awards made in both Vaccine Program cases and comparable injury cases outside of

the Vaccine Program. Id. at 589-91. Thus, a special master may look to prior pain and suffering

awards to aid in her resolution of the appropriate amount of compensation for pain and suffering.

Jane Doe*34 v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 87 Fed. Cl. 758, 768 (2009) (finding that “there is

nothing improper in the chief special master’s decision to refer to damages for pain and suffering

awarded in other cases as an aid in determining the proper amount of damages in this case”).

B. Past Unreimbursable Expenses

A Vaccine Program claimant may recover past actual unreimbursed expenses which:

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(i) resulted from the vaccine-related injury for which the petitioner seeks

compensation,

(ii) were incurred by or on behalf of the person who suffered such injury, and

(iii) were for diagnosis, medical or other remedial care, rehabilitation,

developmental evaluation, special education, vocational training and

placement, case management services, counseling, emotional or behavioral

therapy, residential and custodial care and service expenses, special

equipment, related travel expenses, and facilities determined to be

reasonably necessary.

§ 15(a)(1)(B). The petitioner bears the burden of showing that their requested costs are reasonably

necessary. See, e.g., Brewer v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 1996 WL 147722, *13 (Fed.

Cl. Spec. Mstr. Mar. 18, 1996).

C. Life Care Expenses

Compensation awarded pursuant to the Vaccine Act shall also include “[a]ctual

unreimbursable expenses incurred from the date of the judgment awarding such expenses and

reasonable projected unreimbursable expenses” that,

(i) result from the vaccine-related injury for which the petitioner seeks

compensation,

(ii) have been or will be incurred by or on behalf of the person who suffered

such injury, and

(iii) (I) have been or will be for diagnosis and medical or other remedial care

determined to be reasonably necessary, or

(II) have been or will be for rehabilitation, developmental evaluation,

special education, vocational training and placement, case management

services, counseling, emotional or behavioral therapy, residential and

custodial care and service expenses, special equipment, related travel

expenses, and facilities determined to be reasonably necessary.

§ 15(a)(1)(A).

“[R]easonable projected unreimbursable expenses” must be shown to be “reasonably

necessary.” § 15(a)(1)(A)(iii)(I). “Special masters have characterized this phrase as a ‘vague

instruction’ and a standard for which there is ‘no precise’ definition.” Lerwick ex rel. B.L. v. Sec’y

of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 06-847V, 2014 WL 3720309, at *5 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. June 30,

2014) (quoting Bedell v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 90-765V, 1992 WL 266285, at *4

(Cl. Ct. Spec. Mstr. Sept. 18, 1992)); see also I.D., 2013 WL 2448125, at *6 (defining “reasonably

necessary” to mean “that which is required to meet the basic needs of the injured person . . . but

short of that which may be required to optimize the injured person’s quality of life” (quoting

Scheinfield v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 90-212V, 1991 WL 94360, at *2 (Cl. Ct. Spec.

Mstr. May 20, 1991))); Bedell, 1992 WL 266285, *4 (Cl. Ct. Spec. Mstr. Sept. 18, 1992) (defining

“reasonably necessary” to mean “more than merely barely adequate, but less than the most optimal

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imaginable”); Alonzo v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 18-1157V, 2023 WL 5846682, at *11

(Fed Cl. Spec. Mstr. Aug. 14, 2023).

IV. Analysis

A. Pain and Suffering

1. Petitioner’s Position

Petitioner demands a lump sum of $250,000, arguing that he has “already suffered well

beyond $250,000 of pain and suffering. Pet. Br., ECF No. 220 at 2. Petitioner submits that he has

spent “numerous days in the hospital, thousands of hours of infusions, the loss of his mother, the

inability to be with her when she passed, and he had no money to bury her.” Id. Petitioner also

cites an inability to work and pay his bills, concerns for becoming homeless, and being unable to

enjoy many activities he previously enjoyed, including “driving his Corvette.” Id. Petitioner was

forced to sell his Corvette to pay bills and rent after his friend and housemate, who also cared for

him and helped financially, passed away. Id.

Following a rent increase in October 2023, his inability to secure government financial

assistance, and fear of homelessness, petitioner moved to Georgia and was forced to give up many

of his belongings. Pet. Br. at 3. Petitioner claims he had to move in with “strangers in a racially

unfriendly State” temporarily “until he received his Vaccine Program funds that would allow him

to move back and purchase a very modest home.” Id.; Pet. Ex. 138.

Finally, petitioner is an adult well aware of his pain and emotional distress. Since his

vaccine injury, his life has never been the same. “[B]ut for the cap, Petitioner truly deserves more

for the pain and suffering he has gone through already and what he is going to continue to deal

with in the future.” Pet. Br. at 3.

2. Respondent’s Position

Respondent offers a lump sum of $240,000 arguing that petitioner has a host of medical

comorbidities “‘relevant to pain and suffering, since their ongoing nature means that not all . . .

post-vaccination suffering can in fact be attributed to the vaccine injury.’” Resp. Br. At 3

(quoting Bircheat v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 19-1088V, 2021 WL 3026880, at *4 (Fed.

Cl. Spec. Mstr. June 16, 2021) (emphasis added)). Respondent does not dispute the significant pain

and suffering petitioner has experienced, but the overall facts do not justify the maximum award

because petitioner has significant comorbidities that predated his vaccination and have contributed

to his post-vaccination symptoms. Resp. Br. at 3-4.

3. Conclusion on Pain and Suffering

Petitioner has a complicated past medical history which includes but is not limited to

hypertension, transient ischemic stroke, hypercholesteremia, uncontrolled Type 2 diabetes mellitus

(“DM”) with peripheral vascular complications and diabetic neuropathy, stress urinary

incontinence, chronic neck, back, and hip pain, gastroesophageal reflux disease (“GERD”),

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anemia, depression, and vitamin D deficiency. Pet. Ex. 8 at 5-14; Pet. Ex. 4 at 90-91, 113, 119-

122; Pet. Ex. 94 at 7, 40, 42; Pet. Ex. 16 at 10; Pet. Ex. 89 at 4. Petitioner underwent five spinal

surgeries in 1995, 1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002, including the implantation of a spinal cord

stimulator that is no longer functioning, is embedded in scar tissue, and is suspected of causing

spinal cord compression resulting in bilateral lower extremity symptoms. Pet. Ex. 10; Pet. Ex. 58

at 2; Pet. Ex. 60 at 3; Pet. Ex. 63 at 2-3. In addition to his vaccine-related CIDP, petitioner’s

physicians have opined that his diabetic neuropathy and vascular complications contribute to his

disabilities along with the prior back surgeries and stimulator presence. Pet. Ex. 9 at 14-18; Pet.

Ex. 100 at 12-13. More recent records filed indicate that petitioner also has Parkinson’s disease.

Pet. Ex. 174.

Petitioner worries about what tomorrow will bring and what is going to happen to him if

he does not have the “funds to live a good life or a decent life even.” Transcript of Damages

Hearing (“Tr.”), ECF No. 233 at 48.

Respondent argues that the statutory limit of $250,000 for pain and suffering in every case

would be excessive. Although true, each case must be assessed based on its own facts and

evidence. See Graves, 109 Fed. Cl. at 587-93.

The Vaccine Program discuses two categories of pain and suffering awards: past and

projected. See, e.g., Collado v. Secretary of Health & Hum. Services, No. 17-0225V, 2018 WL

3433352, at *6–8 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. June 6, 2018). Petitioner detailed his past and future pain

and suffering, what he has already endured, and what he expects to endure claiming that all his

suffering is caused by CIDP. He argues that he should receive the full $250,000 available. Pet. Br.

at 2-5. Respondent offers a lump sum of $240,000 without allocation to past and future. In Collado,

the parties similarly did not bifurcate their discussion of past and projected pain and suffering.

Collado, 2018 WL 3433352, at *8. The special master did not award future pain and suffering for

reasons that do not need to be addressed in this case. Id. See Hudson v. Sec'y of Health & Hum.

Servs., No. 21-1711V, 2022 WL 4137446, at *1 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Aug. 8, 2022) and

Commanche v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 19-1409V, 2020 WL 4719198, at *1 (Fed. Cl.

Spec. Mstr. July 14, 2020) for examples of flu/GBS Program awards which did not bifurcate past

and projected pain and suffering.

A review of pain and suffering awards in GBS cases reveals the highest amount awarded

to be $225,000 in June of 2025. See Janni v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 22-285V, 2025

WL 1984084, at * 3, *8 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. June 16, 2025) (The amount was more than

respondent’s offer because petitioner suffered from “acute respiratory failure, an inability to eat,

an inability to communicate, a urinary tract infection (‘UTI’) with resulting sepsis, bedsores,

paresthesia, an inability to ambulate, and ultimately death.”). Prior to the decision in Janni, the

highest Program pain and suffering award for GBS was $197,500. Id. at *3. Respondent’s offer in

this case far exceeds either of these amounts for GBS.

While GBS awards serve as a useful comparator, petitioner’s injury is CIDP. Many pain

and suffering awards for CIDP were based on proffer or stipulation. See, e.g., Gross v. Sec'y of

Health & Hum. Servs., No. 17-1075V, 2023 WL 4676976, at *1 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. June 26,

2023) (CIDP petitioner awarded $196,200 for pain and suffering); Schultheis v. Sec'y of Health &

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Hum. Servs., No. 13-781V, 2016 WL 6835547 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Oct. 11, 2016) (pain and

suffering award for CIDP was $225,000); Bartsch v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 13-536V,

2015 WL 8773406, at *1 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Nov. 20, 2015) (CIDP/GBS pain and suffering

award of $175,000); Pugh v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 11-901V, 2014 WL 4851907, at

*1 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Sept. 9, 2014) (pain and suffering award for CIDP was $175,352.30);

Jarvis v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 16-1354, 2019 WL 4649009, at *1 (Fed. Cl. Spec.

Mstr. Aug. 27, 2019) (pain and suffering award for CIDP was $195,000).

Petitioner demands the full amount of $250,000 available for pain and suffering: “[I]n the

last 10 years, [p]etitioner has already suffered more than $250,000 of pain and suffering and

emotional distress. There is no law that states that any portion MUST be partly attributable to the

future.” Pet. Br. at 4. Petitioner claims respondent’s offer of $240,000 “does not appear to account

for future pain and suffering.” Id. at 2. However, this assertion contradicts petitioner’s statement

two sentences before acknowledging that he understands respondent’s offer to compensate for

“both past and future pain and suffering.” Id. Petitioner also acknowledges that “[r]espondent

generally takes the position that one must attribute ‘some’ pain and suffering and emotional

distress to the future and therefore the future amount of pain and suffering is economically

discounted.” Id. at 3-4.

Respondent offers $240,000 in light of petitioner’s chronic comorbidities. Petitioner

continues to experience a host of comorbidities that are not related to the subject vaccination.

However, “‘[t]he mere fact that a claimant had pre-vaccination comorbidities does not per se

diminish the impact of [the vaccine injury] on his life – especially one as alarming and potentially

life-altering as GBS – and therefore is not alone reason for a lower award.’” Janni, 2025 WL

1984084, at * 3 (quoting Bircheat v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 19-1088V, 2021 WL

3026880, at *4 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. June 16, 2021)). Here, petitioner continues to suffer the

ongoing sequela of his vaccine-related CIDP and continues to receive IVIG treatments to alleviate

those symptoms. However, it must also be noted that not all of petitioner’s ongoing disabilities are

fairly or reasonably attributable to his vaccine-related injury. As noted more fully in the Ruling on

Entitlement and above, petitioner has a host of unrelated chronic comorbidities which affect his

life and cause disabilities over and above those stemming from his CIDP.

It has been over a decade since petitioner’s vaccination and onset of injury. Many of his

ongoing medical issues existed before petitioner’s vaccination and continued afterwards with

increasing disability over time. Petitioner’s experiences therefore cannot perfectly compare to

those of the petitioner in Janni. There, the petitioner was awarded $225,000 for pain and suffering,

among the highest GBS pain and suffering awards in the Program, for his acute medical issues

which caused extreme discomfort and distress and ended in death. However, the special master

also noted that the petitioner’s “injury did not persist for months, or even years,” as is the case

with Mr. Davis. Janni, 2025 WL 1984084, at *8.

Ultimately, “[t]here is no formula for assigning a monetary value to a person's pain and

suffering and emotional distress” and “pain and suffering is not determined based on a continuum.”

Miles v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 20-146V, 2023 WL 21155, at *2 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr.

Jan. 3, 2023) (citations omitted). Perfect comparators are not abundant in the Program for pain and

suffering awards, which has been noted by other special masters. See Holmberg v. Sec'y of Health

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& Hum. Servs., No. 21-1132V, 2024 WL 4607929, at *3 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Oct. 7, 2024) (“Only

a small minority of cases involved a special master's adjudication of damages issues.”). There are

precious few reasoned damages decisions in the Program in the context of CIDP.

Respondent’s offer exceeds even the highest pain and suffering awards for GBS in the

Program. However, I will not disturb the offer made by respondent. Petitioner acknowledged

respondent’s lump sum offer as intended to compensate petitioner for all past and future pain and

suffering. I therefore find $240,000 to be an appropriate award for all past and future pain and

suffering associated with petitioner’s vaccine-related injury of CIDP.

Accordingly, petitioner is awarded a lump sum of $240,000 for past and future pain and

suffering.

B. Life Care Expenses

Actual and projected expenses permitted under § 15(a)(1)(A)-(B) are those expenses

incurred as a result of the vaccine-related injury that are deemed to be reasonably necessary to

meet the basic needs of the injured person but short of what may be required to optimize their

quality of life.

The parties agree that a life care plan is required. Joint Statement, ECF No. 296 at 2. The

final life care plans were filed in June and September 2025, respectively. Pet. Ex. 192; Resp. Ex.

X. Respondent’s submission and life care plan includes petitioner’s life care plan items, the items

covered by Medicare and Medigap, respondent’s agreement or disagreement with each item

contained in petitioner’s life care plan, and additional items offered by respondent that were not

included in petitioner’s plan. Resp. Ex. X.

The parties submitted two final charts. One chart includes all the disputed future care items

and the party’s respective positions regarding those items. The other includes all the final future

care items which have been agreed upon. Resp. Ex. CC; Resp. Ex. Y.

To better understand the reasoning for my decisions below, I include a list of the agreed

upon life care plan items which include: Medicare premiums; cost of medical providers; IVIG

infusions; blood work; medications; incontinence briefs; gloves; wipes; bed pads; counseling

evaluation and sessions; physical, aquatic, and occupational therapies; installation and monitoring

services of a home automation and security system; AFOs; adaptive tools and supplies for

activities of daily living, including compression socks, bathing aids (bath bench, handheld shower

sprayer, grab bars), reachers, gait belts, adaptive tools for hygiene, drinking, and eating, bedside

commode, wheeled walker with seat, canes, battery powered scooter and batteries, light weight

wheelchair, portable wheelchair ramp, plastic mattress covers, a stand and lift recliner; and mileage

to petitioner’s PCP, podiatrist, endocrinologist, PT, counseling, and infusion center. Resp. Ex. Y;

Resp. Ex. X. Those items covered by Medicare or Medigap are designated with an “M.”

Presented to the Court for resolution are those items the parties agreed were necessary but

the cost and/or frequency of replacement were in dispute, including: disposable garbage bags; in-

home attendant care; case management; scooter lift; grab bars; air travel to Culver City for

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petitioner and a caregiver to see petitioner’s neurologist, including hotel, food, and ground

transportation. Also presented for resolution are those items the parties disagreed were necessary,

including: the purchase of a “reliable [motor] vehicle;” bed frame and mattress; home

modifications, handyman, yard care, and heavy-duty house cleaning. Resp Ex. X at 11-15, 17, 19,

20-22.

Each party retained his own life care planner. Petitioner retained Ms. Kattman, a certified

financial planner, familiar with the requirements of the Vaccine Program. Pet. Ex. 158. Ms.

Kattman agrees projected future expenses must be for items that are reasonable and vaccine-related

and include: “Rehabilitation, developmental evaluation, special education, vocational training and

placement, case management services, counseling, emotional and behavioral therapy, residential

and custodial care and service expenses, special equipment, related travel expenses, and facilities.”

Tr. at 154-55, 183-84. She also believes that a person should be allowed to live in their own home

and be provided with the things that would permit them to do so and be productive; she

nevertheless acknowledges that the governing statute does not provide for that. Tr. at 155.

Ms. Kattman prepared her life care plans in this case following review of the medical

records, conversations and site visits with petitioner, conversations with petitioner’s treating

physicians and caregivers, continuing review of information over the years, and research of

services and costs in petitioner’s home area of Sacramento. Tr. at 89, 102-108.

Respondent retained Ms. Curtis who is a certified life care planner, nurse, and case

manager. Tr. at 153, 213-217; Resp. Ex. I. Ms. Curtis reviewed all the records filed, conducted site

visits, reviewed Ms. Kattman’s life care plans and supporting documents, and heard the testimony.

Tr. at 218-219. Ms. Curtis’s goal in preparing life care plans is to provide recommendations that

are reasonable, medically indicated, specific to the vaccine-related injury, and not speculative. Her

recommendations in this case are meant to be comprehensive, meet the petitioner’s needs, and

maximize his independence and ability to function in a safe environment. Tr. at 218, 242-243, 272.

Ms. Kattman, Ms. Curtis, and petitioner’s current treating neurologist, Dr. Shaoulian,

describe petitioner as articulate, intelligent, able to communicate effectively, knowledgeable about

his medical conditions, and able to function with activities of daily living while receiving IVIG

treatment. Tr. 158-159, 225-226, 232-233; Pet. Ex. 195 at 4. Ms. Kattman and Ms. Curtis agree

that, when petitioner was living in his single-level rental home that he had lived in for many years,

he was able to navigate well with a walker. Tr. at 158, 192, 225. Upon his return from Georgia in

March of 2024, he moved into the home of a friend, Ms. Jesse, and now lives in a small upstairs

bedroom with little room to move around and a bathroom down the hall. Tr. at 54, 90, 274.

The items requiring resolution contained in the life care plan include: 1) attendant care; 2)

scooter lift and purchase of a “reliable [motor] vehicle”; 3) home modifications; 4) disposal

garbage bags; 5) case management services; 6) grab bars; 7) adjustable bed frame and mattress; 8)

handyman services, yard care, and cleaning; and 9) travel-related expenses for neurology visits to

Culver City, California.

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1. Attendant Care

The parties agree that in-home attendant care is necessary but disagree about the number

of hours required. The following will also affect petitioner’s claims for out-of-pocket expenses

discussed more specifically below.

Petitioner’s life care plan provides for 24-hour attendant care, 365 days per year, or 168

hours per week, minus 14 hours per week for the two days that petitioner is at the infusion center.

This is reflected in the cost of $329,312.00 per year for life, plus an additional 15 hours for four

days per year for travel to Dr. Shaoulian in Culver City at a cost of $1,230 per year for life. Resp.

Ex. CC at 1.

Respondent’s life care plan provides for 13 hours per day of attendant care, or 91 hours

per week, 365 days per year at a cost of $185,055.00 for life, and 15 hours for one more year of

travel to Dr. Shaoulian at a cost of $1,230.00. Resp. Ex. CC at 1.

Ms. Kattman and Ms. Curtis agree that $39 per hour is appropriate for the level of attendant

care petitioner requires. Tr. at 102.

a. Assessments by the State of California for In-Home Supportive Services

(“IHSS”)

Petitioner applied for IHSS funding for in-home care on September 15, 2014, and has

received continuous IHSS funding since that time. See generally Pet. Ex. 174; Tr. at 20-22; Pet.

Ex. 133 at 4. Based on documents filed as of October 10, 2024, petitioner was receiving 175.45

hours per month, or 43.45 hours per week, to be scheduled as he chooses. Pet. Ex. 175; Tr. 20-22;

Pet Ex. 133 at 4. Ms. Jesse’s billing records show that petitioner is currently receiving 186.36

hours per month, 46.59 hours per week, or approximately six hours per day. Pet. Ex. 201 at 3.

IHSS conducted assessments to determine petitioner’s needs for all his disabilities and

included a checklist of items marked off, which reflect services deemed to be necessary for

petitioner, with the time provided for each service. See Pet. Exs. 174 and 175. Petitioner has been

provided service time for domestic services such as light house cleaning, meal preparation, meal

cleanup, routine laundry, food shopping, other errands such as prescription pick up, bowel and

bladder care, including transfers to the toilet, ambulation, bathing and grooming, rubbing skin for

circulation, setting up medications, and being accompanied to and from medical appointments.

There were no services provided for heavy cleaning, yard work, snow and ice removal, or

education. Petitioner’s hours increased over the years from 103.01 hours per month from his initial

assessment in September 2014 to 186.36 hours per month reflected in IHSS current billing records

for payments to Ms. Jesse. See Pet. Ex. 174 at 29-31, 51, 97, 88-93, 101, 105, 236-239, 377-381,

427-428; Pet. Ex. 201 at 3.

The updated assessment presumably reflecting petitioner’s current living conditions at Ms.

Jesse’s home was not provided. However, a prior assessment performed on February 15, 2023,

stated that petitioner lived in a single-family home with six rooms. Pet. Ex. 174 at 368-372. At the

time of the assessment, petitioner was alone, well groomed, ambulated with two canes, and his

10

home was clean with no safety hazards observed. Id. at 378. He reportedly lived alone, but his

caretaker and friend Ms. Jesse lived nearby and was available to check in on him. Id. He had a

shower chair, walker, raised toilet, four-prong cane, two canes with arm support, leg braces, wrist

braces, Dexcom port for insulin administration, and glasses. Id. His conditions included but were

not limited to: Parkinson’s disease, insulin dependent diabetes, incontinence, CIDP, right-sided

weakness from stroke, tremors, swallowing issues, blood transfusions monthly, IVIG infusions

twice per week, constant weakness, and fatigue. Per petitioner, he could not stand for long periods

of time, his vision was getting worse, and he had numbness and weakness in both hands with

difficulty grasping. Id. at 379. His needs were assessed and a chart of minutes per service required

was created. Id. at 379-384, 388-389. Petitioner was provided 175.18 hour per month, or 43.5

hours per week, of in-home attendant care. Id. at 385-386. Any hours beyond that amount would

be petitioner’s financial responsibility. Id.

Ms. Kattman acknowledged having little information on IHSS in California, other than

knowing it would not provide for 24-hour care or for all of petitioner needs. Tr. at 152, 174. Ms.

Curtis agreed IHSS would not provide 24-hour care, but that the more than 40 hours per week

provided was based on a home assessment. Ms. Curtis was providing 91 hours per week, more

than twice the care petitioner is currently receiving from IHSS. Tr. at 258-259, 295-296, 311.

Ms. Kattman’s recommendation for 24 hours of care per day was based on her

conversations with petitioner, his medical providers, and caregivers, and review of petitioner’s

medical records. Tr. at 91-93, 102-108; Pet Exs. 134-135, 174-175. Petitioner advised Ms.

Kattman that he needs care at night, cannot be left alone safely, and that “Dr. Belsky indicated he

required 24-hour care because of his weakness and deficits from the CIDP.” Tr. at 93. In keeping

with the “standard of practice,” Ms. Kattman spoke with Dr. Belsky about how age might affect

petitioner. Dr. Belsky stated age might accelerate a likely need for 24-hour care. However, none

of petitioner’s doctors said that 24/7 care was necessary. Tr. at 93-94, 176-177. While Ms. Kattman

stated that petitioner has difficulties with many activities of daily living, she “think[s] there is [sic]

several activities of daily living that there’s no question that he can perform.” Tr. at 176.

Ms. Kattman maintained there was no way to allocate 13 hours per day to all of petitioner’s

needs because life is not static and over the years conditions change. Tr. at 109, 98. She

recommended 24-hour attendant care to allow petitioner to do the things he would not otherwise

be able to do, including social and recreational activities. Tr. at 165.

Ms. Curtis agreed that petitioner needs assistance with bathing, dressing, meal preparation,

laundry, light housekeeping, and transportation but noted that he does travel alone by Uber when

necessary. She stated when considering all the agreed-upon care being provided in the life care

plan including comprehensive medical care, physical, occupational, and aquatic therapies, and

equipment to promote independence and facilitate a more functional home, 91 hours per week of

attendant care to be allocated as he chooses is sufficient. Tr. at 244. Further, respondent is

providing for a case manager who can create a schedule to meet all of petitioner’s needs. Id.

Petitioner also spends 14 hours per week or seven hours per day twice weekly at the infusion center

receiving IVIG treatments where he is cared for by the nurses on staff. Tr. at 245.

11

Ms. Kattman argued that petitioner requires a caregiver at night for episodes of

incontinence, getting out of bed, going to the bathroom, and administering medications due to

dexterity problems, particularly on infusion days when his sugar levels are harder to control. Tr.

at 178-181, 201-202; Pet. Ex. 137 at 3; Pet. Ex. 146 at 4.

Ms. Curtis agreed that petitioner may urinate more frequently on infusion days from the

fluids given and provided a bedside urinal to assist with that. Tr. at 237-238. She also agreed the

excess fluids may lead to some diarrhea but found it concerning that none of petitioner’s medical

records document this as an issue; she noted that, because petitioner has diabetes, this could cause

significant problems and should be addressed medically. Tr. at 237-238, 291-292. Further, on

infusion days, because petitioner is cared for by the nursing staff at the infusion center during much

of the day, he can schedule his attendant care for overnight for his needs. Tr. at 231, 257.

Ms. Curtis further disagreed that petitioner needs round-the-clock care for diabetes

medication administration. Tr. at 256-257. She noted at the time his medications included Trulicity

once per week, Lantus at night, which is long-lasting and meant to maintain consistent blood sugar

levels throughout the night and morning hours, and Novolog, which is fast acting before meals and

coffee. Tr. at 229-230. 3 Ms. Curtis added that patients with diabetes often have dexterity and vision

problems, like petitioner, and diabetes medications are typically administered by pen for that

reason. With proper therapies and education, petitioner can administer these medications on his

own. Tr. at 230-231. Ms. Kattman agreed that petitioner’s most recent medical records show

petitioner’s sugar levels are 80% stable. Tr. at 179-181, 227-229, 257, 308-309; Pet. Ex. 137 at 3;

Pet. Ex. 146 at 4.

The life care planners agreed that petitioner returned to California two days prior to their

site visit. Petitioner was noted to be fatigued from the trip but had flown the last leg of the trip

alone, with presumed airport assistance, and was picked up at the airport by private car. Tr. at 156-

157, 223, 279-280. They also agreed petitioner had taken Ubers to the infusion center alone, can

get in and out of a car, and can walk on his own with two canes despite problems with stairs and a

risk of falling. Tr. at 158-159, 236, 239, 286-289; Pet. Ex. 161 at 28. Ms. Curtis referred to the

most recent infusion center records as documenting petitioner to be independent with ambulation,

transfer, toileting, bathing, dressing, and eating during visits by various nurses. Tr. at 309-310;

Pet. Ex. 161 at 27-28, 53, 75-76. Ms. Kattman claimed the records were not accurate or consistent.

Tr. at 312. Ms. Curtis added that petitioner can use a phone to call an Uber, and both agreed he

can hold a pen to sign his name. Therefore, Ms. Curtis stated that petitioner has enough fine motor

control that, with proper training and therapies, he can learn to administer his own diabetes

medications by pen. Tr. at 236, 225-226, 281.

Ms. Curtis added that, in addition to 13 hours per day of attendant care, she has provided

for a home automation and security system and a lifeline monitoring system. Tr. at 246. The lifeline

monitor, worn around the neck, provides access to emergency services if needed. Because

petitioner’s cognitive and verbal abilities are intact, he can communicate with emergency services.

If a fall is detected and petitioner cannot be reached, emergency services are sent. Tr. at 247-248.

3

Petitioner’s 2025 medical records show that Lantus was discontinued due to controlled sugar levels. He takes 10

units of Humalog with coffee, a bagel, and lunch, and five units at dinner. He receives 4.5 mg of Trulicity weekly and

his Dexcom measures sugar levels with no complications. Pet. Ex. 200 at 35.

12

The home automation and security system will enable petitioner to control his environment,

including the lights and thermostat, and he can see who is at the door through security cameras.

The system can be voice activated and controlled by a phone or tablet. Tr. at 248-249. Both the

lifeline and automation system can be used wherever petitioner lives. Tr. at 249.

Ms. Kattman argued that the lifeline system is inadequate because petitioner is a fall risk

and it would not prevent a fall. She agreed it would detect a fall and send emergency services if he

did not respond. 4 Tr. at 127-128, 171. Ms. Kattman agreed the home automation system would

promote independence. Tr. at 128, 171-172.

Ms. Kattman, Ms. Curtis, and petitioner’s current neurologist, Dr. Shaoulian, agree that

physical and occupational therapy would improve petitioner’s strength and educate him on safe

transfers and mobility around the home. Tr. at 173, 249-250. Ms. Kattman agreed that these

therapies provide people with “compensatory strategies so that they’re safe.” Tr. at 173-174. Ms.

Curtis stated that petitioner’s medical records show he has not participated in any form of physical

or occupational therapy since 2018. And while therapies would not return petitioner to 100%, they

would provide more independence by strengthening and educating him on safer transfers and

ambulation using the medical equipment being provided in the life care plan. Strengthening

exercises increase function and balance and reduce the risk of falling. Tr. at 250-251. Further,

petitioner’s use of two canes is not appropriate for anyone; he would be more stable using a walker,

which he previously had, along with a manual wheelchair. Ms. Curtis added that the life care plan

includes a lift chair to make it easier for petitioner to get up. Tr. at 255. She agreed that petitioner

is a fall risk and that balance issues increase with aging. But physical therapy, strengthening for

muscle memory, and education minimize the risk of falls, while simple exercises increase fine

motor movement. Tr. at 256, 250-251, 292, 310-311. All the therapies are covered by Medicare.

Tr. at 250-251.

Ms. Curtis disagrees that 24-hour-per-day care is necessary and summarized the many

interventions and assistive devices provided for in the life care plan. Tr. at 253-254. 13 hours per

day is sufficient to provide petitioner with assistance bathing, dressing, putting on his compression

stockings, making breakfast, preparing lunch, assisting with more complex meals, taking him to

the bathroom, and leaving out snacks. Tr. at 245-47, 290. The life care plan provides for adaptive

equipment for bathing, showering, and toileting, including grab bars, shower and bath bench,

handheld shower head, reacher, AFOs, canes, a walker, motorized scooter, and a manual

wheelchair. Tr. at 251-253. Physical therapy will teach petitioner how to transfer safely including

how to get up and down from furniture and in and out of bed and vehicles. He will have a lifeline

and a home automation and security system. With all the foregoing and an attendant 13 hours per

day, his fall risk is significantly reduced. Tr. at 245, 255. Occupational therapy will provide more

dexterity so that he can administer his own diabetes medication if necessary. Tr. at 283. Ms. Curtis

concluded that the goal in dealing with those with disabilities is to make the individual as

independent as possible and promote their self-esteem and mental health. Tr. at 245, 253.

Petitioner’s life care plan includes counseling sessions to help him deal with stress. Tr. at 252-253.

24-hour care is generally provided for those who are non-verbal, cannot communicate their needs,

4

Petitioner testified that he fell on two recent occasions. Both times, he was with his aide and both times he hit the

floor. On one occasion, petitioner took the aide down with him. Tr. at 34-35.

13

are on a ventilator, and need constant monitoring due to an unstable airway. This is not petitioner’s

situation. Tr. at 254.

b. Petitioner’s Testimony and Declaration

Petitioner testified, “I need help for . . . 15 hours a day.” Tr. at 26. IHSS provides hours

“depending on . . . what your needs are. Anything over and above that, you are going to have to

get someone from the outside.” Id. IHSS provided 178 hours per month or five hours per day based

on their assessment. Tr. at 56. After several variations from petitioner for how and by whom the

assessment for his IHSS hours is done, he finally stated that someone from IHSS comes to the

house, conducts a site visit every year, goes over medications, safety issues, and contact

information, discusses the various things he needs help with, and then allocates the number of

hours he needs. Tr. at 56-58. Petitioner stated that he had not had an assessment since moving back

to California from Georgia in March of 2024. 5 Tr. at 58.

Petitioner stated that his caregivers make sure he is showered, dressed, has water, and is

cleaned at night if he has an accident. They rub his legs for circulation, change his linens, assist

him to the bathroom and on and off the toilet, give him his medications because he cannot see the

labels and fumbles with the lids, test the shower water because of his loss of sensitivity to hot and

cold, monitor his sugars through the Dexcom on their phone, carry his glucose pens, iron his jeans,

make him breakfast, do his laundry and grocery shopping, pick up his prescriptions, schedule his

appointments, and pay his bills. Tr. at 6-7, 28, 30-32, 33, 34, 39, 65-66; Pet. Ex. 138 at 4. His

caregiver stays with him during infusions because the caregiver “gives me some relief and gives

me some company, too,” but agreed the nursing staff is there for all his needs. Tr. at 33, 36-38, 62-

65. He agreed he has taken Ubers and attended infusions alone when his caregiver was unavailable.

Tr. at 62.

Petitioner stated he needs a caregiver overnight because he cannot sleep, needs food, water,

or assistance to the bathroom and to be cleaned after accidents. Pet. Ex. 138 at 4. He is stronger

after receiving the infusions of IVIG but suffers from diarrhea on infusion nights. Id. Because he

has trouble “do[ing] tasks of daily living,” his caregivers cook, clean, shop, run errands, attend

infusions, bathe him, shave him, put on and take off his braces, flip his mattress, assist with

transfers, lay out his clothes, take him to medical visits, take out the garbage, and help him up and

down the stairs. Id. He claimed to have “no quality of life,” and needs the “funds to live a good

life or a decent life even.” His life would be simpler with reliable caregivers he could count on to

deal with everyday tasks such as groceries, paying bills, and traveling with him to his neurologist

so that he does not have to worry about anything and someone is with him if something happens.

Tr. at 48-50.

c. Letters from Petitioner’s Treating Physicians

Petitioner filed letters from Drs. Shaoulian, Belsky, and Chung which state that he requires

24/7 care. Pet. Ex. 141; Pet. Ex. 143; Pet. Ex. 147.

5

This does not explain the letters petitioner received in July 2024 and October of 2024 advising him of the updated

hours being provided or Ms. Jesse’s current billing at 186 hours per month. However, the last assessment filed was

from February of 2023. Pet. Ex. 174; Pet. Ex. 175.

14

Dr. Chung, a primary care physician in Georgia, wrote on March 1, 2024, “To Whom it

May Concern,” petitioner has “a lot of medical conditions that qualify him for 24 hour nursing

services.” Pet. Ex. 141 at 1. He has CIDP that is progressive and requires routine IVIG

transfusions. He is a high fall risk, has fallen several times injuring himself, and struggles with

ADLs. Id.

Dr. Shaoulian wrote on April 8, 2024, “To Whom It May Concern,” petitioner “has CIDP.

He has lower extremity weakness and loss of balance. He is having falls. He is having difficulty

doing his ADLS like getting dressed and preparing his meals. He would benefit from having 24

hour home health care.” 6 Pet. Ex. 143 at 3.

Dr. Belsky wrote two letters on April 18, 2024. The first: “To Whom It May Concern:

Harvard I Davis III has been under my care. He currently struggles with weakness and is at

significant risk of fall. He requires 24 hour care.” Pet. Ex. 147 at 1. The second letter added: “Due

to his chronic medical illness, he requires the following home accommodation/changes: ramps to

access front and back of dwelling; grab bars in bathrooms; wheelchair accessible, roll-in shower;

raised toilet.” Id. at 2.

A letter dated June 11, 2024, was filed from the director at the infusion center, stating: “To:

Whom this may concern [petitioner] is a patient at the Infusion Center. . . . He is completely

dependent for his activities of daily living. His dependency is as described: food prep, eating,

cleaning, bathing, bathroom assistance, dressing, shopping, traveling, transferring from the

wheelchair to chair, mobilization, and adherence to medical regiment.” Pet. Ex. 165. This letter is

inconsistent with the nursing notes from the infusion center. See, e.g., Pet. Ex. 161 at 53 (noting

petitioner does not “have difficulty with toileting, bathing, dressing or eating,” and is described as

independent for ambulation, transferring, toileting, bathing, dressing, and eating).

d. Conclusion

Neither Ms. Kattman nor Ms. Curtis requested any the above-referenced letters. They did

not believe that any of petitioner’s doctors visited petitioner at home or were provided with or

knew the extent of interventions being recommended for petitioner in the life care plans. Tr. at 95-

97, 176-177, 307-308; Pet. Ex. 141; Pet. Ex. 143; Pet. Ex. 147. Ms. Curtis added that requirements

for in-home care are not within doctors’ expertise, but treaters often try and help their patients

when asked to do so. However, nothing in petitioner’s medical records supports the need for 24-

hour care. Tr. at 307. At the hearing, petitioner confirmed the letters were written after he advised

his treaters of the things he believed would make his life more comfortable. He confirmed that

none of the doctors visited him at home or reviewed the life care plan recommendations. Tr. at 67-

69. Therefore, it appears that these letters were written at petitioner’s request with little basis for

their content offering little in assisting with petitioner’s actual needs. See Snyder v. Sec'y of Health

& Hum. Servs., 88 Fed. Cl. 706, 745 n.67 (2009) (finding that the testimony of a treating physician

is not “sacrosanct”); Ruiz v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 02-156V, 2007 WL 5161754, at

6

This letter was written on the same day petitioner flew to Culver City to see Dr. Shaoulian, after returning from

Georgia and after not having received IVIG for 5 months. See Pet. Ex. 144 at 5.

15

*15 (Fed. Cl. Oct. 15, 2007) (special master was not arbitrary in rejecting a statement of a treating

doctor that was given years after treatment ended and only in the context of litigation).

Petitioner’s medical records do not support the need for 24-hour care. Notably, Dr. Chung’s

letter refers to the need for 24-hour “nursing” care. Dr. Chung is a primary care physician at Advent

Health Medical Group in Georgia where petitioner lived for five months. The only record filed

from Dr. Chung was dated March 1, 2024, and refers to a “face-to-face” evaluation, an order for a

“Four wheel walker” and a diagnosis of “Gait Instability.” Pet. Ex. 140 at 1. There were no details

of the visit, no history, no examination notes, and no documented need for 24-hour “nursing” care.

Id. The most recent life care plan authored by Ms. Kattman however references a visit with Dr.

Chung on October 31, 2023, to establish care for CIDP, iron deficiency anemia, steroid induced

DM, other iron deficiency anemia, history of stroke, screening for prostate cancer, erectile

dysfunction, chronic hip pain, chronic back pain, sleep apnea, and acid reflux. This record was not

filed. Pet. Ex. 152 at 4. Therefore, it appears that Dr. Chung may have seen petitioner more than

once, but the medical history was based on what she was told by petitioner rather than any review

of his prior medical history and medical records.

Dr. Shaoulian’s 2024 and 2025 records confirm that when petitioner receives IVIG twice

weekly he walks better with two canes and has significant improvement in upper and lower body

strength and pain vibration sense. Pet. Ex. 144 at 6; Pet. Ex. 136 at 1. On examination, petitioner

has 5/5 strength in all extremities, normal sensory to vibration, decreased pain sensation to the

knees, and zero reflexes throughout with normal rapid alternating movements. He can stand

pushing on his cane but drags his legs. Pet. Ex. 144 at 5. Ms. Kattman testified that neither Dr.

Shaoulian nor Dr. Belsky stated that 24-hour care was medically necessary or that petitioner could

not perform activities of daily living. Indeed, she believes there are “several activities of daily

living that there’s no question that [petitioner] can perform.” Tr. at 176. The record does not

include the need for 24-hour care.

Petitioner’s current diabetes medications include 10 units of Humalog with coffee and a

bagel and lunch, five units at dinner, and 4.5 mg of Trulicity weekly. Lantus, a long-acting

medication previously prescribed for overnight use, has been discontinued and his Dexcom

measures sugar levels with no complications. Pet. Ex. 200 at 35; Tr. at 229-230. His diabetes is

80% controlled. Pet. Ex. 200 at 35, 39. Further, with the provided therapies, petitioner will be able

to administer his own medications by pen. Tr. at 230-231. In addition, petitioner’s medical record

includes that he has not been accompanied to medical visits since the death of his friend in

November of 2022. Pet. Ex. 200 at 35. His medical providers attribute his neuropathy to CIDP and

diabetes, but he has “full capacity.” Id. at 28.

IHSS is currently providing petitioner with 186.36 hours of in-home care per month, or

approximately 45 hours per week or 6.4 hours per day. Pet. Ex. 175; Tr. at 20-22; Pet Ex. 133 at

4; Pet. Ex. 200.

IHSS was addressed in Lerwick v. Sec’y of Health and Hum. Servs, in which the special

master noted that California has established an admirable system to care for disabled individuals.

Lerwick, 2014 WL 3720309, at *8. While Ms. Kattman conceded to having little information about

IHSS in California, Ms. Curtis confirmed that 40 hours per week of in-home services provided by

16

IHSS had to be based on an in-home assessment. Tr. at 152, 174. At the time of the hearing,

petitioner confirmed that in-home assessments were done, but none had been done since he moved

in with Ms. Jesse in March of 2024. Tr. at 56, 58. The increase to 186.36 hours monthly suggests

that an in-home assessment has been done of petitioner’s current living arrangement with Ms.

Jesse. However, no assessment since February of 2023 has been filed. Thus, as the special master

stated in Lerwick, while the California’s system is not necessarily perfect, it is a reasonable starting

point.

While IHSS is providing 186.36 hours per month, or 6.4 hours per day, of in-home care,

on his own initiative, petitioner entered into agreements with non-medical individuals to cover 24

hours per day of care to make his meals, do his shopping and laundry, pick up his prescriptions,

pay his bills, schedule his appointments, assist him with dressing and showering, put on and take

off his compression socks and AFOs, change his sheets, provide his medications as prescribed,

monitor his sugar levels on their phone, act as chauffeur, and essentially serve as his 24-hour

companion. Petitioner’s medical records do not document the need for 24-hour care and much of

the care being provided is not medical, rehabilitative, or custodial in nature. Special masters are

authorized to award compensation for only “reasonably necessary” services.

Respondent’s life care plan provides 91 hours per week, or 13 hours per day, of attendant

care, twice that being provided by IHSS. The agreed-upon life care plan items include therapies to

strengthen petitioner and assist with balance, assistive devices, monitoring devices, and an

automated security system to make him more independent. Ms. Kattman’s argument for 24-hour

care contradicts a life care planner’s goal in promoting the individual’s independence and is

contrary to what petitioner advised her he was striving for: “equipment and accommodations to

live as independently as possible” with the understanding “he would need assistance for basic and

other activities during the day.” Tr. at 139. Respondent’s plan is more in keeping with petitioner’s

stated goals and promotes independence. Petitioner’s plan for 24-hour attendant care promotes

dependency.

In my experience as a practitioner in this Program for many years, and as a special master

for over a decade, 24/7 care is awarded only to the most vulnerable, severely injured individuals

incapable of caring for themselves in any way, such as infants, children, adults on ventilators and

feeding tubes, and adults who have lost the use of their arms and legs entirely. In other words, 24/7

care is appropriate only for those with no ability to care for themselves. This is not the case here.

The agreed-upon life care plan items are extensive in promoting independence. The life

care planners and petitioner’s treating physician, Dr. Shaoulian, agree that, with therapies and

education, petitioner can gain the strength, dexterity, and balance to achieve a level of

independence and self-confidence to participate in a life he enjoys if he is willing to participate.

The goal of a Program recovery is not to make one’s life better than it would have been if not for

the vaccine-related injury. I find that 91 hours per week of attendant care, along with all of the

other agreed-upon items, will more than accommodate petitioner’s needs and provide him with the

independence to participate in his social and community activities.

17

2. Scooter Lift and a Reliable Vehicle

The parties agree on a scooter lift for a vehicle but disagree on the cost of the lift and

whether petitioner is entitled to a “reliable vehicle.”

a. The Positions of the Life Care Planners

Ms. Kattman’s life care plan includes a reliable vehicle now and every seven years through

life expectancy at a cost of $47,278 for each vehicle and a scooter lift now and every seven years

through life expectancy at a cost of $2,800 each. Pet. Ex. 192 at 10.

Respondent’s life care plan includes a scooter lift at a cost of $1,384 now and every ten

years through life expectancy. A reliable vehicle is not included. Resp. Ex. X at 15.

Ms. Kattman noted that petitioner cannot drive and stated that he sold his Corvette when it

became inaccessible over the years. Tr. at 116-117. Her life care plan includes a vehicle so the

scooter lift can be attached to it. Tr. at 117-118. If petitioner was to acquire a car, someone else

could drive him. Tr. at 159. Ms. Kattman ultimately agreed that a personal vehicle would be a

routine expense for petitioner. Tr. at 160.

Ms. Curtis stated that she provided a scooter lift which can attach to a regular car or small

SUV as well as a walker and manual wheelchair, both which can fold and fit in the trunk of any

vehicle. Tr. at 258-262, 296-297. Ms. Curtis argues that the purchase of a vehicle however is a

routine expense not covered by the Program. Tr. at 262, 297.

Regarding the disparity in the cost of the scooter lift, Ms. Kattman advised that Ms. Curtis

used a sale or discounted price, which is not permitted by the tenets and consensus statements for

life care planning. Tr. at 118. Her back-up documents show that the scooter lift retails for $2,800

but Ms. Curtis used a $1,384 discounted rate. Ms. Kattman stated that it is customary to use the

average of two or three costs for which an item may be purchased. If a sale price is used, it may

not be available at that price at time of purchase. Tr. at 118-119; Resp. Ex. Q at 7.

Ms. Curtis stated that she routinely uses the company Spinlife for these items. Spinlife

always has discounted rates, is a reputable site with “fairly consistent pricing,” and is in keeping

with the vaccine guidelines for the most cost-effective items. Tr. at 262.

b. Petitioner Testimony and Declaration

Petitioner declared that he no longer drives because his legs start to quiver during stop-

and-go traffic and he no longer has the capacity to grip the steering wheel the way he used to. Pet.

Ex. 138 at 5. Petitioner sold his car to pay his bills. Pet. Ex. 138 at 4.

c. Conclusion

Over the years, friends and caregivers have driven petitioner, or he has called a ride share

service. The life care planners agree to the purchase of a motorized scooter and scooter lift. They

18

also provide for a walker and manual wheelchair both of which fold and can be transported in the

trunk of any car.

The Program has on occasion compensated a petitioner in need of an accessible vehicle for

purposes of transporting a motorized wheelchair. Even in those circumstances, the recovery was

limited to the incremental cost of the modified vehicle over a standard car, and only that portion

of use attributed to petitioner, recognizing that the vehicle would also serve the general family.

Scheinfield v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 90-212V, 1991 WL 94360, at *3 (Fed. Cl. Spec.

Mstr. May 20, 1991).

Petitioner has not established that a vehicle is a reasonable necessity that would improve

his daily functional capacity. Rather, the vehicle constitutes a lifestyle enhancement which is not

compensable under § 15(a)(1)(A). Therefore, and as the life care planners ultimately agreed, a car

would be a routine expense for petitioner and is therefore not compensable.

As to the cost of the scooter lift, Ms. Kattman provides for the purchase of a lift now and

every seven years through life expectancy at a cost of $2,800 each time. Pet. Ex. 192 at 10. Ms.

Curtis counters with the purchase of a lift now and every ten years through life expectancy at a

cost of $1,384 per replacement. Resp. Ex. X at 15.

The difference in the price of the scooter lift depends upon where the lift is purchased. Ms.

Curtis explained that Spinlife, through whom she priced the lift, provides “discounted” prices that

are “fairly consistent,” while Ms. Kattman provided actual pricing that would not fluctuate.

Petitioner is awarded the retail price of $2,800 as provided by Ms. Kattman. Neither of the life

care planners provided a reason for their respective positions for replacement of the lift every seven

versus 10 years. It is anticipated that if petitioner was to purchase a vehicle, he would do so every

seven years, which would require the replacement of the lift as well. Therefore, petitioner is

awarded replacement of the scooter lift every seven years. The purchase of a vehicle is a routine

cost and not medically required in this case and is denied.

3. Home Modifications

Petitioner’s life care plan includes $121,812 for future home modifications. Pet. Ex. 192 at

14.

Respondent’s plan provides $0 for home modifications because petitioner does not own a

home. Resp. Ex. X at 20.

a. The Positions of the Life Care Planners

Ms. Kattman provided for the cost of home renovations, stating that the cost is necessary

because petitioner told her about his plans to buy a home upon resolution of this case, and that he

“worked his life as a manager[,] 7 . . . had plans for his future that he wanted to . . . achieve,” and

that “he wanted the equipments and accommodations to live as independently as possible, but still

7

Petitioner was not a manager. He was in sales and had long stretches of time during which he was unemployed. See

Ruling on Entitlement, ECF No. 169 at 4, 10 n.52, 23.

19

understood he would need assistance for basic and other activities during the day.” Tr. at 139, 164.

Ms. Kattman agreed that petitioner does not own a home and that it would be impossible to predict

what modifications would be needed if he was to find a home to purchase. Tr. at 164, 181.

However, any home petitioner would purchase would require modifications for access to the

bathroom, kitchen, and making stairs safe.

Because the house type is yet unknown, Ms. Kattman used standard methodology of life

care planning, “utilizing the budget that the VA puts out for people who need modifications to

their home for accessibility,” which in 2024 was $117,000. Tr. at 138, 139-140, 191; Pet. Ex. 155

at 4-5; Pet. Ex. 157; Pet. Ex. 162; Pet. Ex. 202. The disputed amount in the recently filed position

papers include an amount of $121,812. Pet. Ex. 192 at 14. Ms. Kattman agrees petitioner is not a

disabled veteran or servicemember and would not qualify for a VA grant. But one criterion for the

grant is loss of a limb wherein the person cannot balance without braces, crutches, or a wheelchair.

Ms. Kattman analogizes this provision to the impact petitioner’s injury has had on him. She agrees

petitioner is not, in fact, paralyzed and that he walks with two canes. Tr. at 140-141, 191. She also

relies on an article in the Journal of Life Care Planning but agrees the article did not discuss the

Vaccine Program. Tr. at 183. Ms. Kattman further agrees that she used the maximum amount of

the VA award, that only 120 veterans per year receive the award/grant and that the veteran or a

family member must own a home in order to receive the award/grant. Once the award/grant is

awarded, an architect assesses the home to determine what is necessary for the particular home.

Ms. Kattman stated the system was “imperfect” but the best one to use for petitioner without being

able to get an exact quote. The number was representative. Tr. at 141-142, 144-146, 191.

Ms. Kattman stated when preparing a plan for a child, she includes a budget for the parent’s

home as well as the child’s eventual emancipation. Tr. at 143. She agrees the Vaccine Program

only provides for reasonably projected future expenses, but as a life care planner, “it’s imperative

to have an accurate and supportable plan, that it be developed with the same methodology, whether

it’s for a Vaccine Program or not.” Tr. at 183-184. Ms. Kattman could not answer how many

Program cases have ever approved an inherently speculative cost for modifications to an equally

speculative home. Tr. at 143.

Ms. Kattman stated that petitioner currently lives in a home that is not wheelchair

accessible, in an upstairs bedroom with a bathroom down the hall. Tr. at 90-91. The rental home

petitioner previously lived in for years was on one level with a bathroom in his bedroom. Tr. at 91.

Ms. Curtis agreed that petitioner’s current living arrangement is difficult to navigate, poses

a fall risk with a dog running around and moving would be better for him. Tr. at 244-255. She also

agrees that a certain degree of intervention in a future residence will be necessary to make it safer

and more accessible. Tr. at 263. But petitioner’s future living situation is speculative. Further, he

ambulates with two canes, does not require a motorized wheelchair, and his home would not

require extensive modifications, such as widening of doors. Tr. at 263. The $117,000 amount for

home modifications is not specific to petitioner. Nor can a lump sum be recommended when it is

unknown where petitioner is going to live. Tr. at 164. Life care plans must be based on current

information, not speculation. Tr. at 293. Further, with all the adaptive and assistive devices being

provided to petitioner in the life care plan, he could make his home safe. Tr. at 181-182. Ms.

Kattman agreed. Tr. at 182-183.

20

b. Petitioner’s Testimony and Declaration

Petitioner stated that with the appropriate funds from this case, he will purchase a home.

Tr. at 50. He has no specific home in mind, and the choice will depend upon his financial situation.

Tr. at 61. He has looked at homes in the Clovaset area near Fresno which are less costly than

Sacramento; his daughter lives near there and he would like to get to know her. Tr. at 79-80.

Petitioner added that, with owning a home, “I understand the things that come with that, water,

gardening, all those things. I understand that, keeping it up . . . when something breaks, having

someone come in and fix it. I understand that, but it’s my home. It’s not the landlord’s home. Tr.

at 50.

c. Conclusion

Section 15(a)(1)(A) authorizes compensation for expenses “for diagnosis, medical or other

remedial care” of the injured person when those expenses are reasonably necessary because of the

vaccine injury. Section 15(c) further specifies that residential compensation “shall be sufficient to

enable the compensated person to remain living at home.” The Program does not provide

reimbursement for routine living expenses or speculative future improvements. See Potter v. Sec’y

of Health & Hum. Servs., 22 Cl. Ct. 701, 704-05 (1991) (finding that, in the context of awarding

petitioner a fund for future inflation costs, the statute “mandates factual certainty” that expenses

“‘have been or will be necessary’” for the enumerated list of expenses, and that “[t]here is little

room, therefore, for compensation based on uncertain future expenses”).

In Kono v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., petitioners sought compensation for increased

rental costs to move from their existing apartment into a larger four-bedroom unit that they

believed would better accommodate their child’s medical condition. No. 93-123V, 1995 WL

774598, at *16 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Dec. 21, 1995). While acknowledging that the family’s

current apartment was “not optimal for the care of a child in [petitioner’s] condition,” the special

master emphasized that § 15(c) authorizes compensation only for expenses “‘sufficient to enable

the compensated person to remain living at home.’” Id. Because the request related to an alternate

residence and lacked evidence of medical necessity or ownership, the court found no precedent to

support payment of housing costs for an alternate residence, even where “the record also

demonstrates that home modifications would not be possible in this situation.” Id.

However, in Stotts v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., the court upheld a special master’s

decision to award a lump sum for home modifications, noting that the timing of future moves could

not be precisely predicted. 23 Cl. Ct. 352, 369-70 (1991). In Mihal, petitioner was awarded only

$2,000 for home modifications when the injured party suffered from a residual seizure disorder

because petitioner did not own her home. Mihal v. Sec'y of Dep't of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 90-

724V, 1992 WL 110339, at *2 (Cl. Ct. Apr. 30, 1992). See also see also H.R.Rep. No. 908, 99th

Cong., 2d Sess. 1, 21, reprinted in U.S. Code Cong. and Ad.News 6287, 6344, 6362. (“This

provision is not intended ... to provide for the payment of family living expenses, the purchase of

a home, or the construction of a major addition. The Committee intends that this provision allow

for ... such modifications to existing physical facilities (such as bathroom facilities) as are

necessary to ensure that injured persons are not required to be institutionalized for purely economic

21

reasons.”) (emphasis added). Thus, § 15(c) limits compensation to modification of an existing

residence, but not for home modification for speculative or hypothetical future housing.

Petitioner previously lived in a rental property for many years which upon assessment by

IHSS accommodated his needs. He currently lives with his friend and caregiver, Anna Jesse.

Petitioner provided no evidence that he has ever owned a home. But for relying on a recovery from

his vaccine related claim, petitioner has no other financial means to purchase a home. See Tr. at

50. Petitioner stated that he was looking for homes around the Clovaset area which is cheaper than

Sacramento but provided no information about the feasibility of finding and acquiring a home

there. He did not provide any information about purchasing a home in the Sacramento area where

he has lived for years, has friends and a support system, and his medical providers are located.

I am unpersuaded by petitioner’s argument for $121,000 for home modification. Because

it is a wholly speculative cost, I deny this request.

4. Handyman, Yard, and Cleaning Services

Petitioner’s life care plan includes $1,650 per year for handyman services, $2,100 per year

for yard work, and $2,080 per year for household cleaning services from now through life

expectancy. Pet. Ex. 192 at 14.

Respondent disagrees and argues these are all routine costs. Resp. Ex. X at 20.

a. The Positions of the Life Care Planners

Ms. Kattman included these items because petitioner “would like to have [these things] for

his future based on what his goals had been prior to the vaccine injury” and because these were

things petitioner used to do when he lived in his prior rental property but can no longer do because

of his vaccine-related injury. Tr. at 147-148, 184. If his future residence is a single-family

residence with a yard, petitioner will need this assistance. Tr. at 184.

After much posturing, Ms. Kattman agreed that when she prepares a plan, she includes all

the needs of a disabled person but recognizes the law will dictate whether or not all will be

provided. Tr. at 184-187. She stated that the Vaccine Act language is “nuanced” and in some cases

yard care assistance has been provided even when characterized as a routine expense. Tr. at 188.

Ms. Kattman agreed that it is hard to predict that petitioner will need handyman services

whether in a rental property or home of his own for the things that people do routinely like hanging

decorations and changing filters. Tr. at 188-189. She estimated 25 hours per year based on the

“time use survey.” If the gutters need to be cleaned or the house needs more fixing, the cost could

increase, but she provided for about two hours per month for changing water filters, light bulbs,

replacing screens, etc. Tr. at 189. She agrees if petitioner lives in an apartment, he may not have a

need for any of these services. Tr. at 189. She also provided for heavy cleaning, including washing

walls, windows, ovens, and vents, things a caregiver would not do but petitioner previously did.

Tr. at 190.

22

Ms. Curtis stated these costs, like home modifications, are speculative and not specific to

petitioner because it is unknown where he will be living. Tr. at 265-266, 298-299. She does provide

these services on occasion for the elderly when they own their own home and provide

documentation that they had to hire someone to do the things they had previously done. Tr. at 299.

This kind of provision is specific to the individual and to their living situation. Petitioner’s future

living situation is unknown. Tr. at 300.

b. Conclusion

In Whitledge v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., the Court denied reimbursement for

“mortgage payments, lawn care, snow removal and food” and entertainment expenses holding that

such costs were “not the result of and [were] not related to [the child’s] injuries” under § 15(a). 19

Cl. Ct. 144, 144-45 (1989). Similarly, in Spayde v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., tasks like

cooking and home maintenance are compensable only when “reasonably necessary” to assist the

injured person, not as ordinary domestic chores. No. 16-1499V, 2023 WL 6806125, at *6 (Fed.

Cl. Spec. Mstr. Sept. 21, 2023).

Petitioner seeks routine expenses for a handyman, housekeeping, and landscaping services

for a home that he does not own and for a residence that may or may not require such services.

For example, if petitioner finds a suitable apartment, many of these services may be provided while

others are routine living expenses with some already being provided for by a caregiver. The

Program does not provide compensation for ordinary lifestyle or convenience costs. Thus,

compensation associated with a home petitioner does not own and for services he may not need is

speculative and inappropriate.

Petitioner’s request for compensation for handyman, yard, and cleaning services is denied.

5. Disposal Bags

Ms. Kattman’s life care plan includes $15 per year for garbage bags, one per day. Pet. Ex.

192 at 7. Ms. Curtis disagrees, arguing that garbage bags are a routine cost of daily living. Resp.

Ex. X at 11.

a. The Positions of the Life Care Planners

The life care planners agree and provide for incontinence products including briefs,

wipes, bed pads, and gloves. Tr. at 100-101. Ms. Kattman included trash bags for incontinence

products to be disposed of daily. Tr. at 101.

Ms. Curtis disagreed for two reasons. First, garbage bags are a routine expense. Second,

petitioner reported incontinence resulting from his IVIG treatment. This issue is not noted in his

medical records. But assuming petitioner does experience frequent incontinence, medications are

available to address the issue. Tr. at 272, 304-305. Ms. Curtis also included a bedside commode

for more independence. Tr. at 304.

23

b. Conclusion

Garbage bags are a routine cost of daily living and would be required regardless of

whether an injury exists. They are therefore not compensable.

6. Case Management Services

The parties agree on case management services but disagree on how many hours are

necessary. ECF No. 206 at 4.

Ms. Kattman provides for three hours per month of case management for the first three

years at a rate of $5,220 per year and two hours per month for each year thereafter to life

expectancy for $3,480 per year. Pet. Ex. 192 at 9. Respondent provides for two hours per month

to life expectancy in the amount of $3,480 per year. Resp. Ex. X at 13.

Ms. Kattman and Ms. Curtis agree to a rate of $145 an hour. Tr. at 112.

a. The Positions of the Life Care Planners

Ms. Kattman stated that she added an extra 12 hours in the first three years to ensure

petitioner has advocacy and support while he changes from IHSS to a home health agency,

purchases a home, has modifications performed to ensure accessibility, transitions from Medicaid

to Medicare with the appropriate supplements, purchases a vehicle and insurance, confirms

coverage of his IVIG treatment, and all else that needs to be done for a smooth transition. Tr. at

112-116. She provides for additional hours for three years because these things take time especially

finding and remodeling a house. Tr. at 115-116.

Ms. Curtis argued that petitioner’s care is consistent with established medical providers.

The case manager she provided will assist with his transition to a local neurologist and with getting

him scheduled for therapies. Tr. at 269. Further, the home health agency providing the caregiver

will assign a case manager to oversee the hours needed and will provide all scheduling for

petitioner’s needs. Tr. at 269-270. Petitioner is well-versed in his condition, lives in a familiar area,

and getting him into therapies and potentially a local neurologist would not take much

coordination. Tr. at 275-276. Petitioner is already on Medicare. Tr. at 277. Therefore, two hours

per month is sufficient for his needs. Tr. at 270.

b. Conclusion

I spent five days at hearing with petitioner over the years. He is intelligent, articulate, and

knowledgeable about his health and medical conditions with no mental or communication deficits.

He is quite capable of handling his daily affairs. His medical records confirm his ability to attend

to his daily activities and refer to him as a good historian well-versed in his various medical

conditions. Ms. Kattman’s recommendations are based on what petitioner wishes his life to look

like and what she was told by caregivers he has hired. This includes Ms. Jesse, who has been

petitioner’s friend for years, with whom he currently lives, is being paid by IHSS to provide the

services deemed necessary to him, has been promised additional monies from the Vaccine Court,

24

and based on the foregoing, would support all that petitioner claims that he needs and wants.

Ms. Kattman has provided case management services for every possible scenario that could

arise, many speculative, others covered by the caregiver during the hours provided and none

requiring three years to accomplish. Ms. Kattman agrees that two hours per month every year for

life after the first three years is appropriate. Many of the reasons provided by Ms. Kattman for the

extra 12 hours are for events that do not exist. These include, for example, transition from Medicaid

to Medicare (petitioner already has Medicare Parts, A, B and D in place), buying a car and

insurance, and buying a house and doing modifications. Many of these scenarios are, at this point,

entirely speculative.

Petitioner is awarded case management services in the amount of two hours per month for

life.

7. Grab Bars

Petitioner seeks the installation of four grab bars with replacement every 10 years through

life expectancy at a cost of $252 now and for each replacement. Pet. Ex. 191 at 11. Respondent

includes portable grab bars for petitioner’s rental home that he can take with him in the future at a

cost of $36.99. Resp. Ex. X at 17.

a. The Positions of the Life Care Planners

Ms. Kattman provided for a range of grab bars with installation in different locations, in

the bathroom, one in the shower, one by the toilet, for a total of $252. Tr. at 128. She recommends

they be installed to be secure. The ones Ms. Curtis proposes attach by suction cups which is

concerning in light of petitioner’s weight and the bars’ tendency to come unstuck. The portable

bars pose a fall risk. Tr. at 129-130.

Ms. Curtis recommends portable grab bars because petitioner is in a rental situation and/or

not a permanent residence. Petitioner may not be able to permanently alter his current residence.

Tr. at 272, 294. His future living arrangement is unknown. Tr. at 294.

b. Conclusion

I agree with Ms. Kattman that portable grab bars attached to the wall by suction cups are

not always secure. However, for well over 13 years, petitioner has been navigating the bathroom

and showering without grab bars. Ms. Curtis is also accurate that permanent grab bars cannot be

installed in a rental property or a temporary residence belonging to a friend. Petitioner walks with

two canes, is stronger with IVIG, and has been advised by his neurologist and both life care

planners of the necessity for physical and occupational therapy to increase strength and balance

and to be educated on transfers.

The permanent grab bars as proposed by petitioner are the best option considering the

relative safety and efficacy of the options. However, petitioner does not currently live in his own

residence and so cannot permanently modify the home in which he lives. As a result of petitioner’s

25

current living conditions, the portable grab bars are the best option and should be provided for at

this time. However, permanent grab bars will be necessary if and when he moves to a suitable

home. Petitioner shall be provided with two portable grab bars, one to be located by the toilet and

one to be located in the shower for now. A set of permanent grab bars, one to be installed by the

toilet and one to be installed in the shower, are also to be provided for when petitioner moves to a

more suitable permanent location with replacements every 10 years for life.

8. Adjustable Bed Frame and Mattress

The parties disagree that petitioner is entitled to an adjustable bed frame and mattress. ECF

No. 296 at 4.

Petitioner’s life care plan includes $1,083 for a bed frame now and every 13 years thereafter

for life expectancy and $1,260 for a mattress now and every seven years through life expectancy.

Pet. Ex. 192 at 13.

Respondent argues that this is a routine expense and not medically necessary. And even if

it was medically necessary, it would be covered by Medicare. Resp. Ex. X at 19.

a. The Positions of the Life Care Planners

Ms. Kattman stated that an adjustable bed is necessary to assist petitioner with bed

mobility, alleviate some of his symptoms, and help him and the caregiver get him in and out of

bed. Tr. at 132. It would also help with his comfort due to tingling and numbness and weakness in

his extremities. Tr. at 132. Ms. Kattman provided a range of costs for various adjustable beds,

some with moveable headboards and some that move up and down or raise and lower the feet. Tr.

at 132. She stated that a hospital bed typically provided by Medicare is small and adults usually

sleep in a queen- or full-size bed. Hospital beds also have sharp edges and are not very comfortable,

particularly for a bigger person like petitioner. Tr. at 133-136. She provided for mattress

replacement every seven years due to incontinence. Tr. at 136. Ms. Kattman did not think petitioner

would qualify for an air mattress, which would be covered by Medicare and is adjustable, because

he is not paralyzed. Tr. at 133-134.

Ms. Kattman acknowledged that there is no prescription or doctor’s letter recommending

such a bed, but concluded it was necessary after visiting petitioner at his home and understanding

his needs. Tr. at 196. She agreed that if an adjustable bed were medically necessary, Medicare

would cover it. Tr. at 196. According to Ms. Kattman, not everything in a life care plan needs to

be medically necessary, it only needs to be reasonable to help the individual to get to the point

they were prior to their injury. An adjustable bed is necessary for petitioner to be able to get in and

out of bed more easily during the night and to help with symptom management. Tr. at 136.

Ms. Curtis stated that if petitioner had a medical need for a bed, Medicare with Medigap

would pay for it. With no showing of medical necessity in this case, this would be a routine

expense. Tr. at 268.

26

b. Conclusion

In general, a bed is a routine expense. Here, there is no medical indication that petitioner

is in need of a special bed. Further, according to petitioner, his incontinence issues are related to

his IVIG treatment which Ms. Curtis stated could be controlled with medication and with a portable

urinal at bedside. Further, physical therapy to gain strength and balance as well as educating

petitioner on safe transfers is being provided and will aid petitioner’s ability to get in and out of

bed and walk to the bathroom. Providing for petitioner’s medical needs and independence is the

goal. There is no medical support for a specialized bed and mattress in this case. This request is

denied.

9. Travel-Related Expenses for Future Neurology Visits

Dr. Shaoulian is located in Culver City. Petitioner’s life care plan includes $4,336 per year

now through life expectancy for petitioner and an attendant to fly in “comfort plus or business

class,” $17.64 per year now and through life expectancy for mileage, $1,876 per year now and

through life expectancy for hotel rooms for petitioner and his attendant, $516 per year now and

through life expectancy for meals and incidentals for petitioner and his attendant, and $96 per year

now through life expectancy for ground transportation for petitioner and his attendant. Pet. Ex.

192 at 16-17.

Respondent provides $333.48 to cover mileage to Culver City for two more visits and $938

for a hotel for those two visits before transitioning to a local neurologist for care. Resp. Ex. X at

22.

a. The Positions of the Life Care Planners

Ms. Kattman argues that petitioner has a right to choose and direct his own medical care

and he chooses to treat with Dr. Shaoulian, a CIDP expert, in Culver City. Tr. at 148, 204.

Petitioner advised Ms. Kattman that Dr. Shaoulian has made a marked difference in his health. Tr.

at 204. Dr. Shaoulian must see petitioner twice per year to prescribe IVIG treatments. Since driving

is too difficult, Ms. Kattman provided for flights, hotel, and “incidental food” for petitioner and

his caregiver. Tr. at 148-150. Ms. Kattman stated it is not uncommon for people with severe and

rare conditions to seek out experts and to follow up with them. Tr. at 150. She added that traveling

to Dr. Shaoulian “is for medical-related needs, which are not routine. They’re related to the vaccine

injury.” Tr. at 151. She included food because it is more expensive when traveling, while

acknowledging that it is a routine cost for travel. Tr. at 151-152. Further, petitioner needs his

caregiver with him for additional assistance when traveling to unfamiliar places. Tr. at 193.

Ms. Kattman agrees that there are local neurologists, but petitioner should be able to make

his own decisions about his healthcare. It is not “up to us to change the plan. It’s up to us to

understand his needs and what the costs associated with those are.” Tr. at 193-195, 204. She

discussed an article that speaks of patient autonomy and the fundamental right of the patient to

participate in healthcare decisions. This encapsulates how she feels about petitioner’s right to

choose his own physicians. Tr. at 317. Her research into CIDP specialists at UC Davis revealed

that petitioner would require a referral and evaluation by the neurology board to see if he would

27

be accepted as a patient. Tr. at 313-314. Ms. Kattman acknowledged that petitioner was previously

treated at UC Davis by two different doctors. Both doctors denied restarting IVIG treatment

because they found petitioner’s sensory motor neuropathy unclear and that his diabetes was

contributing to his disabilities. Further, no other doctors in Sacramento would restart IVIG

treatment. Tr. at 314-315. Ms. Kattman acknowledged that petitioner goes to Dr. Shaoulian

because he is willing to prescribe IVIG, but the treatment makes a big difference for petitioner. Tr.

at 315.

Ms. Kattman acknowledged that Ms. Curtis provided for two additional trips to Dr.

Shaoulian with a transition to a local physician. She stated she would have to speak with Dr.

Shaoulian to see if he would be willing to consult with a local specialist in CIDP if petitioner was

no longer seeing him. She doubted that he would because he is part of a different hospital system.

Tr. at 195-196.

Ms. Curtis recommended that petitioner see a local neurologist. Travelling to see a doctor

twice yearly for his condition is not medically indicated. He lives in Sacramento, not a rural area,

and is near UC Davis, a nationally known medical research facility with a number of doctors who

treat CIDP. Tr. at 266. Recognizing that petitioner has a relationship with Dr. Shaoulian, and that

petitioner has the right to choose his own doctors, Ms. Curtis provided for two more visits to Dr.

Shaoulian which would be enough time for him to transition to a local doctor. Ms. Curtis stated

that doctors consult with one another all the time. Tr. at 266, 320. Ms. Curtis recommends that

petitioner find a provider closer to home because, as he gets older, traveling will become more

difficult. Tr. at 319. Ms. Curtis agreed that petitioner treated with several local neurologists who

had not gotten him to the level of function he is at with Dr. Shaoulian. Tr. at 320. However, with

a competent case manager, which has been provided for in the life care plan, a local neurologist

willing to communicate with Dr. Shaoulian can be found. Tr. at 267. A transition to a local doctor

now before petitioner gets older with more difficulties attendant to travelling was recommended.

Tr. at 267.

Ms. Curtis provided for two final visits to Culver City by car, which is more cost effective.

She added that petitioner sat through two days of hearing without a problem, so traveling by car

should not pose a problem either. Tr. at 267. Food and lodging would be routine expenses and are

not included. Tr. at 268.

b. Petitioner’s Testimony and Declaration

Petitioner stated that he had bad results with a neurologist at UC Davis and that UC Davis

told him there were no specialists in CIDP at their facility. Tr. at 46. Petitioner later equivocated

about whether he saw a neurologist at UC Davis. Tr. at 70-71.

Petitioner stated that he contacted the GBS/CIDP Foundation, explained his situation, was

told that a lot of people do not understand CIDP, and was provided with a website to review. Tr.

at 43. After he watched a video on the website, petitioner’s friend called and made an appointment

for him to see Dr. Shaoulian in Culver City. Tr. at 43. He presented to Dr. Shaoulian, who

explained his specialty, gathered all the medical records, and set a follow-up appointment. Tr. at

44. Dr. Shaoulian told petitioner that this would be a journey and that there was no cure for his

28

disease. Petitioner had an EMG, and they discussed CIDP, the need for follow-up, and petitioner’s

problems with finding a neurologist locally. Tr. at 45. Dr. Shaoulian understands him. Tr. at 46.

He has been seeing Dr. Shaoulian since 2021. Tr. at 47. He receives IVIG twice weekly and must

present twice yearly for examination with Dr. Shaoulian so that the IVIG orders continue. Tr. at

69; Pet. Ex. 111 at 5-6. The flight is half an hour, and the hotel van picks petitioner and his

companion up at the airport. The hotel has restaurants and Dr. Shaoulian’s office is nearby. Driving

takes between seven and eight hours because petitioner needs to stop frequently and his legs hurt

after the trip. Tr. at 44, 47.

c. Medical Records

Petitioner’s IVIG was discontinued in 2017 by his treating neurologist who suspected his

ongoing symptoms were indicative of something other than CIDP. Pet. Ex. 99 at 10. A second

opinion agreed. Pet. Ex. 89 at 302, 72, 79-80. Petitioner then presented to numerous specialists

seeking IVIG treatments, but no one would prescribe it. Pet. Ex. 65 at 13, 25, 26, 33-34; Pet. Ex.

107 at 9-10, 11, 18, 20; Pet. Ex. 112 at 142-43, 154, 166, 170. Petitioner presented to Dr. Shaoulian

in Culver City in September of 2021. Dr. Shaoulian was willing to restart IVIG. Pet. Ex. 124; Pet.

Ex. 119; Pet. Ex. 120. Dr. Shaoulian’s records document that, with IVIG treatments, petitioner

walks better, uses two canes, no longer uses a wheelchair, and has significant improvement in

upper and lower body strength and pain vibration sense on examination. Petitioner’s legs become

heavy when the IVIG wears off. Pet. Ex. 144 at 6; Pet. Ex. 136 at 1. He has 5/5 strength in all

extremities with normal sensory to vibration, decreased pin sensation to the knees, and zero

reflexes throughout on examination. He has normal rapid alternating movements and could stand

pushing on his cane but drags his legs. Dr. Shaoulian continues IVIG as long as petitioner presents

twice a year for examination. Pet. Ex. 143; Pet. Ex. 181.

d. Conclusion

The goal of the Vaccine Program is to compensate a petitioner for his medical needs

relating to his vaccine injury. Often, people do not get to choose their physician because the one

they want may not accept their insurance or may be out of network and costly. The option to pay

out of pocket is an individual choice. Petitioner’s medical records are clear about the following:

between 2017 and September 2021, no local doctor would order IVIG, believing that petitioner’s

disabilities were not related to his CIDP and that IVIG was unnecessary. Petitioner found Dr.

Shaoulian who was willing to order IVIG treatments. The medical records confirm that petitioner

has significant improvement with IVIG, is able to walk with two canes, can get up from a chair,

and has 5/5 strength in his legs and arms.

Petitioner certainly has a right to choose his own doctors and direct his own medical care

but the additional costs associated with that choice are his to bear, especially when they include

business class airfare, hotels, food, and ground transportation costs. Food and incidentals are

necessities of daily living and are costs that would be incurred regardless of where a medical visit

takes place. As petitioner noted, the flight to Culver City is about a half hour. If petitioner believes

flights and hotel stays are necessary, then he should bear that cost. It is petitioner’s choice to treat

with a doctor that he believes requires air travel twice a year rather than locally in the Sacramento

area, which boasts UC Davis Medical ranked first by World and News Reports as well as the

29

Kaiser Permanente health care system. Dr. Shaoulian is a neuromuscular specialist. With all due

respect to the doctor, caring for those with polyneuropathies, including but not limited to diabetic

neuropathies, GBS, and CIDP, is not a rarity and neither are doctors who specialize in treating

polyneuropathies.

Petitioner is awarded only the cost of travel to Culver City by car two times a year for his

examination with Dr. Shaoulian now and for life. No other costs will be provided.

C. Disputed Out-of-Pocket Expenses

A Vaccine Program claimant may recover past actual unreimbursed expenses which

(i) resulted from the vaccine-related injury for which the petitioner seeks

compensation,

(ii) were incurred by or on behalf of the person who suffered such injury, and

(iii)were for diagnosis, medical or other remedial care, rehabilitation, developmental

evaluation, special education, vocational training and placement, case management

services, counseling, emotional or behavioral therapy, residential and custodial care

and service expenses, special equipment, related travel expenses, and facilities

determined to be reasonably necessary.

§ 15(a)(1)(B). The petitioner bears the burden of showing that their requested costs are reasonably

necessary. See, e.g., Brewer v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 93-92V, 1996 WL 147722, at

*13 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Mar. 18, 1996).

The parties were ordered to submit final disputed expenses and did so on December 1,

2025. Resp. Ex. DD. The Joint Submission contains the parties’ positions on past unreimbursable

expenses as follows: invoices for in home care for Ms. Jesse, Ms. Jones, and Ms. Marmolejo,

moving expenses to Georgia, certain medical visits, various prescriptions, and lawn care totaling

$78,498.64. Id. at 1, 5-6. Additional mileage of $2,851.27 was submitted by petitioner and

$2,810.47 was recommended by respondent. Id. at 7-23. An amount of $5,252.23 was included as

agreed upon for items designated in the attached chart. Id. at 2-4.

1. Caregivers

Petitioner seeks reimbursement for hours Ms. Jesse has provided care in excess of those

provided and paid for by IHSS and for care provided in 2013-2014 prior to petitioner applying for

IHSS for a total to date of $26,413.76 to be updated at the time of this Ruling. Petitioner also

requests reimbursement for 24-hour care provided by Amanda Jones in the amount of $24,030 and

Mariana Marmolejo in the amount of $24,750 while petitioner was in Georgia between October

2023 through March of 2024. The total caregiver costs requested is $75,193.74. ECF No. 296 at

7, ECF No. 296 at 7 n.2.

These amounts are reflected in a chart contained in the Joint Submission:

30

Exhibit Caregiver Date Range Amount of Invoice

Pet. Ex. 201 Anna Jesse 08/02/25 – 11/14/25 $2,906.60

Pet. Ex. 196 Anna Jesse 07/28/25 – 08/01/25 $1,434.42

Pet. Ex. 193 Anna Jesse 04/19/25 – 06/27/25 $2,458.54

Pet. Ex. 190 Anna Jesse 01/24/25 – 04/18/25 $2,781.15

Pet. Ex. 189 Anna Jesse 03/23/24 – 01/23/25 $10,060.55 8

Pet. Ex. 176, 180 Anna Jesse 11/01/13 – 09/15/14 $6,772.50

Pet. Ex. 173, 181 Amanda Jones 10/2023 – 04/2024 $24,030.00

Pet. Ex. 172, 182 Mariana Marmolejo 10/2023 – 04/2024 $24,750.00

TOTAL: $75,193.76

Petitioner relies on evidence filed as Pet. Ex. 138, 141, 180-183 in support of these out-of-

pocket expenses.

Respondent objects to reimbursement of these out-of-pocket expenses for the reasons set

forth in his filings on October 7, 2024, October 21, 2024, and January 2, 2025, as well as in

respondent’s brief. ECF Nos. 254, 256, 263.

a. Petitioner’s Declarations

Ms. Jesse was petitioner’s housemate on August 19, 2013, when he received the subject

flu vaccination. Pet. Ex. 183 at 2. According to petitioner, in November of that year, Ms. Jesse

“took on the tasks of providing [him] the care [he] needed. This was before [he] knew about and

later applied for IHSS benefits.” Id. Petitioner promised to pay Ms. Jesse $645 per month to take

care of him. Id.; Pet. Ex. 180. From September 2014 until March 22, 2024, except for the time Mr.

Merrill lived with petitioner and when petitioner was in Georgia, Ms. Jesse “agreed to be paid by

IHSS.” Pet. Ex. 183 at 2. From December 2019 through November 2022, petitioner’s friend, Scott

Merrill, lived with petitioner and provided petitioner with 24-hour care until Scott passed away.

Id.

In October 2023, petitioner moved to Georgia due to an 8.3% rent increase which he could

not afford and the fear of becoming homeless. Pet. Ex. 183 at 2; Pet. Ex. 138 at 2. The Ebenezer

Baptist Church in Georgia put him in touch with caregivers Ms. Jones and Ms. Marmolejo who

came to California, helped him pack, and found a place for him to live in Georgia. Pet. Ex. 138 at

3. Once in Georgia, Ms. Jones and Ms. Marmolejo provided “around the clock care” to him. Pet.

Ex. 183 at 2; Pet. Ex. 181; Pet. Ex. 182. Ms. Jones provided care from 4:00 or 4:30 pm to 4:30 am

and Ms. Marmolejo from 7:00 am until 4:00 pm, seven days per week. Petitioner was only left

alone for a short time and generally when asleep. Pet. Ex. 138 at 3. According to petitioner, he is

a fall risk in need of assistance with transfers, cooking, water temperature, and lifting. While in

Georgia, he was weak and lost a lot of strength and weight with “bad” balance and dexterity. Pet.

Ex. 138 at 5. Petitioner had no agreement with Ms. Jones or Ms. Marmolejo other than he would

submit the costs associated with his care to the Vaccine Program for reimbursement. The amounts

submitted for each caretaker are contained in Pet. Ex. 171; Pet. Ex. 172; Pet. Ex. 173; Pet. Ex. 183

8

This total represents the combined sums of Ms. Jesse’s time billed for March 23, 2024, to January 23, 2025, and her

time for a trip she took to accompany petitioner to Dr. Shaoulian. See Pet. Ex. 189 at 5.

31

at 2; and Pet. Ex. 138 at 3.

Petitioner declared that “IHSS did not pay for the amount of care I required; but it certainly

helped. . . . I was responsible for the cost of care above and beyond that which they would pay.”

Pet. Ex. 183 at 3; Pet. Ex. 174 at 346; Pet. Ex. 179 at 2-3.

b. Declarations of Anna Jesse and Supporting Documents

Ms. Jesse submitted a Declaration on February 20, 2025, with claimed hours owed for

services she provided to petitioner for 2013 to 2014, 2014 through November 2019, 2022 to 2023,

and from March 2024 onward. Pet. Ex. 189 at 2. According to Ms. Jesse, in 2013, she agreed to a

“flat fee” of $645 a month “which reflected my half of the rent where we lived.” Id. She submitted

an invoice for 13 months between 2013 and 2014 for $645 per month for a total of $8,385. Id. at

2; Pet. Ex. 159 at 94-95. An overlap in charges between Ms. Jesse’s billing and payments made

by IHSS were noted during the hearing. Ms. Jesse then submitted an amended invoice that removed

September, October, and November of 2014 resulting in a reduced total of $6,772.50 for 2013 to

2014.

Ms. Jesse declared that she agreed to accept what IHSS paid thereafter through November

2019, and again between 2022 and October 2023 when petitioner moved to Georgia. Pet. Ex. 189

at 2. Therefore, there are no invoices for those time frames. 9

Ms. Jesse declared that in March of 2024, when petitioner returned from Georgia, she

realized that she provided more hours of care to petitioner than IHSS was paying. Petitioner agreed

to pay her the difference between what IHSS paid and the actual time she cared for petitioner at a

rate of $17 per hour, the pay rate of IHSS. The pay rate then increased to $18.15 an hour. Pet. Ex.

189 at 2. Ms. Jesse’s invoice for March 23, 2024, through January 23, 2025, is $9,570.50 plus

$490.05 for a trip to Culver City in April 2024. Pet. Ex. 189 at 5. The total for the foregoing is

$16,883.05. Pet. Ex. 189 at 5. The final Joint Submission filed in December 2025 includes updated

invoices for a total of $26,413.74.

Ms. Jesse declared she only had petitioner’s word that he would reimburse her the excess

hours by submitting her invoices to the Vaccine Program. But she would not have provided the

excess care without his word that she would be paid by the Program because petitioner’s care is

time consuming and she is available to him around the clock. Pet. Ex. 189 at 2-3.

While not a licensed or certified caregiver, Ms. Jesse is authorized by IHSS to assist

petitioner based on IHSS criteria for friends or relatives to act as caretakers to ensure individuals

can remain in their homes safely, comfortably, and with as much independence as possible. Pet.

Ex. 189 at 3-4 (citation omitted). A background check, drug test, assessment, paperwork, and a

mandatory care video was required. Id. at 4. According to Ms. Jesse, she did not charge overtime

or mileage. She added that other care providers are paid more than she is, noting that the minimum

wage in California is $20 per hour at McDonald’s, $16 per hour for unlicensed caregivers, and $24

per hour for overtime over 12 hours. Id. She has taken care of petitioner for a combined total of

9

Mr. Merrill accepted what IHSS paid during the time he lived with petitioner, and thus there are no invoices here

associated with the care Mr. Merrill provided.

32

seven years. Id.

She added that IHSS makes it clear that any hours of care in excess of what it provides is

the recipient’s financial responsibility. Pet. Ex. 189 at 4; Pet. Ex. 174 at 346; Pet. Ex. 179 at 2.

Various submissions prepared by Ms. Jesse were filed, some to correct mathematical

mistakes made, all “personally drafted” during the damages phase of this case. Pet. Ex. 189 at 3;

Pet. Ex. 169; Pet. Ex. 171 (amended to reflect mathematical errors in Pet. Ex. 169). Ms. Jesse

prepared a revised chart dated February 18, 2025, to reflect her allocation of time and offsets for

the difference between the amount of time she is paid by IHSS, the additional time she provides

care, the hours she works as a corporate accountant, and five hours of sleep per night. This totals

$16,833.05, or 387 hours of care per month, minus 175.18 hours provided by IHSS, currently

186.36 hours, minus 160 hours per month that Ms. Jesse works as an accountant, for the total

additional hours she provides. Pet. Ex. 189; Pet. Ex. 187; Pet. Ex. 201; Pet. Ex. 144; Pet. Ex. 176;

Pet. Ex. 180. For example, for August 2, 2025, through November 14, 2025, she calculated 387.92

hours of care a month, minus the current 186.36 hours covered by IHSS, minus 160 hours for her

job for a total of 41.56 additional hours of care provided or $2,906.60. Pet. Ex. 201. Similarly,

from April 19, 2025, to June 27, 2025, she included 387.91 hours per month minus 175.18 paid by

IHSS, minus 160 hours for her job for a total of 52.73 additional hours of care or $2,458.54. Pet.

Ex. 193. For June 28, 2025, through August 1, 2025, which included travel to “Los Angeles” to

the neurologist, she included a total of 387.91 hours per month, minus 175.18 hours paid by IHSS,

minus 160 hours for her job, with a balance of 52.73 additional hours, plus an additional 11 hours

for travel, totaling $1,434.42. Pet. Ex. 196.

Ms. Jesse declared that she provides all the care contained in the Chart of Daily Duties

IHSS has assessed as necessary for petitioner for the hours provided. In addition, Ms. Jesse makes

petitioner’s bed, does his vacuuming, cleans his room and bathroom, empties his garbage, makes

his coffee, preps his lunch and snacks for the infusion center, irons his shirts and jeans, takes him

for a haircut every two weeks, pays his bills, makes his doctor’s appointments, schedules his

transportation, calibrates her phone for the Dexcom once every 10 days, takes his blood pressure,

and does physical therapy and strengthening and balance exercises with him in the mornings and

evenings. Pet. Ex. 201; Pet. Ex. 174 at 423-428.

Ms. Jesse works in corporate accounting. Tr. at 163. She claims to be available to petitioner

24/7. There is some discrepancy as to whether she works from home; Mr. Davis testified that Ms.

Jesse never works outside the home, while Ms. Kattman stated she understood from petitioner that

Ms. Jesse sometimes works outside the home and, during those times, Ms. Jesse’s boyfriend was

available to petitioner. Tr. at 162.

c. Declaration of Amanda Jones and Supporting Documents

Ms. Jones declared that she and Ms. Marmolejo provided 24/7 care to petitioner from

October 3, 2023, to March 22, 2024. Pet Ex. 181 at 1. In return, petitioner agreed to reimburse

them for their time by submitting their invoices to the Program because he did not have the funds

to pay them. There was no formal agreement. Id. Ms. Jones declared that without this agreement

she would not have provided care to petitioner. Id. at 1-2. “As far as I know, there was no other

33

fund in Georgia that [petitioner] was eligible for that we could apply to for reimbursement of his

care.” Id. at 2. Ms. Jones’s and Ms. Marmolejo’s “names and the days and hours [they] were

putting in” were submitted to the Court. Id. at 3; Pet. Ex. 138 ¶¶ 16, 18.

Ms. Jones declared that petitioner left Georgia “fairly suddenly” around March 22, 2024.

Pet. Ex. 181 at 2.

Ms. Jones did not know what private aides are paid but was informed it was up to $30 per

hour. However, she and petitioner agreed that $18 per hour was reasonable since she would not be

paid “in a timely manner.” Pet. Ex. 181 at 2. She submitted a letter on June 5, 2024, with her hours

5:00 PM to 8:00 AM, billing rate, $18 per hour, and duties, including bathing, administering

nighttime medications, cleaning, setting up appointments, assisting with bathroom needs,

administering insulin, budgeting needs, shopping for groceries, nighttime monitoring, changing

bed linens, and ensuring comprehensive care and comfort. The letter did not contain the number

of hours Ms. Jones worked or the total amount billed for her services. Id. at 4. When advised that

the details were insufficient, she submitted a second letter stating that, from October 3, 2023, until

March 22, 2024, she worked from 5:00 PM until 8:00 AM, or 105 hours per week. This “balances

out to 2,700 hours total” at $18 per hour “with a total of $48,600.00 for the time [petitioner] resided

in Georgia.” Id. at 2, 5. Petitioner declared that Ms. Jones was subsequently provided with a “new

calculation . . . in chart form . . . in the amount of $23,618.06. . . . [D]espite the actual amount of

time that was required and was provided, I adopted the chart for ease . . . and informed Mr. Davis

that I would agree to be compensated this lesser amount.” 10 Id. at 2; Pet. Ex. 173.

Ms. Jones declared that her training and qualifications include private elderly assistance

and is unaware of any Georgia state requirements to be credentialed or licensed to provide aide to

“one in need.” 11 Pet. Ex. 181 at 2.

According to Ms. Jones’ submissions, she worked from 5:00 PM until 8:00 AM daily for

five months, seven days a week, with no time off. She listed her duties as including, but not limited

to bathing, administering nighttime medications, cleaning, setting up appointments, assisting with

bathroom needs, administering insulin, budgeting needs, shopping for groceries, nighttime

monitoring, changing bed linens, and ensuring comprehensive care and comfort. Pet. Ex. 181 at 5.

d. Declaration of Mariana Marmolejo and Supporting Documents

Ms. Marmolejo submitted a Declaration on November 7, 2024, which was similar to Ms.

Jones’ and declared that between October 3, 2024, and March 22, 2024, she provided care to

petitioner while he was in Georgia. Petitioner was to submit their invoices for reimbursement

through the Program for his round-the-clock care that he could not afford to pay for. Pet. Ex. 182

at 1. Ms. Marmolejo did not have a formal written agreement with petitioner, but without this

understanding for payment through the Vaccine Program, she would not have provided the type

10

Ms. Jones does not advise who prepared this new chart, why she was willing to accept less than half of what she

originally billed, why she agreed to a lesser rate than the $18 per hour she originally agreed to, or with whom exactly

she agreed to accept this lesser amount.

11

Ms. Jones did not provide any details regarding her training or qualifications but admittedly has no credentials or

licensing to provide medical and/or assistant care.

34

of care she provided. Georgia had no other fund for which petitioner was eligible. Id. at 1-2. Ms.

Marmolejo’s days and hours were submitted by petitioner. Id. at 2; Pet. Ex. 138 ¶¶ 16, 18.

Ms. Marmolejo declared that petitioner departed Georgia “fairly suddenly” on March 22,

2024. 12 Pet. Ex. 181 at 2

Ms. Marmolejo, like Ms. Jones, wrote a letter dated June 5, 2024, calculating what was

owed in the amount of $29,160 with her hours, 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM, billing rate, $18 per hour,

and duties, including personal care, bathing and grooming, preparing meals that cater to dietary

requirements and personal needs, transportation to and from appointments and other commitments,

administering insulin and managing medication schedules, conducting Hizentra infusions as

prescribed, 13 picking up items from the pharmacy, washing, ironing, caring for clothing, and

assisting with leg braces as needed. She was told the submission was insufficient, prompting a

second letter which included 1,620 hours, or nine hours per day, at $18 per hour, or $29,160. Pet.

Ex. 182 at 2, 4, 5. She too received a chart with calculations “quite a bit different” in the amount

of $24,325.71 but adopted the chart “for ease” and advised petitioner she would accept the lesser

amount. Id. at 2; Pet. Ex. 172.

Ms. Marmolejo has no “specialized training, only personal caregiving to elder family

members,” but is unaware of any Georgia state requirements to be credentialed or licensed to

provide “private aide [sic] to one in need.” Pet. Ex. 182 at 2. She does not know what private aides

are paid but believes it to be as high as $30 per hour. She and petitioner agreed to $18 per hour for

her services “due to the fact I was willing to wait for him to settle his financial situation.” Id. at 2.

e. Conclusion

i. Ms. Jesse

Petitioner claims to owe Ms. Jesse for the care she provided between November 2013 and

November 2014 and for time beyond what IHSS has paid since his return from Georgia. Petitioner

argues that this is an outstanding debt because, though petitioner did not have the money to pay,

the statute does not require evidence of payment, only that the debt was “incurred.” ECF No. 220

at 5-6. Petitioner cites Civatte v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 18-1750V, 165 Fed. Cl. 520

(2023) to support that, in the context of the statute and elements outlined in § (15)(a)(1), an expense

is “incurred” when one paid or became liable for it. Id. at 6. Petitioner presented no argument

regarding the two caregivers from Georgia.

Ms. Jesse was petitioner’s roommate in 2013 when he received the subject vaccine.

Transcript of Entitlement Hearing (“Tr. Entitle.”), ECF No. 130 at 29, 41. At the time of the

entitlement hearing, petitioner did not testify to any specific care needed or being provided to him

by Ms. Jesse from November 2013 to 2014. Tr. Entitle. at 29. Petitioner did testify to the care he

received from Mr. Merrill who was his friend and housemate until Mr. Merrill’s unexpected death.

12

Ms. Marmolejo’s Declaration mirrors Ms. Jones’.

13

Petitioner declared that Ms. Marmolejo was trained by CSL Beahring to administer Hizentra subcutaneous infusions.

The company has a 24-hour hotline to a nurse, and the infusions take between three to four hours for two consecutive

days. Pet. Ex. 138 at 4.

35

Petitioner’s submissions for Ms. Jesse includes a letter dated November 1, 2014, which

states: “Please consider this as an invoice for services rendered for domestic and hygenic [sic]

purposes to and for” petitioner between November 2013 and November 30, 2014, for services

which included meal preparation, dressing petitioner, house cleaning, grocery and supply

shopping, laundry, doctors’ appointments, yard work, ironing, and running errands. Pet. Ex. 159

at 94. Without these services, petitioner “would have had an intolerable living condition and would

not have been able to maintain a susainable [sic] living condition.” Id. The “INVOICE FOR

SERVICES Domestic and Essential Living Services” lists helping petitioner get dressed, house

cleaning, grocery and supply shopping, laundry, doctors’ appointments, getting in and out of bed,

getting on and off the toilet on occasion, making sure medications were taken on time, yard work,

cooking, ironing, and running errands at a monthly rate of $645 for 13 months for a total of $8,385.

Id. at 95. Petitioner promised to pay Ms. Jesse $645 per month for 13 months, which comes to

approximately 50 hours per month or an hour and a half per day. Id.

The IHSS records show that Ms. Jesse was paid $3,655.62 gross for services provided to

petitioner at a rate of $10.80 per hour for an average of about 57 hours every two weeks between

September and December of 2014, following the initial IHSS assessment in September 2014. Pet.

Ex. 174 at 639-59. In 2015, she was paid approximately $16,000 gross at $10.80 per hour for

billing submitted between 41 and 55 hours every two weeks. Id. at 660-726. In 2016, Ms. Jesse

was paid approximately $17,000 at a rate of $10.80 per hour for approximately 55 to 70 hours of

care every two weeks. Id. at 728-802. In 2017, Ms. Jesse was paid approximately $18,000 gross at

a rate of $10.80 per hour for up to 74 hours of care every two weeks. Id. at 808-874. In 2018, Ms.

Jesse was paid approximately $16,000 gross at $12 per hour for approximately 72 hours of care

every two weeks. Id. at 881-947. In 2019, Ms. Jesse was paid approximately $22,000 gross at a

rate of $13 per hour for approximately 70 hours of care every two weeks. Id. at 948-1019. Ms.

Jesse resumed petitioner’s care in September 2022 following the death of Mr. Merrill, grossing

approximately $10,000 for the remaining three months at a rate of $16 per hour for approximately

88 hours every two weeks. Id. at 1020-1040. In 2023, Ms. Jesse was paid approximately $25,000

until October 2024 when petitioner moved to Georgia, at a rate of $16.50 per hour for

approximately 66 hours every two weeks. Id. at 1041-1096. She resumed petitioner’s care in March

2024. The IHSS billing records filed end in August 2024 by which time Ms. Jesse had been paid

approximately $16,000 gross year-to-date for the five months since petitioner’s return at $18.15

per hour for approximately 102 hours of care every two weeks. 14 Id. at 1097-1126, 1099.

An IHSS form completed by petitioner documents that he worked from August 2013 after

his vaccination through July 15, 2014, although his hours were subsequently reduced until he

stopped working in July 2014. Pet. Ex. 174 at 9; Tr. Entitle. at 102.

Petitioner was unable to explain how he arrived at $645 per month other than to say that

Ms. Jesse was his housemate in 2013 and 2014 and shared the rent and responsibilities for the

house. Ms. Jesse declared that she initially agreed to a “flat fee” of $645 per month “which

reflected my half of the rent where we lived.” Pet. Ex. 189 at 2. However, she submitted an invoice

for 2013 to 2014 for 13 months at a rate of $645 per month for a total of $8,385. This amount was

ultimately reduced to $6,772.50 after Ms. Jesse deducted payment she received from IHSS for

14

Mr. Merrill was paid by IHSS from December 1, 2019, through August of 2022. Pet. Ex. 174 at 430-636.

36

September, October, and November of 2014. Id. at 2; Pet. Ex. 159 at 94-95.

It is unclear what, if any, assistance petitioner required between the fall of 2013 through

September 2014 when IHSS conducted its assessment providing five hours a day of in-home care

for disabilities resulting from petitioner’s various comorbidities. Petitioner’s medical records show

that following what was initially thought to be GBS in September 2013, petitioner was released

from the hospital and returned to work until he suffered another event a few weeks later and was

ultimately diagnosed with CIDP. Following treatment, petitioner returned to work until he could

no longer work in July 2014 due to his condition. According to Ms. Jesse’s statements, she

accepted a flat rate of $645 per month to assist petitioner, which reflected her half of the rent.

However, she claims she is owed an additional $645 per month for November 2013 through August

2013 for a total of $6,772.50. Pet. Ex. 189 at 2; Pet. Ex. 176. By Ms. Jesse’s own account, she was

living rent-free in exchange for assisting petitioner. She therefore is owed nothing for 2013 to

2014.

Petitioner now lives in Ms. Jesse’s home. Tr. 60. Ms. Jesse is a corporate accountant, but

it is unclear whether she works from home or if she works full-time. Tr. 54-55. Ms. Jesse and

petitioner have been friends for many years. Petitioner claims that when Ms. Jesse’s son moved

out in March of 2024, petitioner moved back to Sacramento from Georgia into Ms. Jesse’s son’s

room. Tr. 60-61.

The records filed reflect that Ms. Jesse is and has been paid by IHSS since September 2014,

but for the time during which petitioner lived with Mr. Merrill or was in Georgia. Ms. Jesse has

billed and has been paid for the maximum number of hours provided by IHSS based on its

assessments of petitioner’s disabilities and needs collectively for his comorbidities. Tr. 55, 73. In

addition to what Ms. Jesse lists as the care she provides, which mirrors those items contained in

the IHSS assessment of care to be provided, she also pays his bills, schedules his appointments,

and essentially handles all of petitioner’s obligations of daily living so that he does not have to.

Resp. Ex. DD; see Pet. Ex. 201; Pet. Ex. 196; Pet. Ex. 193; Pet. Ex. 190; Pet. Ex. 189.

Ms. Jesse has a personal agreement with petitioner for time spent caring for him above

what IHSS provides. Petitioner lives in Ms. Jesse’s house; therefore, her availability to him, when

she is not working her day job, is whenever he wants or needs help. The additional services Ms.

Jesse provides, with the exception of paying petitioner’s bills, taking his blood pressure, and

providing physical therapy, all fall under the domestic services listed by and paid for by IHSS,

which does not require excess hours beyond what IHSS is paying. If one considers that there are

approximately 720 hours in a month and that a person sleeps between seven and eight hours per

night, or about 240 hours per month, works full time, or as Ms. Jesse submitted, 160 hours per

month, and is paid for approximately 186 hours by IHSS per month, there remain only 33.5 hours

per week to attend to one’s own personal life. Ms. Jesse claims she devotes a majority of this time

to petitioner. Petitioner does not require 24-hour medical care and many of the services being

provided by Ms. Jesse are not medically required or reasonably associated with petitioner’s

vaccine-related injury. Therefore, the hours exceeding what Ms. Jesse was being paid by IHSS for

the care it deemed necessary for petitioner based on his comorbidities is for petitioner to bear, not

the Vaccine Program.

37

Petitioner’s request for payment of Ms. Jesse’s excess hours caring for him is denied.

ii. Ms. Jones and Ms. Marmolejo

Petitioner hired Ms. Jones and Ms. Marmolejo to provide 24-hour-per-day care, knowing

that he was ineligible for any aid from Georgia when he chose to move there. Tr. 72, 58-60. Ms.

Jones and Ms. Marmolejo filed declarations that they provided services to petitioner in exchange

for his promise to submit their billing records to the Vaccine Program for payment. Whether

petitioner promised that, by submitting their invoices to the Vaccine Program, the Program would

pay or may pay is unknown. However, Ms. Jones’ and Ms. Marmolejo’s personal arrangement

with petitioner that they would work for only the promise that the Vaccine Program might one day

pay them was their decision. That they may not receive Program funds for this work was a risk

they were willing to take.

At the time petitioner decided to move to Georgia, he was receiving 175.18 hours per

month of in-home services from IHSS. The IHSS assessment in 2023 documented that petitioner

was living alone at that time and that Ms. Jesse, who was being paid by IHSS for providing care,

lived locally for assistance if needed. Pet. Ex. 174 at 352. Petitioner was therefore not receiving

24-hour-per-day care at the time he moved to Georgia. He was not living with Ms. Jesse or any

caretaker. Pet. Ex. 174 at 385-90. Had petitioner stayed in Sacramento between October 2023 and

March 22, 2024, IHSS would have paid for the hours of assistance he needed.

Petitioner lived in Georgia from October 2023 until March 22, 2024. In March 2024,

respondent’s counsel advised that petitioner’s life care plan would need to be updated to reflect

his living in Georgia. He then, as Ms. Jones and Ms. Marmolejo declared, “fairly suddenly”

returned to California on March 22, 2024. Pet. Ex. 182 at 2; Pet. Ex. 181 at 2. Petitioner incurred

expenses moving to Georgia knowing he would not receive any government assistance once there

in a state in which knew no one. He then chose to hire or was provided with individuals to assist

him on a 24-hour-per-day basis by the Church. The costs associated with those decisions are

petitioner to bear. Petitioner promised to pay Ms. Jones and Ms. Marmolejo by submitting their

bills to the Vaccine Program. That was a personal arrangement he made and not an obligation to

be paid by the Program.

Petitioner’s request for payment of Ms. Jones’ and Ms. Marmolejo’s hours caring for him

is denied.

2. Moving Expenses

Petitioner seeks reimbursement for the costs associated with moving to Georgia which

include: $403.92 for two rooms at the Hampton Inn; $85.80 for meals for Jones, Marmolejo, and

petitioner; $125.00 for shipping baggage through Southwest Airlines; $148.98 for a flight via

Southwest Airlines for petitioner; $515.92 for Southwest Airlines tickets for Jones and Marmolejo;

$263.50 for a UPS shipment of household items; and $97.12 for another UPS shipment of

household items, for a total of $1,640.24. Resp. Ex. DD. Apparently Ms. Jones and Ms. Marmolejo

flew to California and assisted petitioner to Georgia. Petitioner argues that the move was

necessitated by his lack of adequate funds to remain in Sacramento which would have rendered

38

him homeless, adding that “[b]ut for his vaccine injury, he would not have lost his job and income

to pay for his rent.” ECF No. 220 at 6; Pet. Ex. 138. Therefore, his moving expenses were

“incurred” and are “vaccine related” and were for “related travel expenses in order to move to a

new resident [sic] and receive appropriate care.” Id.

Petitioner advised that he tried to secure government funding to stay in Sacramento but

was advised that he would be homeless and should move to another state, with Georgia suggested.

Tr. 7-11, 52. Petitioner confirmed that he lived in the same rental home in Sacramento for over 15

years until he moved to Georgia in October of 2023. His vaccine-related injury occurred in 2013.

Ms. Jesse was his housemate, and they shared the rent and household chores until she moved out

in 2017 or 2018. Tr. 52-53 (He did not mention Ms. Jesse providing any care during that time).

His friend Scott Murrow and his mother provided financial assistance for petitioner’s rent after

that. Tr. 52. Mr. Merrill was petitioner’s housemate until he passed away. Mr. Merrill was paid by

IHSS for providing care services to petitioner during the time that Mr. Merrill lived with petitioner.

Ms. Jesse provided care thereafter being paid by IHSS. She did not live with petitioner. Tr. 53.

Petitioner argued that, when faced with an 8.3% increase of his rent, he was forced to move

to Georgia. Tr. 51. Petitioner filed letters and lease agreements showing his rent increases for the

lease term beginning on December 1, 2021, of 4.3% to $1,500 per month and a second increase

for the lease term beginning on December 1, 2022, of 8.3% to $1,625 per month. Petitioner did

not file any documentation related to a rent increase after December 1, 2022. He did not move to

Georgia until October 2023, a year after the alleged 8.3% increase. He then returned to Sacramento

five months later on March 22, 2024, just days before the life care planners were scheduled to

make a home visit to Georgia to revise his life care plan. Tr. 53-54. Petitioner stated that it was

around that time that Ms. Jesse advised him that her son had moved out and he should come back

to Sacramento and live at her house because he was unhappy in Georgia. Tr. 54.

Petitioner’s argument that his move to Georgia was the result of his CIDP causing him to

lose his job and his home is unpersuasive. Petitioner stopped working in July 2014 and remained

in his rental home until October 2023. He provided no persuasive support that his move to Georgia

was reasonably necessary under the act for diagnosis, medical or other remedial care, or for

rehabilitation, developmental evaluation, special education, vocational training and placement,

case management services, counseling, emotional or behavior therapy, residential and custodial

care and service expenses, special equipment, related travel expenses, and facilities as set forth in

§ 15(a)(1)(A)-(B). Petitioner moved to Georgia in October 2023, 10 years after his vaccine-related

injury, nine years after he stopped working, and a full year after he claimed that an 8.3% rent

increase forced him out of the rental property he had lived in for over 15 years, apparently alone

since the death of Mr. Merrill. Petitioner moved to Georgia knowing he was not qualified for any

government services, particularly in-home care. Once in Georgia, he was also unable to receive

IVIG treatment and was provided only with Hizentra administered subcutaneously, which by all

accounts was ineffective and resulted in his overall health declining. He is unable to satisfy the

requirements of § 15(a)(1)(A)-(B).

The costs of petitioner’s move to Georgia does not comply with the requirements of the

Act and are therefore not compensable. Petitioner’s request is denied.

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3. Lawn Care for 2022 and 2023

Petitioner seeks reimbursement of $1,200 for lawn care for his rental property in

Sacramento for the years 2022 and 2023. Petitioner argues that, due to the impact of his CIDP, he

was unable to do the tasks that he previously performed. ECF No. 220 at 8.

Respondent argues that petitioner’s injury was sustained well over 10 years prior to

incurring these costs. Additionally, lawn care expenses have been ruled non-compensable.

Petitioner had lived in his rental property for many years and specifically for at least 10

years after receipt of the subject flu vaccine and injury in August 2013. Pet. Ex. 159 at 95-104.

While testifying at the damages hearing in support of his intentions of buying a home with the

proceeds from this case, petitioner acknowledged that all costs associated with home ownership,

including water, gardening, and fixing things when they break, would be costs borne by him that

he was prepared to take on. Tr. 50. According to petitioner, even though he did not own the rental

property he lived in, he assumed responsibility for the care of that property as part of his agreement

with his landlord. He took care of that property for many years following his vaccine-related injury.

Petitioner hired someone to do the lawn care after the death of Mr. Merrill who, like Ms. Jesse,

assisted petitioner with the property as part of living in the house.

Costs for the routine tasks of home rental or ownership, such as housekeeping or lawn care

services, are typically not reimbursable by the Program. See Curri v. Sec'y of Health & Hum.

Servs., No. 17-432, 2018 WL 6273562, at *3 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Oct. 31, 2018). This was

confirmed in emails to petitioner by his counsel that lawn care is an ordinary expense. Pet. Ex. 159

at 92. However, where the “category of service” at issue “directly implicates the limitations placed

on Petitioner by his injury,” courts have awarded costs associated with lawn care services. Grant

v. Sec'y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 20-1262V, 2024 WL 940275, at *8 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr.

Feb. 9, 2024) (finding reimbursement for lawn care services to be reasonable in the context of a

flu/GBS petitioner with significant diabetes-related comorbidities). And, as Ms. Curtis testified,

often when she prepares plans for the elderly who previously engaged in their own lawn care and

can no longer do so, she provides for that in her plan.

Here, and specific to the bills submitted for the 2022 and 2023 season, petitioner had

previously done the lawn care on the rental property at which he lived form many years as part of

his agreement with the landlord. Due to the various medical conditions that affect his physical

abilities, including his CIDP, as the years went on following his 2013 vaccine-related injury,

petitioner became unable to complete these tasks and Mr. Merrill was doing them. Once Mr.

Merrill passed, petitioner had to hire someone for the lawn care so petitioner could comply with

his lease terms. Tr. 41, 52. Therefore, petitioner will be reimbursed the $1,200 for the past lawn

care services.

4. Unrelated Medical Expenses, Disputed Mileage, and Various Prescriptions

The following medical expenses totaling $431.99 are in dispute: a visit with Dr. Gonzalez

on November 12, 2023, for $31.80 (Pet. Ex. 139); an eyecare appointment billed on October 2,

40

2024 for $27.72; 15 two bills submitted for visits on the same day with Dr. Carroll dated April 30,

2024, one for $27.91 and the second for $27.51; 16 and a visit at Wakefield Foot and Ankle in

Georgia on February 7, 2024, for $317.05, 17 See Resp. Ex. DD at 5-6.

A search of the medical records revealed that Dr. Gonzalez is a neurologist at Hamilton

Medical Center in Georgia who it appears petitioner saw for epinephrine injections for allergy

desensitization therapy. See Pet. Ex. 139 at 1-5. There were no bills submitted for these visits.

There was no record filed for Wakefield Foot and Ankle and no explanation for the services

provided or proof of payment for $317.05. Nor could I find any record associated with visits to

Dr. Carroll on April 30, 2024, only visits with Dr. Belsky and Dr. Shaoulian in April 2024. And I

could not locate any examinations associated with petitioner’s eyes on October 2, 2024.

Without records or proof of payment these bills cannot be reimbursed.

Petitioner submitted for reimbursement for the following medications for a total of $32.65:

atorvastatin, or Lipitor, a statin to lower cholesterol; fluticasone propionate, a Vitamin D nasal

spray; hydrochlorothiazide, a diuretic for high blood pressure; metoprolal succinate, a beta blocker

for high blood pressure; and tamsulasin, an alpha blocker for enlarged prostate. None of these

medications treat CIDP. Nor has petitioner demonstrated that they are related to his vaccine injury.

Therefore, they are not reimbursable.

Finally, petitioner submits $2,851.27 for mileage to doctors’ appointments. Respondent

agreed to $2,810.47 for mileage, concluding that some visits were not CIDP related. The difference

between petitioner’s and respondent’s mileage amounts is $40.80. A review of the list and the

associated medical records show that these medical visits were, for the most part, unrelated to

petitioner’s CIDP. His visit to Dr. Gonzalez in Georgia for $7.62, while for desensitization with

epinephrin, lists CIDP as his diagnosis and therefore the $7.62 will be awarded. Petitioner is

awarded $2,818.09 for mileage.

V. Conclusion

In light of the above analysis, and in consideration of the record as a whole, I find that

petitioner shall be awarded a lump sum of $240,000 for pain and suffering, agreed lost earnings of

$336,475; the agreed-upon Medi-Cal lien of $1,906,249.80, to be updated; out-of-pocket expenses

of $9,270.32, consisting of $2,818.09 in mileage, $1,200 for lawn care, and $5,252.23 in agreed-

upon expenses; and monies sufficient to fund petitioner’s life care plan as detailed above.

By July 14, 2026, the parties shall file a joint status report (1) providing a complete and

final life care plan which takes into consideration the items adjudicated herein, and (2) confirming

that all items of damages have now been resolved and that no issues remain outstanding.

Thereafter, a damages decision will issue.

15

There are no medical records or a service date provided for this visit.

16

No record was filed for these bills.

17

No bill or proof of payment was filed.

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IT IS SO ORDERED.

s/ Mindy Michaels Roth

Mindy Michaels Roth

Special Master

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