The opinion
RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
File Name: 26a0160p.06
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
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FAHIRRI DANNAH,
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Plaintiff-Appellee, │
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v. │
> No. 25-1416
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CITY OF GRAND RAPIDS, MICHIGAN, et al., │
Defendants, │
│
│
ANTHONY BARBERINO, ZACHARY KAISER, and │
MELISSA MONINGER, in their individual capacities, │
Defendants-Appellants. │
┘
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Michigan at Grand Rapids.
No. 1:22-cv-00385—Ray S. Kent, Magistrate Judge.
Decided and Filed: May 29, 2026
Before: SUTTON, Chief Judge; LARSEN and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
_________________
COUNSEL
ON BRIEF: Sarah J. Hartman, Elizabeth J. Fossel, GRAND RAPIDS DEPARTMENT OF
LAW, Grand Rapids, Michigan, for Appellants. Michael L. Jones, MARKO LAW, PLLC,
Detroit, Michigan, for Appellee.
_________________
OPINION
_________________
SUTTON, Chief Judge. A Grand Rapids police officer frisked Fahirri Dannah during a
traffic stop. Before the officer could complete the pat down, Dannah twisted away and started to
No. 25-1416 Dannah v. City of Grand Rapids et al. Page 2
run. Officers tackled him and wrestled with him until they could place handcuffs on him.
Dannah filed this § 1983 action against several of the officers. The district court rejected the
officers’ qualified-immunity defense, reasoning that a jury could find that they violated
Dannah’s clearly established Fourth Amendment rights. Because the officers did not violate any
clearly established law, we reverse.
I.
On the night of November 16, 2019, as Dannah and his girlfriend drove to a Taco Bell,
officers stopped the vehicle for a traffic infraction. Dannah’s girlfriend, the driver, gave the
officers permission to search her car. Officer Zachary Kaiser asked Dannah to exit the vehicle
before the officers conducted the search.
As Dannah emerged from the vehicle, Officer Kaiser asked him to place his hands on top
of his head and face away. Dannah, facing toward Officer Kaiser, moved his arms toward his
waist and lifted his shirt, insisting that he did not have any weapons. Officer Kaiser again asked
Dannah to place his hands on his head, nudging his arm upwards. Dannah, upset, moved an arm
down, and Officer Kaiser grasped it and pulled it up toward Dannah’s head. Dannah and
Officer Kaiser walked a few steps away to a police cruiser. As they stopped, Dannah moved
his hands back to his waist again. Officer Kaiser said, “Hey—we’ve got to pat you down
first, okay. Hands on top of your head,” and nudged Dannah’s arms back toward his head.
R.85-7 at 11:07–14. Officer Kaiser asked Dannah whether there were any items he needed to
know about. Dannah insisted that he did not have any weapons.
Officer Kaiser began to pat Dannah down. He paused over Dannah’s right pocket and
asked, “What’s this in your pocket here?” R.85-7 at 11:44–46. Dannah, starting to move, said,
“Wait a minute, hold on—”, and brought his arms down. R.85-7 at 11:47–49. Several officers
commanded Dannah to keep his hands on his head, but he kept moving. One of the officers
shouted, “STOP!” R.85-7 at 11:48–49. Dannah escaped Officer Kaiser’s grasp and tried to run
away.
Officers grabbed Dannah and brought him to the ground. Dannah curled into a fetal
position as several officers commanded, “Hands behind your back!” R.85-7 at 11:59–12:13;
No. 25-1416 Dannah v. City of Grand Rapids et al. Page 3
R.85-8 at 11:32–43. Dannah refused to release his hands held in front of him, prompting more
struggle. Some officers tried to grasp Dannah’s arms to pull them behind him, punching him in
the side as they wrestled with him. Other officers tried to grab Dannah’s legs as he flailed and
leaned against Dannah’s body to stop his movement. Dannah fought against their efforts for
several minutes. The officers eventually brought both of his arms back and handcuffed him.
The officers arrested him for assault, battery, and resisting a police officer.
Roughly two years after his arrest, Dannah sued the arresting officers and the City of
Grand Rapids under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that Officer Kaiser unlawfully searched and
seized him and that several officers used excessive force. The officers moved for summary
judgment on qualified-immunity grounds. The district court granted summary judgment to
Officer Kaiser on Dannah’s search and seizure claims and to the City on his Monell claim. But
the court denied qualified immunity on the excessive force claims against several officers. The
officers appealed.
II.
Jurisdiction. We have jurisdiction over interlocutory appeals from the denial of an
officer’s claim that qualified immunity protects him from a lawsuit. See Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472
U.S. 511, 530 (1985). An exception exists for a small number of cases in which the officers
premise their appeal solely on challenges to record-supported facts. Johnson v. Jones, 515 U.S.
304, 313–17 (1995); Plumhoff v. Rickard, 572 U.S. 765, 773 (2014). In this instance, the officers
accept the record-supported facts of the encounter, most of which are captured by body cameras
worn by the officers. Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380–81 (2007). Jurisdiction exists.
III.
Qualified immunity. We give fresh review to whether the officers’ qualified-immunity
defense contains a genuine dispute as to any material fact, and we weigh all record-supported
facts and inferences in Dannah’s favor. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); Cochran v. Gilliam, 656 F.3d 300,
305–06 (6th Cir. 2011).
No. 25-1416 Dannah v. City of Grand Rapids et al. Page 4
Qualified immunity saves officers “the time, expense and risk of money-damages actions
unless they violate clearly established constitutional rights.” Moore v. Oakland County, 126
F.4th 1163, 1167 (6th Cir. 2025) (quotation omitted). That imperative requires Dannah to show
that the officers violated a “constitutional right” and that the right was “clearly established.”
Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 232, 236 (2009). Dannah has not established the latter,
making it unnecessary to decide the former. Id.
In identifying clearly established rights, a claimant must demonstrate that the contours of
the right were “sufficiently clear” that “reasonable offic[ers] would understand” that their actions
violated it. Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640 (1987). The Supreme Court has
“repeatedly told courts” not to define rights at “a high level of generality.” Ashcroft v. al-Kidd,
563 U.S. 731, 742 (2011). The claimant instead must identify precedent “with facts similar
enough that it squarely governs” his case, Moore, 126 F.4th at 1167 (quotation omitted), showing
“a violation beyond debate,” Aaron v. King, 171 F.4th 822, 826 (6th Cir. 2026) (quotation
omitted). “[S]pecific cases are especially important” when it comes to discerning the context-
rich boundaries of “excessive” force. Bell v. City of Southfield, 37 F.4th 362, 367 (6th Cir. 2022)
(quotation omitted).
In this instance, no clearly established right prevented the officers from using force to
rein in Dannah’s “volitional and conscious defiance” during the frisk. King v. City of Rockford,
97 F.4th 379, 396 (6th Cir. 2024) (quotation omitted). Consider the circumstances. Dannah
refused to comply with the officers’ instruction from the start. When the officers pulled Dannah
aside to conduct a frisk, he “kept placing his hands down by his waistband” even after repeated
commands to place his hands on his head. R.99 at 8. The interaction devolved into a physical
struggle when Dannah broke away from Officer Kaiser’s reach mid-frisk and tried to run away.
Dannah’s active, physical resistance and potential threat “permit[ted] increasing exercises of
force . . . to subdue [him].” Aaron, 171 F.4th at 827; see Moore, 126 F.4th at 1169. Officers hit
and grabbed him only while “attempt[ing] to restrain” him as he flailed and kept his hands out of
reach. Roell v. Hamilton County, 870 F.3d 471, 482 (6th Cir. 2017). Once Dannah was
handcuffed and no longer a threat, the physical force ended.
No. 25-1416 Dannah v. City of Grand Rapids et al. Page 5
No caselaw clearly establishes that this amount of force entered the forbidden territory of
excessiveness, much less in an “obvious” way. Rivas-Villegas v. Cortesluna, 595 U.S. 1, 6
(2021) (per curiam). After taking Dannah to the ground, officers tried to control him as he
fought against them. One officer applied pressure to prevent him from getting up. Another
officer tried to yank his arms or hold his legs. And at least one officer threw punches. The
takedown allowed the officers to neutralize a reasonably perceived threat after an interrupted
frisk. See Aaron, 171 F.4th at 826. The punches and yanking in this instance present no greater
physical imposition than a typical tasing, which we have permitted in similar circumstances. See
Bell, 37 F.4th at 368. Given an unalleviated concern about a weapon and given Dannah’s
continued physical resistance, the officers’ choice to apply physical force until they could
handcuff Dannah did not cross any clearly established lines. See Moore, 126 F.4th at 1169.
Dannah claims that LaPlante v. City of Battle Creek supports his position. 30 F.4th 572,
580 (6th Cir. 2022). But that case did not involve the kind of active, physical resistance the
officers encountered here. LaPlante denied qualified immunity when an officer performed a
takedown maneuver and held the suspect down by laying on top of him. Id. at 576 n.8, 580. But
that case did not deal with escalating police measures in response to escalating resistance. We
instead found “genuine disputes of fact regarding whether [the plaintiff] resisted arrest” in the
first place. Id. at 580. No such dispute exists here. Dannah started the struggle by wrenching
away from Officer Kaiser’s reach before the end of the frisk. See Moore, 126 F.4th at 1169.
Dannah admits that he resisted the frisk, Appellee’s Br. 7, 12, and body camera footage confirms
that he continued this resistance on the ground. LaPlante does not remotely alert the officers that
their conduct violated the Fourth Amendment.
The same goes for Grawey v. Drury, 567 F.3d 302, 314 (6th Cir. 2009), the only other
case Dannah offers. Grawey involved a physical assault on an unconscious suspect. Id.
Whatever else one can say about Dannah’s flailing and yelling throughout the encounter, it did
not involve the behavior of an unconscious person.
Dannah insists that the officers’ body camera footage, shaky and dark in some spots,
permits too many alternative versions of the incident to allow for summary judgment. But the
footage establishes the material facts: Dannah bolted from the frisk; the officers performed a
No. 25-1416 Dannah v. City of Grand Rapids et al. Page 6
takedown in response to his escape; Dannah continued to resist on the ground; and the officers
applied increasing physical force in response to his continued resistance. See Scott, 550 U.S.
at 380–81. No less importantly, even taking all of Dannah’s descriptions of what happened in
the shaky and dark moments as true, Dannah fails to point to caselaw categorizing the officers’
actions as excessive.
Dannah makes much of the fact that the officers did not find any weapons or drugs on
him after his arrest, permitting the inference (he says) that they never should have frisked him in
the first instance. But that argument assumes that an opposite inference is possible—that, when
officers discover drugs or guns on a suspect, such an after-the-search development supports their
actions. That is wrong. See United States v. Beauchamp, 659 F.3d 560, 571 (6th Cir. 2011).
Neither inference in fact is true. What matters is whether a reasonable officer in this situation
would have had a legitimate reason to conduct this frisk and to take the subsequent actions these
officers did to protect their safety.
We reverse.