Ali

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE

WESTERN DIVISION

______________________________________________________________________________

Adimu Ali,

Plaintiff,

v. Case No. 2:25-cv-03181-BCL-cgc

Joe Townsend et al.,

Defendants.

____________________________________________________________________________

ORDER DISMISSING COMPLAINT UNDER § 1915

______________________________________________________________________________

On December 30, 2025, Plaintiff filed a Motion for Leave to Proceed In Forma Pauperis.

Doc. 2. On January 2, 2026, Plaintiff, proceeding pro se, filed a Complaint against Defendants

alleging deprivations of his civil rights under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and a civil conspiracy to do the

same under 42 U.S.C. § 1985. Doc. 1. Contemporaneously, Plaintiff filed a Motion for Temporary

Restraining Order and Preliminary Injunction. Doc. 7. Plaintiff amended his complaint on January

9, 2026 (Doc. 8), then attempted to do so again on February 20, 2026 (Doc. 9).1 On April 20, 2026,

Magistrate Judge Charmiane G. Claxton2 issued a Report and Recommendation that Plaintiff’s

Complaint should be dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. Doc.

19. The next day, Plaintiff filed his objections to the Magistrate Judge’s Report. Doc. 20. Plaintiff

has also filed a number of other motions in this case, including:

1 Plaintiff used his amendment as a matter of course on January 9, 2026 (Doc. 8). Any further amendment

required leave of the Court. Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2).

2 Pursuant to Administrative Order No. 2013-05, this case was referred to the United States Magistrate Judge

for management and for all pretrial matters for determination and/or report and recommendation as appropriate.

• MOTION FOR LEAVE TO SERVE THIRD-PARTY SUBPOENA UPON

THE OFFICE OF FEDERAL EMPLOYEES’ GROUP LIFE INSURANCE

(OFEGLI) AND FOR EXPEDITED DISCOVERY. Doc. 10.

• MOTION TO COMPEL RULING ON MOTION FOR LEAVE TO PROCEED

IN FORMA PAUPERIS AND TO DIRECT SERVICE OF PROCESS BY U.S.

MARSHAL. Doc. 15

• EMERGENCY MOTION TO COMPEL COMPLIANCE WITH FEDERAL

SUBPOENA BY THIRD PARTY OFFICE OF FEDERAL EMPLOYEES’

GROUP LIFE INSURANCE (OFEGLI) / METROPOLITAN LIFE

INSURANCE COMPANY AND FOR ORDER TO SHOW CAUSE WHY

OFEGLI SHOULD NOT BE HELD IN CONTEMPT OF COURT. Doc. 17.

• EMERGENCY MOTION TO COMPEL COMPLIANCE WITH FEDERAL

SUBPOENA ISSUED TO OFFICE OF FEDERAL EMPLOYEES’ GROUP

LIFE INSURANCE (OFEGLI) AND METLIFE AND FOR SANCTIONS

FOR NON-COMPLIANCE. Doc. 21.

For the following reasons, the Court OVERRULES Plaintiff’s objections and ADOPTS

the Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law from the Report and Recommendation (Doc.

19). Accordingly, Plaintiff’s Complaint (Doc. 8) is DISMISSED, the Motion for

Temporary Restraining Order (Doc. 7) is DENIED, and all other motions are DENIED

AS MOOT.

LEGAL STANDARD

A United States District Court Judge may designate a United States Magistrate Judge to

conduct evidentiary hearings and submit proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law for

disposition by the District Judge of certain motions. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B). The District Judge

“may accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the findings or recommendations made by the

magistrate judge,” and “shall make a de novo determination of those portions of the report or

specified proposed findings or recommendations to which objection is made.” Id. Written

objections to a magistrate judge’s findings or conclusions must be specific. See Fed. R. Civ. P.

72(b)(2). “[A] general objection to a magistrate [judge]’s report, which fails to specify the issues

of contention, does not satisfy the requirement that an objection be filed.” Miller v. Currie, 50 F.3d

373, 380 (6th Cir. 1995).

Under Local Rule 4.1(b)(2), the Clerk of the Court will only issue summonses in cases with

non-prisoner pro se plaintiffs who are proceeding in forma pauperis at the Court’s direction after

the Court conducts a screening under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B). Under that provision, the Court

shall dismiss the case at any time if it determines that the action “(i) is frivolous or malicious; (ii)

fails to state a claim on which relief may be granted; or (iii) seeks monetary relief against a

defendant who is immune from such relief.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B). “To avoid dismissal [under

§ 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii)], a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a

claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Small v. Brock, 963 F.3d 539, 540–41 (6th Cir. 2020)

(quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citation modified)).

Temporary restraining orders and preliminary injunctions are “extraordinary equitable

remed[ies] that [are] never awarded as of right.” Starbucks Corp. v. McKinney, 602 U.S. 339, 345–

46 (2024) (quoting Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 24 (2008)). To obtain such

relief, the movant must “make a clear showing that ‘he is likely to succeed on the merits, that he

is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief, that the balance of equities

tips in his favor, and that an injunction is in the public interest.’” Id. at 346 (quoting Winter, 555

U.S. at 20). Thus, “‘[t]he party seeking a [temporary restraining order or] preliminary injunction

bears the burden of justifying such relief.’” Memphis A. Philip Randolph Inst. v. Hargett, 2 F.4th

548, 554 (6th Cir. 2021) (quoting A.C.L.U. Fund of Mich. v. Livingston Cnty., 796 F.3d 636, 642

(6th Cir. 2015)). “If the plaintiff fails to show a likelihood of success on the merits, the court may

deny the injunction without any further consideration.” U.S. Sportsmen’s All. Found. v. Ctrs. for

Disease Control & Prevention, 167 F.4th 813, 818 (6th Cir. 2026).

BACKGROUND

As stated in the Report, Plaintiff brings suit against Judge Joe Townsend, who presided

over a custody determination and granted custody of Plaintiff’s children to Clifton Brown and

Shirley Ann Brown (collectively “the Brown Defendants”), their maternal grandparents. Doc. 19

at 2. Plaintiff also sues Attorneys Reginald L. Eskridge and Janelle R. Eskridge (collectively “the

Eskridge Defendants”), who represented the Brown Defendants in the custody proceedings in

Shelby County, Tennessee, which Plaintiff alleges maintains customs, policies, and practices that

allowed and enabled constitutional violations against him. Id.

Plaintiff amended his Complaint to add as defendants the Memphis Police Department

(“MPD”), the City of Memphis, Tennessee, and five unidentified John Doe MPD officers. Id. at

3; Doc. 8. Plaintiff’s complaint now includes eight counts:

(1) All Defendants violated Section 1983 by depriving him of his Fourteenth

Amendment parental rights;

(2) MPD Defendants and Defendant City of Memphis violated Section 1983 by

unlawfully seizing his custodial interest protected by the Fourth Amendment;

(3) All Defendants except the MPD officers violated Section 1983 by depriving

him of Fourteenth Amendment procedural due process through denying him notice

and an opportunity to be heard;

(4) All Defendants violated Section 1983 by depriving him of Fourteenth

Amendment substantive due process through arbitrary and conscience shocking

action;

(5) The Eskridge and Brown Defendants, as well as John Doe MPD officers

violated Section 1985(3) by conspiring to deprive him of his civil rights;

(6) Defendants Judge Townsend and John Doe MPD officers violated Section 1983

by failing to intervene and prevent violations of his constitutional rights;

(7) Defendant City of Memphis is liable under Monell v. Dep’t of Social Srvs., 436

U.S. 658 (1978) for maintaining customs, policies, and practices that led to the

deprivation of his constitutional rights.

(8) Defendant Shelby County is liable under Monell v. Dep’t of Social Srvs., 436

U.S. 658 (1978) for maintaining customs, policies, and practices that led to the

deprivation of his constitutional rights.

Doc. 19 at 3; Doc. 8 at 7–11.

ANALYSIS

The Report and Recommendation provided the following proposed conclusions of law:

a) The Section 1983 claims against Defendant Judge Townsend, a state probate

court judge, should be dismissed for failure to state a claim due to judicial

immunity.

b) The Section 1983 claims against the Brown and Eskridge Defendants should be

dismissed because they were not state actors.

c) The Section 1983 and Monell claims against Shelby County should be

dismissed because Shelby County as a municipality does not have a role in the

operation of Shelby County Probate Court, which is a court of the state.

d) The Section 1983 and Monell claims against MPD and John Doe officers are

properly construed against the City of Memphis, but should be dismissed

regardless because Plaintiff does not specify what municipal policies, practices,

or customs are responsible for the alleged constitutional violations.

e) The Section 1985(3) claims should be dismissed because any deprivation of

Plaintiff’s rights occurred due to court order, not action of Defendants.

Doc. 19 at 5–8. The Report also recommended denying leave to proceed in forma pauperis on

appeal because any appeal would be frivolous and therefore not taken in good faith. Id. at 9.

Plaintiff makes six objections to the Magistrate Judge’s Report:

1. The Brown and Eskridge Defendants could be considered state actors because

Plaintiff alleges that they were joint actors who coordinated with Judge Townsend

to deprive Plaintiff of parental custody.

2. Judge Townsend was not immune from suit because he acted in complete absence

of jurisdiction.

3. The Monell claim against Shelby County should not be dismissed because Plaintiff

alleges Shelby County has administrative customs and policies that facilitate

unconstitutional state court proceedings.

4. The Monell claim against the City of Memphis should not be dismissed because

Plaintiff alleges the Memphis Defendants had a policy of allowing officer

interference in custody disputes without court orders.

5. The Section 1985(3) claims should not be dismissed because the actions of the

Eskridge and Brown Defendants were the proximate cause of the deprivation.

6. The Complaint should not be dismissed because Plaintiff was granted IFP status

and therefore service needs to be issued by the Court before dismissal.

Doc. 20 at 1–5. Plaintiff’s objections are all unsuccessful. The Court will address each in turn.

I. The Brown and Eskridge Defendants were not state actors liable under Section

1983.

Plaintiff’s Complaint alleged that the Brown and Eskridge Defendants acted under color of

state law by obtaining fraudulent guardianship through false allegations. Doc. 8 at 8. The Report

recommended dismissal of this claim because Plaintiff did not plead facts by which the Eskridge

or Brown Defendants could be considered state actors. Doc. 19 at 6. Plaintiff objected that the

Report erroneously recommended dismissal on the basis of the private status of the parties and

failed to consider whether the Eskridge Defendants were joint actors in a conspiracy with Judge

Townsend under Dennis v. Sparks, 449 U.S. 24 (1980) and Hooks v. Hooks, 771 F.2d 935, 943

(6th Cir. 1985). Doc. 20 at 2.

“[M]erely resorting to the courts and being on the winning side of a lawsuit does not make

a party a co–conspirator or a joint actor with the judge.” Dennis, 449 U.S. at 28. “To prove [civil]

conspiracy, plaintiffs must show (1) that there was a single plan, (2) that the alleged coconspirator

shared in the general conspiratorial objective, and (3) that an overt act was committed in

furtherance of the conspiracy that caused injury to the complainant.” Rieves v. Town of Smyrna,

Tennessee, 67 F.4th 856, 862 (6th Cir. 2023) (quoting Hooks, 771 F.2d at 944) (citation modified).

“To get past the pleading stage on a conspiracy claim, a complaint must assert ‘specific allegations’

that plausibly suggest each of these elements.” Blick v. Ann Arbor Pub. Sch. Dist., 105 F.4th 868,

887 (6th Cir. 2024). “[V]ague and conclusory allegations unsupported by material facts will not

be sufficient to state such a claim under § 1983.’” Marvaso v. Sanchez, 971 F.3d 599, 606 (6th Cir.

2020) (quoting Heyne v. Metro. Nash. Pub. Sch., 655 F.3d 556, 563 (6th Cir. 2011)).

Plaintiff has failed to plead a conspiracy existed between the Brown and Eskridge

Defendants and Judge Townsend. To begin, the Section 1983 Count of Plaintiff’s Complaint did

not itself allege that Judge Townsend coordinated with these Defendants. Doc. 8 at 7–8. Moreover,

Plaintiff’s objection states only that these Defendants “allegedly coordinated with Judge Townsend

to obtain a guardianship order through defective service, ex parte communications, and judicial

proceedings that Plaintiff was prevented from meaningfully participating in.” Doc. 20 at 2. Thus,

Plaintiff fails to state a claim because the complaint does not contain specific allegations that

plausibly showed the existence of a single plan or an agreement in conspiratorial objective. Blick,

105 F.4th at 887. Plaintiff provides only vague and conclusory allegations about Defendants that

are insufficient to state a claim under Section 1983. Marvaso, 971 F.3d at 606; see also Heyne,

655 F.3d at 563 (affirming dismissal of complaint that alleged only legal conclusions). This

objection is OVERRULED.

II. Judge Townsend did not act in the complete absence of all jurisdiction.

Plaintiff’s Complaint alleged a Section 1983 claim against Judge Townsend because he

entered orders without proper service and failed to intervene to prevent constitutional violations

against Plaintiff when he had opportunity and the duty to do so. Doc. 8 at 8–10. Relatedly, Plaintiff

seeks to declare void Judge Townsend’s guardianship orders. Id. at 12. The Report recommended

dismissal of these claims because Judge Townsend had judicial immunity. Doc. 19 at 5. Plaintiff

objected that this claim should not be dismissed because he is alleging that Judge Townsend

entered orders without subject-matter jurisdiction. Doc. 20 at 3.

Judicial immunity does not apply to “actions, though judicial in nature, taken in the

complete absence of all jurisdiction.” Mireles v. Waco, 502 U.S. 9, 11–12 (1991) (citations

omitted). “[T]he scope of the judge’s jurisdiction must be construed broadly where the issue is the

immunity of the judge.” Stump v. Sparkman, 435 U.S. 349, 356 (1978). “The question, then, is not

whether judges overstep their authority; it is whether they do so clearly.” Norfleet v. Renner, 924

F.3d 317, 319 (6th Cir. 2019).

Judge Townsend is entitled to immunity. Generally, probate courts in Tennessee have

jurisdiction to appoint guardianships. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 34–2–101(a); Hood v. Jenkins, 432

S.W.3d 814, 825 (Tenn. 2013). And Plaintiff’s objection appears not to be that Judge Townsend

categorically lacked subject matter jurisdiction over guardianships, but rather, his action against

Plaintiff was unlawful based on purported changes to the Tennessee Code. Doc. 20 at 3. Therefore,

this is not a situation where Judge Townsend “clearly” overstepped his authority in a way that

might pierce judicial immunity. See Norfleet, 924 F.3d at 319. This objection is OVERRULED.

III. Plaintiff has not sufficiently pleaded a Monell claim against the City of

Memphis.

Plaintiff’s Complaint alleged a Monell claim against the City of Memphis because MPD

had a policy or custom of officers interfering with custody disputes without court orders, deferring

to parties with physical possession of children, and siding with grandparents over parents, as well

as a failure to train officers on governing law for the same. Doc. 8 at 11. After properly construing

the MPD claims as against the City of Memphis, the Report recommended dismissal because

Plaintiff “only states as a conclusion that Memphis police officers prevented him from taking

custody of his children and that they acted without legal authority,” and did not “state with any

specificity what policies, practices, or customs of the City of Memphis are responsible for the

deprivation of his constitutional rights.” Doc. 19 at 7. Plaintiff objected that his claim should not

be dismissed because he has alleged that:

(1) Memphis police officers physically prevented him from exercising his parental

rights without a court order authorizing them to do so; (2) officers deferred to

physical possession over legal parental rights; and (3) the City maintains a policy

of allowing officer interference in custody disputes without court orders.

Doc. 20 at 4.

A Monell claim requires demonstrating: (1) the existence of an illegal official policy or

legislative enactment; (2) that an official with final decision-making authority ratified illegal

actions; (3) the existence of a policy of inadequate training or supervision; or (4) the existence of

a custom of tolerance or acquiescence of federal rights violations. Kovalchuk v. City of Decherd,

Tennessee, 95 F.4th 1035, 1038 (6th Cir. 2024) (quoting Burgess v. Fischer, 735 F.3d 462, 478

(6th Cir. 2013)). “In order to show that a municipality is liable for a failure to train its employees,

a plaintiff must establish that: 1) the City's training program was inadequate for the tasks that

officers must perform; 2) the inadequacy was the result of the City's deliberate indifference; and

3) the inadequacy was closely related to or actually caused the injury.”

Jackson v. City of Cleveland, 925 F.3d 793, 834 (6th Cir. 2019) (quoting Ciminillo v. Streicher,

434 F.3d 461, 469 (6th Cir. 2006) (citation modified)). Proving a municipal “policy” therefore

requires showing “deliberate indifference,” Shadrick v. Hopkins County, 805 F.3d 724, 738–39

(6th Cir. 2015), which generally means “total inaction in the face of repeated, known, rights

violations,” Mosier v. Evans, 90 F.4th 541, 549 (6th Cir. 2024). Similarly, “[a] municipal ‘custom’

may be established by proof of the knowledge of policymaking officials and their acquiescence in

the established practice.” Lipman v. Budish, 974 F.3d 726, 748 (6th Cir. 2020) (quoting Memphis,

Tenn. Area Local, Am. Postal Workers Union, AFL-CIO v. City of Memphis, 361 F.3d 898, 902

(6th Cir. 2004)). Proving a municipal custom requires a “clear and persistent” pattern of conduct

that had the municipality’s “tacit approval.” D’Ambrosio v. Marino, 747 F.3d 378, 386–87 (6th

Cir. 2014).

The Court agrees that Plaintiff fails to state a Monell claim. Plaintiff appears to allege both

a policy of inadequate training and a custom of tolerating violations, but fails to state either claim.

See Shadrick, 805 F.3d at 738–39; D’Ambrosio, 747 F.3d at 386–87. Plaintiff has not shown a

policy or custom because he has alleged no proof of other instances of this behavior by MPD

beyond the conclusory allegations related to his own case. See Thomas v. City of Chattanooga,

398 F.3d 426, 434 (6th Cir. 2005). This objection is OVERRULED.

IV. Plaintiff has not sufficiently pleaded a Monell claim against Shelby County.

Plaintiff’s Complaint alleged a Monell claim against Shelby County because it had a policy

or custom of inadequate oversight of probate proceedings and “jurisdictional gamesmanship” to

deny access to courts, as well as a failure to train on service of process, parental

rights/guardianship, and fraud. Doc. 8 at 11. The Report recommended dismissal of this claim

because “Shelby County as a municipality does not train, oversee, or otherwise have any role in

the operations” of the Shelby County Probate Court. Doc. 19 at 7. Plaintiff objected that his claim

should not be dismissed because he has alleged that Shelby County maintains unconstitutional

customs and policies that impact the state court. Doc. 20 at 3.

Plaintiff’s Monell claim here fails largely on the same grounds as the previous claim against

the City of Memphis. The Court agrees that Shelby County cannot be held liable for the conduct

of an entity it does not train or control. Even if that were possible, Plaintiff has failed to allege the

occurrence of other instances which demonstrate the pervasiveness required to establish liability

under Monell as a policy or custom. Shadrick, 805 F.3d at 738–39; D’Ambrosio, 747 F.3d at 386–

87; Thomas, 398 F.3d at 434. This objection is OVERRULED.

V. Plaintiff has not sufficiently pleaded a civil conspiracy under Section 1985(3).

Plaintiff’s Complaint alleged that the Eskridge and Brown Defendants conspired with MPD

officers to deprive Plaintiff of his constitutional rights. Doc. 8 at 10. The Report recommended

dismissal of this claim because the deprivation occurred due to court order not action by the Brown

and Eskridge Defendants (or MPD). Doc. 19 at 8. Plaintiff objected that this claim should not be

dismissed because Plaintiff was not required to allege direct causation, and “[i]f these allegations

are true, the conspiracy was the proximate cause of Plaintiffs ongoing deprivation of parental

rights.” Doc. 20 at 4.

Nonetheless, Plaintiff has failed to plead a conspiracy existed between the Brown and

Eskridge Defendants and MPD. Plaintiff’s complaint reflects only that Defendants collectively

“agreed upon and implemented a coordinated scheme” that was “motivated by desire to obtain

financial benefits.” Doc. 8 at 10. In other words, Plaintiff’s Complaint treats Defendants

collectively, and does not contain specific allegations that plausibly show that each Defendant

agreed to a conspiracy’s objectives and joined a single plan. Blick, 105 F.4th at 887. Plaintiff’s

vague and conclusory allegations are insufficient to state a claim under Section 1983. Marvaso,

971 F.3d at 606. This objection is OVERRULED.

VI. Dismissal can occur irrespective of granting pauper status.

Plaintiff’s last objection asserts that because he was granted pauper status, the Magistrate

Judge should not recommend dismissal of his complaint before issuing service of process. Doc.

220 at 5. Contrary to Plaintiff’s objection, when a case proceeds with a pauper plaintiff, “the court

shall dismiss the case any time” if it determines that the action fails to state a claim on which relief

may be granted. 28 U.S. Code § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii). The Court is not required to issue service of

process before dismissing the complaint under the screening requirement of Section 1915. This

objection is OVERRULED.

* * *

In sum, Plaintiff’s Complaint is not sufficient to avoid dismissal under Section

1915(e)(2)(B)(ii). See Small, 963 F.3d at 540–41. Plaintiff’s Complaint is DISMISSED.

Accordingly, he has also not shown a likelihood of success on the merits that warrants a temporary

restraining order. See U.S. Sportsmen’s All. Found., 167 F.4th at 818. The Motion for Temporary

Restraining Order is DENIED.

CONCLUSION

Plaintiff’s objections (Doc. 20) are all OVERRULED. The Court ADOPTS the Findings

of Fact and Conclusions of Law from the Report and Recommendation (Doc. 19), as supplemented

in this Order. Defendant’s Complaint (Doc. 8) is DISMISSED, the Motion for Temporary

Restraining Order (Doc. 7) is DENIED, and all other pending motions are DENIED AS MOOT

and TERMINATED. The Clerk is DIRECTED to close this case.

Under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 24(a), a party seeking pauper status on appeal

must first file a motion in the district court, along with a supporting affidavit. Fed. R. App. P.

24(a). However, Rule 24(a) also provides that if the district court certifies that an appeal would

not be taken in good faith, the prisoner must file his motion to proceed in forma pauperis in the

appellate court. Id. In this case, the Court CERTIFIES, pursuant to Rule 24(a), that any appeal in

this matter would not be taken in good faith. Leave to appeal in forma pauperis is therefore

DENIED.3

3 If Plaintiff files a notice of appeal, he must pay the full $605.00 appellate filing fee or file

a motion to proceed in forma pauperis and supporting affidavit in the Sixth Circuit Court of

Appeals within thirty days.

IT IS SO ORDERED, this 5th day of May, 2026.

s/ Brian C. Lea

BRIAN C. LEA

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE