Scott

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF ALABAMA

NORTHERN DIVISION

JESSICA JAY SCOTT, et al., )

)

Plaintiffs, )

)

v. ) CASE NO. 2:25-cv-928-RAH

)

CHILTON COUNTY )

DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN )

RESOURCES, et al., )

)

Defendants. )

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

THIS MATTER is before the Court on the Report and Recommendation (doc.

17) issued by the Magistrate Judge on March 2, 2026. In the Report, the Magistrate

Judge recommended the Court dismiss the Complaint under the domestic relations

exception to federal subject matter jurisdiction. Plaintiffs filed timely objections.

(Doc. 18.) For the reasons set forth below, the Complaint is due to be dismissed

without prejudice, albeit on different grounds than those recommended by the

Magistrate Judge.

BACKGROUND

Plaintiffs Jessica Jay Scott and John Burton Eubanks, Jr. filed this action on

November 21, 2025, against the Chilton County Department of Human Resources,

Chilton County Sheriff’s Department, Mallory Ratliff, Dayla Hamilton, Ali

Patterson, Shane Mayfield, and Judge Christopher G. Speaks. (Doc. 1.) The suit

arises out of ongoing termination of parental rights proceedings in state court. (Id.)

Defendants removed Plaintiffs’ children from their home after Plaintiffs were

criminally charged with child abuse. (Id.) After a jury trial, Plaintiffs were acquitted

of all charges; however, Defendants refused to return the children to their custody

and instead initiated termination proceedings. (Id. at 1.) Plaintiffs seek damages and

injunctive relief, including an order “preventing termination of parental rights

proceedings” and restoring their “custody rights” over their children. (Id. at 3.) The

matter was referred to the Magistrate Judge pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636.

On March 2, 2026, the Magistrate Judge recommended that this matter be

dismissed in its entirety for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The Magistrate Judge

found that jurisdiction is lacking because the relief that Plaintiffs seek stems from

ongoing child removal and termination of parental rights proceedings, and those are

issues of state law, not federal law. (Doc. 17 at 2–3.) Plaintiffs filed timely

objections. They argue that federal jurisdiction is proper because they seek only

monetary and declaratory relief for past constitutional harms, not prospective

injunctive relief. (Doc. 18 at 2.)

STANDARD OF REVIEW

A district judge has broad discretion to accept, reject, or modify a magistrate

judge’s proposed findings and recommendations. United States v. Raddatz, 447 U.S.

667, 680 (1980). Under 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1), the Court reviews any portion of the

Report and Recommendation that is the subject of a proper objection on a de novo

basis and any non-objected portion under a “clearly erroneous” standard. “Parties

filing objections to a magistrate’s report and recommendation must specifically

identify those findings objected to. Frivolous, conclusive or general objections need

not be considered by the district court.” Marsden v. Moore, 847 F.2d 1536, 1548

(11th Cir. 1988).

DISCUSSION

The Magistrate Judge recommended that this action be dismissed because the

domestic relations exception to federal subject matter jurisdiction foreclosed

jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ claims. (Doc. 17 at 2–3.) For the reasons that follow, this

Court disagrees that the domestic relations exception applies across-the-board in this

matter. Nevertheless, the Court will abstain from hearing this matter under Younger

abstention.

A. Domestic Relations Exception

Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction. U.S. Const. art. III, § 2. As

such, federal district courts “are empowered to hear only those cases within the

judicial power of the United States as defined by Article III of the Constitution, and

which have been entrusted to them by a jurisdictional grant authorized by Congress.”

Univ. of S. Ala. v. Am. Tobacco Co., 168 F.3d 405, 409 (11th Cir. 1999). Congress

provided that federal subject matter jurisdiction extends over matters “arising under

the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States,” 28 U.S.C. § 1331, and

matters between citizens of different states where the amount in controversy exceeds

$75,000, 28 U.S.C. § 1332.

As the Magistrate Judge correctly noted, the Supreme Court has recognized

an exception to federal subject matter jurisdiction for domestic relations cases.

Under the domestic relations exception, federal courts must generally abstain from

deciding matters “involving the issuance of a divorce, alimony, or child custody

decree” even if subject matter jurisdiction would otherwise be proper. Ankenbrandt

v. Richards, 504 U.S. 689, 704 (1992). Courts frequently apply this domestic

relations exception to cases asserting diversity jurisdiction but have split on whether

it applies to cases arising under federal question jurisdiction. See Ingram v. Hayes,

866 F.2d 368, 370–72 (11th Cir. 1988) (per curiam). The majority of circuit courts

have held that the domestic relations exception does not apply to federal question

cases. See, e.g., Deem v. DiMella-Deem, 941 F.3d 618, 623 (2d Cir. 2019) (“That

the Court in Ankenbrandt recognized a domestic relations exception to the diversity

jurisdiction statute . . . has no bearing on whether such an exception applies in non-

diversity cases.”); Atwood v. Fort Peck Tribal Ct. Assiniboine, 513 F.3d 943, 945

(9th Cir. 2008) (“We hold that the ‘domestic relations exception’ . . . applies only to

the diversity jurisdiction statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1332 . . . .”); O’Bryant v. N.J. Div. of

Child Prot. & Permanency, 818 F. App’x 143, 145 (3d Cir. 2020) (per curiam)

(same); Reale v. Wake Cnty. Hum. Servs., 480 F. App’x 195, 197 (4th Cir. 2012)

(per curiam) (same); United States v. Bailey, 115 F.3d 1222, 1231 (5th Cir. 1997)

(same); see also United Stated v. Crawford, 115 F.3d 1397, 1401–02 (8th Cir. 1997)

(noting that the Supreme Court has only applied the domestic relations exception in

diversity cases). But see Mandel v. Town of Orleans, 326 F.3d 267, 271 (1st Cir.

2003); Alexander v. Rosen, 804 F.3d 1203, 1205 (6th Cir. 2015); Syph v. Arce, 772

F. App’x 356, 357 (7th Cir. 2019) (per curiam).

Neither the Supreme Court nor the Eleventh Circuit have expressly decided

whether the exception applies to federal question cases, but the Eleventh Circuit has

noted that “the courts that liberally apply the domestic relations exception to federal

question jurisdiction” have not done so in all cases, but only “when the federal court

would necessarily become enmeshed in the domestic factual disputes.” Ingram, 866

F.2d at at 372; see also Carver v. Carver, 954 F.2d 1573, 1578 (11th Cir. 1992)

(“[T]he domestic relations exception has been applied only to diversity jurisdiction

or federal question jurisdiction which would require adjudication of domestic

affairs.”).

Here, the Court’s subject matter jurisdiction is rooted in federal question

jurisdiction because Plaintiffs assert claims pursuant to the Constitution and laws of

the United States, including 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and the First, Fourth, and Fourteenth

Amendments to the Constitution. (Doc. 1 at 2.) See 28 U.S.C. § 1331. Given the lack

of clear precedent by the Eleventh Circuit, this Court declines to extend the domestic

relations exception to this matter arising under federal question jurisdiction.

Accordingly, Plaintiffs’ objections to the Magistrate Judge’s Report are due to be

sustained to the extent they argue against application of the domestic relations

exception in this matter.

B. Younger Abstention

Although the domestic relations exception does not apply in this matter, the

Court nevertheless will abstain from hearing Plaintiffs’ claims. In the Complaint,

Plaintiffs request injunctive relief “preventing termination of parental rights

proceedings” and restoring their custody rights over their minor children.1 (Doc. 1

at 3.) Plaintiffs also seek damages related to alleged constitutional violations in the

course of the ongoing proceedings. Because such relief would interfere with ongoing

state civil enforcement proceedings,2 Younger abstention is proper, and the

Complaint is due to be dismissed without prejudice.

The Supreme Court has made clear that Younger abstention is limited to three

“exceptional” categories: (1) “state criminal prosecutions[,]” (2) “civil enforcement

proceedings[,]” and (3) “civil proceedings involving certain orders that are uniquely

in furtherance of the state courts’ ability to perform their judicial functions.” Sprint

Commc’ns Inc. v. Jacobs, 571 U.S. 69, 77 (2013) (quoting New Orleans Pub. Serv.,

Inc. v. Council of City of New Orleans, 491 U.S. 350, 367–68 (1989)). At issue here

is the exact type of civil enforcement for which Younger has been extended to cover,

1 In their objections, Plaintiffs appear to attempt to amend the complaint and disclaim any request

for injunctive relief related to the ongoing state proceedings. But when “a request for leave to file

an amended complaint simply is imbedded within an opposition memorandum, the issue has not

been raised properly.” Newton v. Duke Energy Fla., LLC, 895 F.3d 1270, 1277 (11th Cir. 2018).

Therefore, the Court will only consider the relief requested in the operative complaint, which

includes a request for injunctive relief.

2 According to the notice filed by Plaintiffs, termination proceedings were scheduled for February

18, 2026. (Doc. 15.) For the purposes of this Order, the Court assumes that the proceedings in state

court remain ongoing. Even if the proceedings have concluded, abstention from hearing Plaintiffs’

claims for injunctive relief would be proper under Rooker–Feldman. See, e.g., Liedel v. Juv. Ct. of

Madison Cnty., 891 F.2d 1542, 1544–46 (11th Cir. 1990) (holding that complaint must be

dismissed under Rooker–Feldman where relief would “effectively nullify . . . state orders”).

e.g., child protection and child custody proceedings. See Moore v. Sims, 442 U.S.

415, 419–20 (1979) (extending Younger to state-initiated proceeding to gain custody

of children allegedly abused by their parents).

Younger abstention bars federal court intervention in “ongoing state judicial

proceeding[s]” where “the proceedings implicate important state interests[] and

there is an adequate opportunity in the state proceedings to raise constitutional

challenges.” Adams v. Florida, 185 F. App’x 816, 816–17 (11th Cir. 2006) (per

curiam). To determine whether the federal proceeding would interfere with the state

one, courts “look to the relief requested and the effect it would have on the state

proceedings.” 31 Foster Children v. Bush, 329 F.3d 1255, 1276 (11th Cir. 2003).

The plaintiff bears the burden of establishing that the state proceedings do not

provide an adequate remedy for their federal claims. Butler v. Ala. Jud. Inquiry

Comm’n, 261 F.3d 1154, 1159 (11th Cir. 2001). A federal court “should assume that

state procedures will afford an adequate remedy, in the absence of unambiguous

authority to the contrary.” Pennzoil Co. v. Texaco, Inc., 481 U.S. 1, 15 (1987).

Younger abstention is proper in this case because the requested injunctive

relief would interfere with important state interests and Plaintiffs have not

demonstrated that they lack the ability to raise their arguments in the ongoing state

proceedings. Courts have long recognized that states have important interests in

child welfare and child protection. See, e.g., Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 766

(1982) (recognizing state’s interest in “preserving and promoting the welfare of the

child”); Doe v. Kearney, 329 F.3d 1286, 1293 (11th Cir. 2003) (recognizing that the

state has a “profound interest in the welfare” of children (quoting Tenenbaum v.

Williams, 193 F.3d 581, 592 (2d Cir. 1999))). The injunctive relief sought would

directly interfere with the state proceedings because Plaintiffs seek an order halting

the proceedings and preventing the state court from terminating their parental rights.

See Bush, 329 F.3d at 1276–79 (analyzing whether the requested relief sought to

control or prevent the occurrence of specific events that might take place in the

ongoing state proceedings).

Moreover, Plaintiffs have not shown that they lack an adequate opportunity to

raise their federal claims in state court. Plaintiffs argue that federal relief is warranted

because Defendants plan to introduce inaccurate, inconsistent, and misleading

evidence at the termination trial that is inconsistent with physical evidence and

witness testimony. But they have not demonstrated that they cannot adequately raise

these concerns in state court. Alabama law requires courts to consider the best

interest of the children before granting a petition to terminate parental rights. Ala.

Code § 12-15-319. Among the nonexclusive factors are whether a parent has abused

or otherwise maltreated the children and whether a parent has been convicted of and

imprisoned for a felony. See Ala. Code § 12-15-319(a)(3)–(4). Thus, Plaintiffs may

present evidence of their acquittal of child abuse charges as well as any other

evidence to dispute Defendants’ evidence. Accordingly, Plaintiffs’ claims for

injunctive relief are due to be dismissed.

Moreover, Plaintiffs’ claims for damages are also due to be dismissed.

Although not yet decided by the Supreme Court, the Eleventh Circuit has indicated

that Younger abstention extends to cases involving § 1983 claims for monetary

damages where the ongoing state proceeding implicates an important state interest,

the state proceeding will provide an adequate remedy for the federal claims, and the

federal proceeding would interfere with the underlying state case. See Doby v.

Strength, 758 F.2d 1405, 1406 (11th Cir. 1985); Prather v. Norman, 901 F.2d 915,

919 (11th Cir. 1990) (citing Deakins v. Monaghan, 484 U.S. 193, 202 (1988)

(reserving the issue as to whether Younger applies to § 1983 damages actions))

(requiring abstention pursuant to Younger where plaintiff raised Fourth Amendment

§ 1983 damages claims related to ongoing state criminal proceedings); Stoddard v.

Fla. Bd. of Bar Exam’rs, 509 F. Supp. 2d 1117 (N.D. Fla. 2006), aff’d, 229 F. App’x

911 (11th Cir. 2007). Here, as discussed above, Plaintiffs have not demonstrated that

the state court cannot address the alleged constitutional violations that form the basis

of their damage claims. And any adjudication of the constitutional adequacy of the

process provided to Plaintiffs in the ongoing termination proceedings would unduly

interfere with the state court’s resolution of the underlying matter. See Jones v.

Takaki, No. 92 C 7076, 1993 WL 41420, at *3 (N.D. Ill. Feb. 18, 1993) (“Most

significantly, given the doctrine of res judicata, the basic policy against federal

interference with pending state criminal prosecutions generally will be frustrated as

much by a damages award as it would be by either declaratory relief or an

injunction.”).

Accordingly, Plaintiffs’ remaining claims for damages are due to be

dismissed3 without prejudice.4 See Boyd v. Georgia, 512 F. App’x 915, 918 (11th

Cir. 2013) (affirming district court’s dismissal of § 1983 damages claim on Younger

abstention grounds); Jones, 1993 WL 41420, at *3 (dismissing § 1983 claim under

3 Although the Supreme Court advised in Quackenbush that federal courts abstaining from

deciding a § 1983 damages claim under Younger should ordinarily stay rather than dismiss the

action, the Court declines to issue a stay because Plaintiffs seek primarily equitable relief and their

claims arise under federal question jurisdiction, not diversity jurisdiction as was the case in

Quackenbush. See Ford v. Tait, 163 F. Supp. 2d 57, 67 (D.D.C. 2001) (dismissing § 1983 damages

claim under Younger because claim arose under federal question jurisdiction and plaintiff

primarily sought equitable relief); Stein v. Legal Advert. Comm. of Discipline Bd., 272 F. Supp. 2d

1260, 1275 (D.N.M. 2003) (same); Discovery House, Inc. v. Consol. City of Indianapolis, 970 F.

Supp. 655, 660–61 (S.D. Ind. 1997) (same); see also Wideman v. Colorado, 242 F. App’x 611,

(10th Cir. 2007) (upholding dismissal of § 1983 damages claims over state child custody

proceedings).

4 Since dismissal is without prejudice, Plaintiffs may refile their damage claims once the

termination proceedings have concluded. The Court also notes that dismissal of this action for

claimed damages arising out of an ongoing legal proceeding is appropriate on ripeness grounds

because the state proceedings have not yet concluded. See McKinney v. Pate, 20 F.3d 1550, 1560

(11th Cir. 1994) (holding that “no procedural due process right has been violated unless and until

the state fails to remedy” the alleged inadequacy in the process provided); Stubbs v. City of Ctr.

Point, 988 F. Supp. 2d 1270, 1280 (N.D. Ala. 2013) (dismissing § 1983 procedural due process

claim on ripeness grounds due to ongoing state proceedings).

Younger abstention with leave to reinstate upon conclusion of the underlying state

criminal proceeding).

C. Shotgun Complaint

Although not addressed by the Magistrate Judge, the Complaint is also due to

be dismissed because it is a classic shotgun pleading. “The unifying characteristic of

all types of shotgun pleadings is that they fail to one degree or another, and in one

way or another, to give the defendants adequate notice of the claims against them

and the grounds upon which each claim rests.” Weiland v. Palm Beach Cnty.

Sheriff’s Off., 792 F.3d 1313, 1323 (11th Cir. 2015). The Eleventh Circuit has

identified four characteristics of classic shotgun pleadings. These are pleadings that:

(1) contain multiple counts where each adopts the allegations of all

preceding counts; (2) are filled with conclusory, vague, and immaterial

facts not obviously connected to any particular cause of action; (3) do

not separate each cause of action or claim into separate counts; or (4)

assert multiple claims against multiple defendants but do not specify

which defendant is responsible for which acts or omissions.

Brown v. Air Line Pilots Ass’n, 813 F. App’x 353, 355 (11th Cir. 2020) (cleaned up).

Here, the Complaint exhibits at least two characteristics of shotgun pleadings.

First, each count contains conclusory assertions without stating the factual basis for

the alleged constitutional violation. For example, the entirety of Count II summarily

states that “Defendants deprived Plaintiffs of constitutionally required notice, fair

hearings, accurate evidence, and opportunities for reunification.” (Doc. 1 at 2.)

Count III states that “Defendants interfered with Plaintiffs’ fundamental right to

family integrity without compelling justification.” (Id.) Rule 8(a) requires more than

these broad and conclusory statements unconnected to any concrete facts. See

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (“[A] complaint [does not] suffice if it

tenders ‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual enhancement.’” (quoting Bell

Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 557 (2007))).

Second, the Complaint does not specify which of the Defendants are

responsible for which actions—it broadly alleges that all of the “Defendants”

undertook identical acts or omissions. This, too, is insufficient to provide Defendants

with notice of the factual basis for the claims against them. See, e.g., Magluta v.

Samples, 256 F.3d 1282, 1284 (11th Cir. 2001) (“The complaint is replete with

allegations that ‘the defendants’ engaged in certain conduct, making no distinction

among the fourteen defendants charged, though geographic and temporal realities

make plain that all of the defendants could not have participated in every act

complained of.”); Jackson v. Bank of Am., N.A., 898 F.3d 1348, 1357 (11th Cir.

2018) (holding that complaint was a shotgun pleading where it incorporated by

reference all factual allegations into each claim and “ma[de] it nearly impossible for

Defendants and the Court to determine with any certainty which factual allegations

g[ave] rise to which claims for relief”).

Therefore, the Complaint is also due to dismissed as a shotgun complaint.

Although courts “should freely give leave when justice so requires,” Fed. R. Civ. P.

15(a)(2), Plaintiffs will not be given leave to amend because any proposed amended

complaint would also be subject to dismissal under Younger for the reasons

discussed above.

CONCLUSION

Accordingly, it is ORDERED as follows:

(1) Plaintiffs’ Objections (doc. 18) to the Magistrate Judge’s Report and

Recommendation (doc. 17) are SUSTAINED in part, and

OVERRULED in part;

(2) The Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation (doc. 17) is

ADOPTED in part and REJECTED in part; and

(3) The Complaint (doc. 1) is DISMISSED without prejudice; and

(4) The Clerk of Court is directed to close this matter.

DONE and ORDERED on this the 31st day of March 2026.

R. hie JR.

CHIEF ED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

11