Larry Bize, Sr. and Michelle R. Bize v. Malcolm Larvadain

STATE OF LOUISIANA

COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

18-394

LARRY BIZE, SR. AND MICHELLE R. BIZE

VERSUS

MALCOLM LARVADAIN, ET AL.

**********

APPEAL FROM THE

NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT

PARISH OF RAPIDES, NO. 257,342-F

HONORABLE GEORGE CLARENCE METOYER JR., DISTRICT JUDGE

**********

MARC T. AMY

JUDGE

**********

Court composed of Ulysses Gene Thibodeaux, Chief Judge, Sylvia R. Cooks, and

Marc T. Amy, Judges.

JUDGMENT DENYING MOTION TO OPPOSE SETTING OF BOND FOR

SECURITY OF COSTS, RULE TO SHOW CAUSE & DECLARE

STATUTE UNCONSTITUTIONAL AFFIRMED.

JUDGMENT SUSTAINING THE EXCEPTION OF PEREMPTION

AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED WITH

INSTRUCTIONS.

JUDGMENT SUSTAINING THE EXCEPTION OF RES JUDICATA

REVERSED. EXCEPTION OF RES JUDICATA DENIED.

Cooks, J., concurs in part and dissents in part with reasons.

Nelson Welch Cameron

675 Jordan Street

Shreveport, LA 71101

(318) 226-0111

COUNSEL FOR PLAINTIFFS/APPELLANTS:

Larry Bize, Sr.

Michelle R. Bize

James Huey Gibson

Gibson Law Partners, LLC

Post Office Box 52124

Lafayette, LA 70505

(337) 761-6023

COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANTS/APPELLEES:

Malcolm Larvadain

Edward Larvadain, III

Kelvin G. Sanders

418 Desoto Street

Alexandria, LA 71301-8305

(318) 487-0009

COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/APPELLEE:

Edward Larvadain, Jr.

Alexander T. Reinboth

Louisiana Department of Justice, Civil Division

Post Office Box 94005

Baton Rouge, LA 70804

(225) 326-6000

COUNSEL FOR OTHER APPELLEE:

Attorney General for the State of Louisiana

AMY, Judge.

The plaintiffs filed this claim against their former attorney, and purported

former attorneys, alleging legal malpractice in a number of acts and omissions,

including the entry of a settlement. The plaintiffs appealed to this court after the trial

court sustained the defendants’ exceptions of res judicata and peremption. The

plaintiffs further seek review of the trial court’s denial of their constitutional challenge

of the setting of bond for security for costs pursuant to La.R.S. 13:4522. For the

following reasons, we affirm in part; reverse in part; and remand for further limited

proceedings as instructed. Upon reversal of the sustaining of the exception of res

judicata, we deny that exception.

Factual and Procedural Background

The record indicates that Larry Bize, Sr. was arrested following a March 2008

incident at a bar he owned in Avoyelles Parish. Mr. Bize and his wife, Michelle R.

Bize, retained Malcom Larvadain (Mr. Larvadain) to represent them in a suit by

which they alleged that the Avoyelles Parish Sheriff’s deputies involved in the arrest

were liable to them for physical and mental damages resulting from the incident. That

initial petition was filed in March 2009.

In September 2010, a first supplemental and amending petition was filed

attempting to plead claims pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The trial court granted a

motion for summary judgment in July 2015 as to those latter claims on the basis of

prescription and upon a finding that they did not relate to the original petition due to

its lack of allegations in support of the § 1983 claims. The trial court also granted

summary judgment on the basis of an absence of genuine issues of material fact, as

the plaintiffs “failed to provide any evidence that they will be able to satisfy their

evidentiary burden regarding said claims at trial.” Thus, the trial court dismissed all §

1983 claims.

The remaining issues proceeded to trial before Judge Kerry Spruill. During a

recess in the proceedings, Mr. and Mrs. Bize entered into a November 13, 2015

settlement agreement, whereby they would receive $50,000 over a twelve-month

period.1 However, the matter was not dismissed at that point.

In April 2016, with the agreement confected, the defendants in the personal

injury suit filed a Motion to Enforce Settlement. While that motion was pending, Mr.

Bize discharged Mr. Larvadain and retained Nelson W. Cameron as reflected in a

May 2, 2016 Motion to Enroll and Withdraw as Counsel. Mr. Bize thereafter filed a

Motion to Recuse,2 asserting that he had lacked capacity to enter into the settlement

agreement and that Judge Spruill was a potential witness at the forthcoming hearing

on the Motion to Enforce Settlement. 3 Judge William J. Bennett was assigned to

1

The agreement, contained within the record, reflects the terms, in part, as follows:

Defendant, Sheriff Doug Anderson, in his official capacity, agrees to pay the

sum of $50,000.00 in full settlement of any and all claims asserted by Plaintiffs in the

above numbered and entitled suit. Said sum to be paid in equal monthly payments of

$4,166.67 for twelve months, the first payment of which will be made within 30 days

of signing of this document. Defendant, Sheriff Doug Anderson, also agrees to pay

Plaintiffs Clerk of Court costs incurred in this matter.

Plaintiffs[ ] agree to dismiss all claims asserted in the suit as well as the

currently pending appeal of the dismissal of the Civil Rights [sic].

2

While it appears that both Mr. and Mrs. Bize were plaintiffs in the personal injury suit, Mr.

Bize filed both the Motion to Enroll and Withdraw as Counsel and the Motion to Recuse in his name

alone.

3

Mr. Bize contended within the Motion to Recuse that:

It was apparent from those present in the courtroom at the time including Judge

Spruill that the Plaintiff Larry Bize was unable to proceed due to his emotional and

mental state. Judge Spruill likely has knowledge of some of the progress of the

negotiations which took place at the Avoyelles Parish Courthouse. A settlement

agreement was signed by Plaintiff at the courthouse on November 15, 2015, however,

Plaintiff Larry Bize, Sr., contends that he was deprived of reason and lacked capacity

at the time.

2

consider the motion to recuse. Following a hearing, Judge Bennett denied the motion,

explaining in his reasons for ruling that Judge Spruill was not a witness to Mr. Bize’s

alleged deterioration given the latter’s testimony that he became distraught during

settlement negotiations that occurred during a recess.4

Mr. Bize continued, asserting that “because Judge Spruill is a witness regarding the state of mind of

Plaintiff at the time of the recess and settlement, Judge Spruill should be recused.” See La.Code

Civ.P. art. 151(A)(1).

4

Judge Bennett further noted that Mr. Bize asserted that Judge Spruill “was presiding at the

time of the testimony of Larry Bize, Sr. and that during said testimony Bize sustained a break-down

which clearly indicated to Judge Kerry Spruill that Larry Bize, Sr. was not capable of making

reasonable decisions.” Judge Bennett continued, explaining:

Due to the contention raised by plaintiff that Bize sustained a break down

which clearly indicated to Judge Spruill that Bize was not capable of making

reasonable decisions and therefore called a recess, this Court not only read the

transcript of the proceeding but also listened to the audio tape of the proceeding.

During his testimony Bize appeared to be extremely calm and assertive, talking in a

normal pattern. It was remarkable to this Court that no emotion appeared from the

voice of Bize. Shortly before the break a “sniffle” was noticed, however, Bize was

still talking in a normal matter. All of a sudden Judge Spruill basically stated

“gentlemen I hate to interrupt but I have to take a brief recess for five minutes.”

There was absolutely no indication that this recess was precipitated by any condition

of Bize. It appeared that the recess was taken simply because the Judge had some

type of issue that he had to address. This is normal procedure in the Judicial field. If

the recess would have been necessitated by the condition of Bize a 5 minute

limitation would be unusual.

What is also striking to this Court is that Bize was not testifying about any

serious issue. The testimony at the time of the recess concerned the retirement of the

treating physician of Bize and the new doctor that Bize was being treated by.

During the recess the parties continued to discuss settlement of the claim and

reached a settlement. The settlement was reduced to writing and filed. The Trial was

continued without date.

During his testimony during Hearing, Larry Bize, Sr. confirmed that during

the settlement negotiations his mental condition deteriorated. Larry Bize, Sr.

confirms that Judge Kerry Spruill was not a witness to his condition during the

negotiations. Larry Bize, Sr. confirmed that Judge Spruill was a witness to his

emotional state during his testimony, which according to Judge Spruill, consisted of

crying shortly before the recess. All evidence considered by this Court fails to reflect

that the emotional state of Larry Bize, Sr. during his testimony was such that he

lacked reason and understanding. Minor crying does not equate to less of a reason or

understanding.

In their opposition to the defendant’s Motion to Enforce Settlement

Agreement, Larry Bize, Sr. contends that certain events occurred during the

settlement negotiations which were witnessed by a Dr. Nolan. At no point does Larry

Bize, Sr. allege that Judge Kerry Spruill witnessed any of these matters during the

settlement negotiations. Again, it is most important to point out that Judge Kerry

3

Afterwards, on September 8, 2016, Mr. and Mrs. Bize signed a formal Receipt

and Release of All Claims. Therein, they acknowledged that, for the sum of $50,000,

they released, acquitted, and discharged the officers named as defendants in the suit.

In turn, the trial court granted the parties’ Joint Motion to Dismiss and ordered, on

November 15, 2016, that Mr. and Mrs. Bize’s suit be dismissed as to all defendants.

Mr. and Mrs. Bize instituted the present matter, also in November 2016, by

filing a Petition for Damages and Trial By Jury in Rapides Parish. The plaintiffs

named Mr. Larvadain and his brother, Edward Larvadain, III, as defendants, as well as

their purported partnership. The plaintiffs alleged that Mr. Larvadain committed

various instances of legal malpractice in his representation of them in the initial matter,

including: 1) failing to timely plead claims allegedly arising under 42 U.S.C. § 1983

and failing to timely pursue an appeal or writ on a determination that such claims had

prescribed; 2) failing to file the matter in federal court; and 3) pleading causes of

action against the defendants in their official capacities and not in their individual

capacities. The plaintiffs additionally alleged that Mr. Larvadain “counseled Plaintiffs

to enter into a settlement agreement dismissing the named Defendants with prejudice.

Due to failures in the pleading as drafted and the filings and subsequent practice, the

Spruill witnessed the testimony of Larry Bize, Sr. and during this testimony, a recess

was called. Insufficient proof was submitted to show that this recess was called due

to Bize being unable to continue his testimony. However, the evidence confirms that

during settlement negotiations Judge Kerry Spruill was not present and was not a

witness.

The issue pending before the Court is whether or not the settlement agreement

entered into on November 13, 2015 and reduced to writing should be enforced. Larry

Bize, Sr. contends that due to his severe anxiety, duress and suicidal ideation, he was

deprived of reason. This severe anxiety, duress and suicidal ideation did not occur

during his testimony. A crying episode occurred as testified to by Judge Kerry

Spruill and confirmed by Larry Bize, Sr. Whether or not Larry Bize, Sr. had the

mental capability during the negotiation process and at the time of execution of the

settlement agreement consists of facts and circumstances which were not witnessed

by Judge Kerry Spruill. Therefore, clearly, Judge Kerry Spruill is not a witness to

this proceeding and the request for Recusation be and is hereby DENIED.

4

settlement obtained was woefully inadequate.” They continued, asserting that Mr.

Larvadain “knew or should have known during the settlement negotiations that Larry

Bize was under duress at the time and was not competent to proceed with a

settlement.” The plaintiffs alleged that they had suffered “loss of damages including

but not limited to attorney fees, punitive damages and sufficient compensation for the

losses sustained in the case filed in Avoyelles Parish district court.”

The plaintiffs thereafter filed three amending petitions. By those petitions, the

plaintiffs named Edward Larvadain, Jr. as an additional defendant, suggesting that he

assisted in Mr. Larvadain’s representation of them.5 Among other factual assertions,

the plaintiffs alleged legal malpractice in the failure to employ experts in the use of

force or arrest and in economics; the failure to conduct sufficient and timely discovery;

and in the failure to conduct a prompt prosecution of the matter. And, finally, the

plaintiffs alleged that certain instances of purported malpractice were not known to

them at the time of the occurrence. Rather, by the second and third amended petitions,

the plaintiffs contended that Mr. Larvadain acted with an intent to conceal the

purported malpractice, doing so by failing to inform them of, among other things, the

summary judgment resulting in the dismissal of the 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims. They

alleged that they only became aware of such actions after examination of the

Avoyelles Parish Court records in November 2016 and only after receipt of the file

from Mr. Larvadain. The plaintiffs further asserted that the delivery of the file was

not prompt. Those actions, the plaintiffs contended, reflected concealment and fraud

per La.R.S. 9:5605(E).

5

By supplemental petition, the plaintiffs also changed the name of the purported law

partnership. As neither Edward Larvadain, Jr. nor the law partnership entity are parties to the

judgment under review, we continue in the use of “the defendants” to refer to Mr. Larvadain and

Edward Larvadain, III.

5

Before pleading, Mr. Larvadain and Edward Larvadian, III (“the defendants”)

responded to the initial petition with a Motion to Set Bond For Security For Costs,

seeking a bond in the amount of $25,000, pursuant to La.R.S. 13:4522. The trial court

granted the motion, ordering the posting of a bond by April 10, 2017. By the ruling,

the trial court set for hearing the plaintiffs’ motion and rule to show cause by which

they prayed that La.R.S. 13:4522 be declared unconstitutional pursuant to La.Const.

art. 1, § 2 (Due Process of Law); La.Const. art. 1, § 19 (Right to Judicial Review); and

La.Const. art. 1, § 22 (Access to Courts). 6 Following that hearing, the trial court

denied the plaintiffs’ claim and entered judgment indicating that “the constitutionality

of La.R.S. 13:4522 is hereby upheld.” The trial court maintained its earlier order that

the plaintiffs post a $25,000 bond, but modified the date for the posting to “two weeks

after any ruling by the Louisiana Third Circuit Court of Appeal regarding this

Judgment.”

The defendants further filed various proceedings, including an Exception of

Peremption, an Exception of Res Judicata, and a Motion for Summary Judgment on

Estoppel. Following two hearings on the matters, the trial court denied the motion for

summary judgment, but sustained the exception of peremption as well as the

exception of res judicata. In sustaining the exception of res judicata, the trial court

ordered that “all claims of plaintiffs Larry Bize, Sr. and Michelle R. Bize concerning

the alleged lack of mental capacity of Larry Bize, Sr. when the plaintiffs settled the

underlying lawsuit are hereby dismissed with prejudice.”

The plaintiffs appeal, asserting that the trial court erred in: 1) requiring them to

post bond pursuant to La.R.S. 13:4522, as it violates La.Const. art. 1, § 22 and the

6

The plaintiffs also asserted that the statute violated La.Const. art. 3, § 12 (Prohibited Local

and Special Laws). However, the plaintiffs do not address that ground on appeal. Therefore, it is

not further discussed.

6

Due Process Clause of the U.S. Constitution; 2) requiring them to post bond when

there was insufficient evidence to support the amount imposed; 3) granting the

exception of preemption, as the record indicates that acts of malpractice occurred

within the one-year period before the filing of suit, and other acts occurred within one

year of discovery and within three years of the filing of suit; 4) not applying

prescription upon the demonstration of fraudulent concealment; and in 5) granting the

exception of res judicata when the parties to the prior judgment and the case at issue

are not the same.

Discussion

Louisiana Revised Statutes 13:4522

The plaintiffs first two assignments of error address the trial court’s order that

they post a bond for security and its determination “that the constitutionality of La.R.S.

13:4522 is hereby upheld.” Titled “Defendant may demand security for costs[,]” the

subject statute provides:

The defendant before pleading in all cases may by motion demand

and require the plaintiff or intervenor to give security for the cost in such

case, and on failure to do so within the time fixed by the court such suit

or intervention, as the case may be, shall be dismissed without prejudice.

This section shall not apply to the Parish of Orleans and to cases brought

in forma pauperis, nor to the state or any political subdivision thereof.

Id. The supreme court has explained that the requirement for the advance posting of

security for costs “secures the payment of those expenses incurred by the defendant in

defense of the suit which may be taxed as court costs and which the plaintiff may

finally be condemned to pay.” Carter v. Phillips, 337 So.2d 187, 188 (La.1976). We

turn to consideration of the plaintiffs’ related arguments.

7

Access to the Courts

We first examine the plaintiffs’ constitutional claim. In addition to the

defendants’ arguments rebutting the plaintiffs’ contention, the Attorney General of the

State of Louisiana files an amicus curiae brief with this court,7 arguing that La.R.S.

13:4522 maintains the plaintiffs’ right of access to the courts.

As noted by the Attorney General, this court must first determine whether the

constitutional issue presented by the plaintiffs in their brief is appropriately before this

court. See State v. Lanclos, 07-0082 (La. 4/8/08), 980 So.2d 643. On this point, the

supreme court has explained that:

We have repeatedly and consistently held that courts should refrain from

reaching or determining the constitutionality of legislation unless, in the

context of a particular case, the resolution of the constitutional issue is

essential to the decision of the case or controversy. State v. Fleming,

2001-2799 (La.6/21/02), 820 So.2d 467, 470; Cat’s Meow, Inc. v. City of

New Orleans Through Dept. of Finance, 98-0601 (La.10/20/98), 720

So.2d 1186, 1199; Louisiana Associated Gen. Contractors, Inc. v. New

Orleans Aviation Bd., 97-0752 (La.10/31/97), 701 So.2d 130, 132;

Cameron Parish Sch. Bd. v. Acands, Inc., 96-0895 (La.1/14/97), 687

So.2d 84, 87; White v. West Carroll Hosp., Inc., 613 So.2d 150, 157

(La.1992). Further, our jurisprudence counsels that the practice of courts

is “never to anticipate a question of constitutional law in advance of the

necessity of deciding it.” Matherne v. Gray Ins. Co., 95-0975

(La.10/16/95), 661 So.2d 432, 434; Communist Party of U.S. v.

Subversive Activities Control Bd., 367 U.S. 1, 81 S.Ct. 1357, 6 L.Ed.2d

625 (1961) (citing Liverpool, New York & Philadelphia S.S. Co. v.

Commissioners, 113 U.S. 33, 5 S.Ct. 352, 28 L.Ed. 899 (1885); Arizona

v. California, 283 U.S. 423, 51 S.Ct. 522, 75 L.Ed. 1154 (1931). Courts

should avoid constitutional rulings when the case can be disposed of on

7

Louisiana Revised Statutes 13:4448 provides:

Prior to adjudicating the constitutionality of a statute of the state of Louisiana,

the courts of appeal and the Supreme Court of Louisiana shall notify the attorney

general of the proceeding and afford him an opportunity to be heard. The notice shall

be made by certified mail. No judgment shall be rendered without compliance with

the provisions of this Section; provided where the attorney general was not notified

of the proceeding, the court shall hold adjudication of the case open pending

notification of the attorney general as required herein.

8

non-constitutional grounds. Blanchard v. State Through Parks and

Recreation Commission, 96-0053 (La.5/21/96), 673 So.2d 1000, 1002.

Id. at 647-48 (quoting Ring v. State, Dep’t of Transp. & Dev., 02-1367, pp. 4-5 (La.

1/14/03), 835 So.2d 423, 426-27).

In addressing this preliminary question, the Attorney General suggests that if it

is determined that the trial court appropriately dismissed the plaintiffs’ suit upon

sustaining the defendants’ exception, then resolution of the constitutional challenge

may not otherwise be required and, therefore, should not be addressed. As we below

find reversal of aspects of the judgment necessary, we continue with discussion of the

constitutional claim. We do not find, however, that the breadth of the plaintiffs’

argument as now presented to this court is preserved for review.

Rather, the supreme court has explained that “litigants must raise constitutional

challenges in the trial court rather than in the appellate courts, and that the

constitutional challenge must be specially pleaded and the grounds for the claim

particularized.” Arrington v. Galen-Med, Inc., 06-2968, p. 3 (La. 2/2/07), 947 So.2d

727, 728-29. Such a requirement permits the parties to brief and argue the issues

raised at a contradictory hearing and affords the opportunity for a full record for

review. Id. (citing Vallo v. Gayle Oil Co., Inc. 94-1238 (La. 11/30/94), 646 So.2d

859). The supreme court continued, stating that:

The requirement of specially pleading the unconstitutionality of a statute

in pleadings implies that this notable issue will receive a contradictory

hearing, wherein all parties will be afforded the opportunity to brief and

argue the issue. Cf. LSA-C.C.P. arts. 929, 963, 966, 1038, 1871. The

record of the proceeding could then be reviewed to determine whether

the party attacking the statute sustained his or her burden of proof, and

whether the trial court attempted to construe the statute so as to preserve

its constitutionality. See Moore v. Roemer, 567 So.2d 75, 78 (La.1990);

Board of Directors of the Louisiana Recovery Dist. v. All Taxpayers,

Property Owners and Citizens of the State of Louisiana, 529 So.2d 384,

387-388 (La.1988).

9

Id. at 729 (quoting Vallo, 646 So.2d at 865).

In pertinent part, the plaintiffs specifically pleaded in the motion instituting

their constitutional claim that La.R.S. 13:4522 violated La.Const. art. 1, § 2 (Due

Process of Law); La.Const. art. 1, § 19 (Right to Judicial Review); and La.Const. art.

1, § 22 (Access to Courts). Yet, the motion’s incorporated memorandum 8 did not

particularize the ground arising under Section 2, failing to separately cite to that

provision. And, to the extent it superficially cited Section 19, it did so within its

discussion of access to the courts. The plaintiffs did, however, address and further

particularize this latter ground, arising under Section 22 and the due process

considerations contained therein. We make final note here that, in framing their

assignments of error, the plaintiffs also assert that the La.R.S. 13:4522 as applied here

violates “the First Amendment and Due Process Clause of the U.S. Constitution.” See

U.S. Const. amend. I and U.S. Const. amend. XIV. However, we again note those

grounds were not raised by the plaintiffs’ motion and were referenced in the

8

The Attorney General points out that the plaintiffs’ motion, alone, did not include

particularization of the grounds cited. Review of the record indicates that further particularization is

seen only in the attached memorandum. Importantly, a constitutional claim must be raised by a

pleading, not a memorandum. See Vallo, 646 So.2d 859. The record further reflects, however, that

in addition to the plaintiffs’ motion listing several grounds of purported unconstitutionality, it

referenced an attached memorandum. By that attachment, the plaintiffs provided further

particularization, at least as to the ground advancing a violation of the right of access to the courts.

The record reflects that the documents were simultaneously filed. In State v. Hatton, 07-2377 (La.

7/1/08), 985 So.2d 709, 713 n.6, the supreme court considered that the defendant raised and

particularized a constitutional claim by a motion to quash which “included a separate heading titled

‘Memorandum in Support.’ The Motion to Quash and Memorandum in Support were filed, signed

by defense counsel, and stamped as one document[.]” The supreme court explained that it, thus,

“consider[ed] the Memorandum in Support as part of the Motion to Quash.” Id. With Hatton as

guidance, we consider the plaintiffs’ access to the court discussion here, again noting that it is the

sole ground that the plaintiffs’ both pleaded in the motion and particularized in the memorandum.

To the extent that the supreme court has explained that the purpose of the specific pleading

requirements are to ensure notice and an opportunity to create a record for review, we note that the

trial court conducted a hearing on the plaintiffs’ motion. Additionally, the defendants and the

Attorney General were provided notice of the plaintiffs’ constitutional claim and each filed a brief at

the trial level in opposition thereto that included discussion of the plaintiffs’ challenge arising under

La.Const. art. 1, § 22. See Arrington, 947 So.2d 727.

10

memorandum only within the reporting of jurisprudence. Accordingly, we limit

review to that ground raised in the motion and ultimately preserved for review.

Finding that the plaintiffs preserved for review the single ground of the

constitutionality of La.R.S. 13:4522 in light of La.Const. art. 1, § 22, we turn to de

novo review of the trial court’s rejection of that constitutionality claim. See City of

New Orleans v. Clark, 17-1453, p. 4 (La. 9/7/18), 251 So.3d 1047, 1051 (“The

determination of the constitutionality of a statute presents a question of law, which is

reviewed by this court de novo.”). In doing so, we are mindful that statutes are

presumed to be constitutional and that, in turn, it is the party challenging a statute’s

validity who must bear the burden of proving its unconstitutionality. Id. As “[a]

facial constitutional challenge seeks more drastic relief than” those presented on an

“as-applied” basis, “the movant in a facial challenge bears an especially heavy

burden.” LaPointe v. Vermilion Parish Sch. Bd., 15-0432, p. 10 (La. 6/30/15), 173

So.3d 1152, 1159 (citing U.S. v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 107 S.Ct. 2095 (1987)). In

such a challenge, the movant “must establish that no set of circumstances exists under

which the statute would be valid, that is, that the law is unconstitutional in all its

applications.” Id. at 1159-60.

Titled “Access to Court[,]” La.Const. art. 1, § 22 provides: “All courts shall be

open, and every person shall have an adequate remedy by due process of law and

justice, administered without denial, partiality, or unreasonable delay, for injury to

him in his person, property, reputation, or other rights.”

In lodging their constitutional claim, the plaintiffs observed in their

memorandum to the trial court that, in Michel v. Edmondson, 218 So.2d 103 (La.App.

3 Cir. 1968), a panel of this court upheld the constitutionality of La.R.S. 13:4522.

However, they noted both that Michel was rendered prior to the enactment of the 1974

11

Louisiana Constitution and that the Michel panel appeared to be addressing a facial

constitutional challenge. The plaintiffs suggest that they alternatively lodged an “as-

applied” challenge.

Reference to Michel, 218 So.2d 103, indicates that the plaintiff in that case filed

suit for damages allegedly sustained to his crops due to flooding caused by the

defendant’s construction of a dam across a drainage canal. The defendant filed a

motion for security for costs pursuant to La.R.S. 13:4522 based on the need to employ

engineers, surveyors, and agricultural experts for his defense. The plaintiff, however,

raised various constitutional concerns, including one arising under Article 1, § 6 of the

1921 Louisiana Constitution. Then titled “Open courts; legal remedies[,]” the

provision indicated at the time of Michel, that:

Section 6. All courts shall be open, and every person for injury

done him in his rights, lands, goods, person or reputation shall have

adequate remedy by due process of law and justice administered without

denial, partiality or unreasonable delay.

Notwithstanding the plaintiff’s assertion of unconstitutionality, the trial court in

Michel ordered the plaintiff to post a $750 bond for costs. Michel, 218 So.2d 103.

When the plaintiff failed to do so, the trial court dismissed the suit. The plaintiff

appealed. Id.

On review, however, the panel rejected the plaintiff’s claim that La.R.S.

13:4522 discriminated against civil suit plaintiffs as they, distinct from defendants,

could be required to furnish security for costs. Michel, 218 So.2d 103. The panel

explained:

In Grinage et al. v. Times-Democrat Publishing Company, 107 La.

121, 31 So. 682 (1902), the constitutionality of Act 136 of 1880, Section

4 was again attacked and the court held:

“The constitutional declaration that the courts shall be open,

and every person for injury done him in his rights, lands,

12

goods, person or reputation shall have adequate remedy by

due process of law, etc. (article 6, Const. 1898) is not to be

understood or construed as taking from the legislature the

power to prescribe reasonable rules and regulations relative

to the costs incurred in litigation. Succession of Grover, 49

La.Ann. 1050, 1051, 22 So. 313. When a person is

impleaded in the courts his right to make defense thereto

arises and he, necessarily, in many cases, incurs expense.

While a plaintiff is primarily bound for the costs of a suit he

institutes, it is not always true that he is financially able to

respond. A defendant may make large outlays in

vindicating his position, and may successfully vindicate it,

and yet at the end of the suit, with a judgment discharging

him, may be unable to recoup his expenditures . Therefore

it is, that the requirement of a bond for costs has always

been sustained.”

In the Federal Courts security for costs is not expressly covered by

the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The Federal District Courts require

such security under their general rule-making power, Federal Rule 83.

Usually, they follow the state court practice. See the general discussion in

Barron & Holtzoff, Sections 1198 and 1711. We find no Federal case

holding security for costs unconstitutional as denying either due process

or equal protection of the laws.

The equal protection of law guarantees in our Federal Constitution

require generally that all citizens similarly situated be accorded the same

rights in the prosecution of civil suits. Classifications of citizens who are

similarly situated may be established by the legislature, so long as such

classifications are based on reasonable grounds. Roper v. Brooks, 201

La. 135, 9 So.2d 485 (1942); 16A C.J.S. Verbo Constitutional Law §§

502-503 and 557-566, pp. 296-300, and 502-536.

Under these general principles, we think the reasoning of the court

in the Grinage case quoted above, furnishes valid grounds to treat

plaintiffs as a class in civil actions different from defendants under the

state statute authorizing security for costs.

We find at least one of our sister states has considered a similar

problem. In Columbia Water Power Company v. Nunamaker, 73 S.C.

550, 53 S.E. 996, the Supreme Court of South Carolina held that a statute

requiring a bond of the plaintiff before granting an injunction, while no

such bond was required of the defendant, does not deny to plaintiff the

equal protection of the laws.

Id. at 105. While the plaintiffs point out that Michel was decided under the prior

constitution, comparison of Article 1, § 6 of the 1921 Louisiana Constitution to

13

La.Const. art. 1, § 22 reveals substantively equivalent language. Further, the version

of La.R.S. 13:4522 under review in Michel has not been amended since that time.

Although they acknowledge Michel, the plaintiffs argue that the 1968 opinion is

no longer authoritative. They instead assert that Detraz v. Fontana, 416 So.2d 1291

(La.1982) is reflective of a contemporary view of La.Const. art. 1, § 22 and is similar

to the present case. In Detraz, the defendants filed a rule to require the plaintiffs in

that case to furnish a bond for attorney fees pursuant to La.R.S. 42:261(E) as it existed

at that time.9 The plaintiffs opposed the rule on the basis of state and federal equal

protection. The trial court ordered the posting of a $15,000 bond and ultimately

dismissed the suit when the plaintiffs failed to post the bond.

After the appellate panel upheld the constitutionality of the statute, the supreme

court granted the writ application in order to consider the constitutional question

presented, i.e., the equal protection mandate of U.S. Const. amend. XIV and La.Const.

art. 1, § 22. Detraz, 416 So.2d 1291. The supreme court observed that the statute

treated litigants opposing governmental defendants differently than those opposing

private defendants. It noted that only the first class of litigants would suffer the

9

The supreme court reported that La.R.S. 42:261(E) provided at that time as follows:

“Any party who files suit against any duly elected or appointed public official of this

state of or any of its agencies or political subdivisions for any matter arising out of

the performance of the duties of his office other than matters pertaining to the

collection and payment of taxes and those cases where the plaintiff is seeking to

compel the defendant to comply with and apply the laws of this state relative to the

registration of voters, and who is unsuccessful in his demands, shall be liable to said

public official for all attorneys fees incurred by said public official in the defense of

said lawsuit or lawsuits, which attorneys fees shall be fixed by the court.

The defendant public official shall have the right, by rule, to require the plaintiff to

furnish bond as in the case of bond for costs, to cover such attorneys fees before

proceeding with the trial of said cause.”

Detraz, 416 So.2d at 1292.

14

burden of the bond for attorney fees. Id. It found no justification for that disparate

treatment and, thus, the statute was found to violate both the state and federal

constitutions. Following that determination as to equal protection, the supreme court

further determined that the statute deprived the plaintiff of due process and denied

open access to the courts. Id. (citing U.S. Const. amend. V; U.S. Const. amend. XIV;

La.Const. art. 1, § 2; La.Const. art. 1, § 22). This reasoning, the plaintiffs suggest,

should be applied in the present case to find La.R.S. 13:4522 similarly

unconstitutional.

As urged by both the defendants and the Attorney General in opposition,

however, reference to Detraz, 416 So.2d 1291 in full undermines the plaintiffs’

comparison. Rather, the supreme court therein discussed at length the illegitimate

“motivating force” in the enactment of La.R.S. 42:261(E) in 1960. Id. at 1292.

Namely, the supreme court reviewed legislatively-endorsed materials from the time

period that revealed “contempt of state leaders for the decision of the United States

Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483, 74 S.Ct. 686, [ ]

(1954).” Id. at 1293 (footnote omitted). The supreme court remarked that although

the specific legislative history was unavailable, the context in which it was passed

indicated that it too would further the segregationist purpose “by making it extremely

costly, if not prohibitive, for minority groups or individuals to bring suit against any

public official (school board member, police officer, police juror) for the redress of

grievances suffered because of race.” Id. at 1293-94 (footnote omitted).

The supreme court acknowledged that “[w]ide discretion is normally afforded

legislative classifications” and that “legislative judgment will be upheld ‘if any state

of facts reasonably may be conceived to justify it.’” Detraz, 416 So.2d at 1294

(quoting McGowan v. State of Maryland, 366 U.S. 420, 426, 81 S.Ct. 1101, 1105

15

(1961)). It further explained, however, that racial classifications such as the one

before it are “suspect and subject to the ‘most rigid scrutiny.’” Id. (quoting Loving v.

Virginia, 388 U.S. 1, 11, 87 S.Ct. 1817, 1823 (1967)). Such has not been alleged to

be the context of the statute in the present case. Further recall that the plaintiffs have

not preserved an equal protection claim.

While the supreme court in Detraz also found that the statute at issue in that

case violated concepts of due process and access to the courts, it is critical to

recognize that the statute under review by the supreme court afforded neither an

opportunity to be heard nor did it include an exception for litigants qualified as

paupers. 10 By contrast, La.R.S. 13:4522 includes an express exception for those

qualified as paupers. Carter, 337 So.2d 187; Whitson v. American Ice Co., 164 La.

283, 113 So. 849 (1927). In fact, and as it relates to the plaintiffs’ suggestion that

they have raised an as-applied challenge, we note that the record demonstrates that the

plaintiffs have not qualified as paupers, but have instead received settlement proceeds

and, as developed at trial, the plaintiffs have multiple sources of income. They were

also afforded a hearing at which they were able to oppose the necessity and the size of

the bond (as well as a separate hearing for consideration of the instant constitutional

challenge). The record does not otherwise demonstrate, other than a bare assertion,

any way in which the application of La.R.S. 13:4522 is an economic hardship or is

10

The plaintiffs also note that the supreme court’s due process and access to the court

analysis was based, in part, on Boddie v. Connecticut, 401 U.S. 371, 91 S.Ct. 780 (1971) (wherein

the Supreme Court concluded that a statute requiring prepayment of court fees and costs violated

due process and access to the courts for those who could not afford to pay). Detraz, 416 So.2d 1291.

Reference to Boddie, however, again reveals that the subject Connecticut statute contained no

provision excepting paupers from its requirements.

16

otherwise violative of the plaintiffs’ right of access to the courts as guaranteed by

La.Const. art. 1, § 22.11

Similarly, we find no merit in the plaintiffs’ suggestion that the analysis in

Michel, 218 So.2d 103, is now antiquated. Instead, the supreme court has explained

that “the legislature is free to allocate access to the judicial machinery in any system

or classification which is not totally arbitrary.” Moore v. RLCC Tech., Inc., 95-2621,

p. 16 (La. 2/28/96), 668 So.2d 1135, 1144 (quoting Bazley v. Tortorich, 397 So.2d

475, 485 (La.1981)). Finding no indication of such unreasonableness in the

limitations attendant to the bond requirement provided by La.R.S. 13:4522, we find no

merit to the plaintiffs’ constitutional claim.

Evidentiary Support for the Bond

The plaintiffs alternatively assert that the defendants failed to demonstrate

sufficient need for the $25,000 bond. They contend that, rather than presenting

specific evidence of the necessity of the bond, the defendants relied upon the bare

allegations of their motion to set the bond. This type of reliance, the plaintiffs suggest,

is insufficient for the type of bond provided by La.R.S. 13:4522.

In Carter, 337 So.2d at 189, the supreme court examined a trial court’s bond

order and stated that: “We agree that it is within the discretion of the trial judge to

determine whether the showing required may be made by the allegations in the motion,

supporting affidavits, the arguments of counsel at the hearing, introduction of

evidence, or in any other manner which the trial judge deems appropriate.” Under

the facts of the case before it, however, the supreme court annulled the order,

explaining that:

11

We further point out that the trial court fashioned the bond order so as to ensure the

plaintiffs’ ability to obtain review, fixing the deadline for the posting of the bond “two weeks after

any ruling by the Louisiana Third Circuit Court of Appeal regarding this Judgment.”

17

[W]e feel that the trial judge abused his discretion here in accepting as a

showing the allegations in the motion and perhaps argument of counsel.

There is no indication in the record that the trial judge exercised his

discretion “with the regard for the actual necessity for a bond and for the

interest or motive of the party demanding it.” (Emphasis added).

Whitson v. American Ice Co., 113 So. 849, 851. We are not convinced

by the bare pleadings that the defendant needed the testimony of five

expert witnesses in order to properly defend his suit. Nor is it clear why

the defendant must take the depositions of the three doctors from

Alexandria rather than subpoenaing them as witnesses at the trial. We do

not mean to suggest that the arguments of counsel may never suffice as a

showing. However, in this case, the arguments made at the hearing were

not transcribed and made part of the record, and we cannot presume on

review that they were adequate.

Id. at 189.

Following review, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s

determinations that a bond was appropriate in this matter. Distinct from Carter, the

record in this case contains the transcript of the hearing conducted on the Motion to

Set Bond for Security for Cost. Instead, the record reveals a substantially similar

scenario to that presented in Clarkston v. Funderburk, 16-681 (La.App. 3 Cir. 2/1/17),

211 So.3d 509, writ denied, 17-0403 (La. 4/13/17), 218 So.3d 631. As here, the

plaintiff in Clarkston brought a legal malpractice claim against the defendant, who, in

turn, sought a bond for costs. The defense in Clarkston asserted at the hearing on the

bond that it would be required to retain various experts in preparation of its case,

including those in legal malpractice, tenure law (the subject matter of the underlying

representation), and economics. A panel of this court affirmed the $10,000 bond

ordered by the trial court and ultimately upheld the trial court’s dismissal of the suit

upon the plaintiff’s failure to post the bond. Id.

In doing so, the Clarkston panel referenced supreme court jurisprudence

discussing the role of expert testimony in legal malpractice matters as well as the

necessity of proving that any such negligence caused the alleged injuries. Clarkston,

18

211 So.3d 509 (citing MB Indus., LLC v. CNA Ins. Co., 11-0303 (La. 10/25/11), 74

So.3d 1173).12 The panel explained that:

Regarding the showing of necessity for posting bond, the supreme

court in Carter agreed that it was “within the discretion of the trial judge

to determine whether the showing required may be made by the

allegations in the motion, supporting affidavits, the arguments of counsel

at the hearing, introduction of evidence, or in any other manner which the

trial judge deems appropriate.” Id. at 189. In Carter, the court found an

abuse of discretion where the trial court had granted a doctor’s request

for bond to cover the depositions of five medical experts. Such is not the

case here, where [the defendant] reasonably requested a bond to cover

possibly three experts from three different disciplines: legal standard of

care, teacher tenure and wrongful discharge, and possibly an economist

to evaluate loss of earnings.

Ms. Clarkston has cited various cases including Watkins v.

Sheppard, 278 So.2d 890 (La.App. 1 Cir. 1973), where the courts found

that no expert was required for litigating “obvious” acts of negligence.

Here, however, the issues are more complex, as our brethren of the fourth

circuit comprehensively stated almost thirty years ago:

The [plaintiffs] argue that the trial court is familiar with

standards of care by attorneys in the local community and,

therefore, expert testimony is not necessary in this case. We

do not agree. The Supreme Court, in dicta, has indicated that

it would find legal malpractice in the absence of expert

testimony when an attorney ignores an "obvious" legal

problem. See Ramp, 269 So.2d at 244. The First Circuit also

has indicated that there may be some cases in which the trial

court’s own knowledge of the standards of care by an

attorney in the local community may substitute for expert

testimony. See Watkins v. Sheppard, 278 So.2d 890, 892

(La.App. 1st Cir.1973) and Muse v. St. Paul Fire and

Marine Ins. Co., 328 So.2d 698, 702 (La.App. 1st Cir.1976)

(following Watkins). However, neither Ramp, Watkins, nor

Muse supports the proposition that expert testimony is never

required in any legal malpractice case. With the complexity

and diversity of contemporary law, litigation, and legal

practice, it should not be surprising to find legal malpractice

cases in which expert testimony as to the standard of care is

essential. This is such a case.

12

Notably, in MB Indus., 74 So.3d at 1184, the supreme court explained that “[t]ypically, a

plaintiff will retain an expert witness both to establish the standard of care for prudent attorneys in

the relevant locality and to show the defendant’s actions fell below the standard of care.” It further

explained that, in the matter before it, “[w]ithout the assistance of an expert, a lay jury would have

no basis for deciding whether the decision to call a particular witness or introduce a certain

document was within the standard for a reasonable competent attorney ….” Id. at 1186.

19

Houillon v. Powers and Nass, 530 So.2d 680, 682 (La.App. 4 Cir. 1988).

The cases cited in Houillon above are among those cited by Ms.

Clarkston here.

Id. at 515 (second alteration in original).

The application of those principles in the present case again supports the trial

court’s order of the bond. The defendants here referenced the complexity and multi-

faceted nature of the causes of action lodged by the plaintiffs. By their memorandum,

the defendants noted the need for experts related to Mr. Bize’s mental state and

purported damages in the underlying suit as well as those who could testify as to

matters of standards of legal representation. The defendants estimated a $300 hourly

rate for those experts. Additionally, the defendants suggested that deposition and

subpoena expenses associated with numerous fact witnesses would be incurred.

Finally, we note too, that the trial court initially set the $25,000 bond in March 2017.

The plaintiffs have since amended the petition and included additional allegations of

malpractice. Given those circumstances, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial

court’s order as it related to the necessity of the bond pursuant to La.R.S. 13:4522.

Neither do we find merit in the plaintiffs’ suggestion that the setting of bond at

$25,000 was excessive. The plaintiffs assert in their brief that “the Defendants

illogically seem to argue that the underlying case which has already been litigated and

partially tried would militate in favor [of] imposing a bond on Plaintiffs for court costs,

expert trial testimony, fact witness depositions, and fact witness testimony.”

Dismissing the defendants’ contention, the plaintiffs instead suggest that due to the

presence of “a complete record of the underlying case, up through and including trial,

expenses of the Defendants are therefore minimized, not maximized.” By way of

example, the plaintiffs point out that “Plaintiff[s’] answers to interrogatories in this

case concerning witnesses refers to the underlying case’s answers to interrogatories

20

and other case file documents.” The plaintiffs continue, asserting that “no one is in a

better position to know whether the alleged undue influence was exerted than the

accused attorney Defendants and the Plaintiffs.” And, to the extent Mr. Bize’s mental

state is at issue, the plaintiffs correspondingly contend that “no one is [in] a better

position to know his mental state than the parties and those experts employed by

plaintiffs and defendants in the underlying case. Defendants have possession of

deposition transcripts of Mr. Bize’s treating physician and expert.” The plaintiffs

suggest that the defendants “were intimately familiar with [Mr.] Bize’s mental state

by their representation of him.”

This assertion, however, ignores the fact that the plaintiffs have instituted a

wholly new cause of action in legal malpractice, one involving entirely different

considerations than those encapsulated in the records of the underlying proceeding.

The defendants cannot be expected to forego the security envisioned by La.R.S.

13:4522 upon the suggestion of those now adverse to them. This is apparent given the

above discussion regarding the role of expert testimony in legal malpractice claims.

See MB Indus., 74 So.3d 1173; Clarkston, 211 So.3d 509.

This assignment lacks merit.

Exception of Peremption

By their next two assignments of error, the plaintiffs question the trial court’s

determination that their malpractice claim was perempted. In the defendants’

exception of peremption, they noted that the plaintiffs cited various instances of

alleged malpractice throughout the defendants’ representation of them in the

underlying litigation arising from the 2008 altercation. The final act of alleged

malpractice occurred in relation to the plaintiffs’ settlement of that underlying matter

on November 13, 2015. The defendants suggested in their exception, however, that

21

the suit in this matter was not filed until November 16, 2016. 13 Although the trial

court ultimately sustained the exception of peremption, it did so without reference to

individual allegations of malpractice and without issuing reasons for ruling. By these

assignments, the plaintiffs challenge that ruling and suggest that the record

demonstrates that suit was filed within one year of the discovery of the majority of the

allegations of malpractice (but within three years of their occurrence). The plaintiffs

also allege that suit was filed within one year of the allegation of malpractice

regarding the entry of settlement at the time of Mr. Bize’s alleged mental incapacity.

Turning to review of the claim, we first note that the time limitations for filing a

legal malpractice claim are set forth in La.R.S. 9:5605, which provides, in pertinent

part, that:

(A) No action for damages against any attorney at law duly

admitted to practice in this state, any partnership of such attorneys at law,

or any professional corporation, company, organization, association,

enterprise, or other commercial business or professional combination

authorized by the laws of this state to engage in the practice of law,

whether based upon tort, or breach of contract, or otherwise, arising out

of an engagement to provide legal services shall be brought unless filed

in a court of competent jurisdiction and proper venue within one year

from the date of the alleged act, omission, or neglect, or within one year

from the date that the alleged act, omission, or neglect is discovered or

should have been discovered; however, even as to actions filed within

one year from the date of such discovery, in all events such actions shall

be filed at the latest within three years from the date of the alleged act,

omission, or neglect.

Paragraph B further explains that: “The one-year and three-year periods of limitation

provided in Subsection A of this Section are peremptive periods within the meaning of

13

On page 4 of their appellate brief, the defendants again state that the petition was filed on

November 16, 2016, but acknowledge on page 28 thereof, that the appellate record reflects a

facsimile filing on November 14, 2016. They repeat acknowledgement of that purported facsimile

filing date in subsequent portions of their brief. We below address the factual issues surrounding the

effectiveness of the facsimile filing per La.R.S. 13:850.

22

Civil Code Article 3458[14] and, in accordance with Civil Code Article 3461,[15] may

not be renounced, interrupted, or suspended.” Significantly, La.R.S. 9:5605(E)

provides that: “The peremptive period provided in Subsection A of this Section shall

not apply in cases of fraud, as defined in Civil Code Article 1953.” On this latter

point, La.Civ.Code art. 1953 explains that: “Fraud is a misrepresentation or a

suppression of the truth made with the intention either to obtain an unjust advantage

for one party or to cause a loss or inconvenience to the other. Fraud may also result

from silence or inaction.”

Albeit by the final amending petitions, the plaintiff raised allegations of fraud in

contending that the defendants made an effort to conceal the alleged acts of

malpractice. In particular, the plaintiffs asserted that the defendants failed to inform

them of an alleged failure to make federal claims in the underlying litigation, failed to

inform them of the dismissal of the federal claims to the extent they were alleged,

failed to apprise them of appellate rights associated with that dismissal, and failed to

timely deliver the entire contents of the client file upon demand. Given those

allegations of concealment, it appears that as a point of starting, the plaintiffs made an

initial showing that their claims were timely filed and, thus, the burden of proving

peremption was with the defendants. See Lomont v. Bennett, 14-2483 (La. 6/30/15),

172 So.3d 620.

On review, we find that the defendants did so with the majority of claims

related to the unsuccessful federal claims brought in the underlying level. On this

point, Mr. Larvadain testified extensively at the hearing on the exception of

14

Defining peremption, La.Civ.Code art. 3458 provides that: “Peremption is a period of time

fixed by law for the existence of a right. Unless timely exercised, the right is extinguished upon the

expiration of the peremptive period.”

15

Louisiana Civil Code Article 3461 provides that: “Peremption may not be renounced,

interrupted, or suspended.”

23

peremption, detailing his communications with the plaintiffs regarding the conduct of

the underlying litigation. He described the plaintiffs’ active involvement in the

underlying litigation and further explained that he extensively informed Mr. Bize of

decisional points now complained of by the plaintiffs. Mr. Larvadain specifically and

repeatedly denied an intent to conceal, mislead, or defraud. Further, and with respect

to the delivery of the plaintiffs’ client file at the time of demand, Mr. Larvadain both

testified as to his attempts to make that file available and submitted documentary

evidence indicating an attempt to facilitate that transfer with the plaintiffs’ counsel.

Certainly, Mr. Bize testified otherwise, denying Mr. Larvadain’s communications of

litigation developments.

Given those starkly opposed accounts, the trial court clearly accepted Mr.

Larvadain’s account of disclosure. That credibility determination is patent in the trial

court’s rejection of the plaintiffs’ claim of the applicability of the principles of

prescription (due to their claim of discovery of the alleged malpractice only after

delivery of the client file). That determination of contemporaneous knowledge on the

part of the plaintiffs’ further undermines the plaintiffs’ suggestion that their claim was

suspended during a period of continuous representation. See Lomont, 172 So.3d 620

(wherein the supreme court explained that, although the contra non valentem

application of the continuous representation rule may not interrupt or suspend the

peremptive periods of La.R.S. 9:5605, such an application may be warranted in the

event that the one-year prescriptive period is found applicable).

On review, we are mindful that when, as here, evidence is introduced at the

hearing on an exception of peremption, the trial court is not bound to accept a

plaintiff’s allegations as true. Lomont, 172 So.3d 620. Further, a trial court’s findings

of fact must be considered on appeal pursuant to the manifest error, clearly wrong

24

standard of review. Id. Following review of the record, we find no such error as to

the majority of the plaintiffs’ claims.

The allegation of malpractice surrounding Mr. Bize’s capacity to enter into the

settlement on November 13, 2015 is not as clear however, nor is the trial court’s

ruling thereon. On this claim, the plaintiffs alleged that the defendants encouraged the

November 13, 2015 settlement at a time when Mr. Bize’s purported mental incapacity

should have been apparent. Their allegations of lack of knowledge and allegations of

“fraud” do not reach that specific allegation.16 The claims of fraud and applicability

of La.R.S. 9:5606(E) instead relate to the earlier aspects of the representation.

16

For instance, by their third amended petition, the plaintiffs alleged as follows:

“IV.

On or about November 13, 2015, after several days of trial, Malcolm

Larvadain counseled Plaintiffs to entered into a settlement agreement dismissing the

named Defendants with prejudice. Malcolm Larvadain informed the Plaintiffs that

the Judge said they had to settle and if no settlement were reached, he would dismiss

the case. Due to failures in the pleadings as drafted, amendments and the filings and

subsequent practice in not attempting to amend the petition to add claims under 42

USC 1983, or to address these claims with the Court and Defendants during

negotiation, or take other action to remove the suit to federal court, the settlement

obtained was woefully inadequate. Edward Larvadain, Jr. had on at least one

previous occasion counseled Mr. Bize to settle his case.

“V.

Malcolm Larvadain knew or should have known during the settlement

negotiations that Larry Bize was under duress at the time, lacked reason and was not

competent to proceed with a settlement. In addition, Larvadain coaxed the Plaintiffs

into a settlement by leading them to believe and misleading them that there was no

other choice. Larvadain committed violations of the Code of Professional Conduct in

so doing. Specifically, he violated Rules 1.4: Communication and 4.1: Truthfulness

in Statements to Others. Larvadain stated to Plaintiffs that the presiding Judge said

they had to settle and had no choice. This was not true. Larvadain also violated Rule

1.14, Client with Diminished Capacity. Malcolm Larvadain understood that Mr.

Bize’s reasoning and capacity was diminished and thus he should have provided a

continuance or longer recess to further evaluate Mr. Bize’s capacity or sought the

assistance of Dr. Noland who was present. Malcolm Larvadain failed to take action

to protect his client and this failure resulted in a lower settlement.

“VI.

As a result of the aforementioned acts of legal malpractice which were below

the applicable standard of care, Plaintiffs suffered loss of damages including but not

25

The record, however, indicates that the facsimile filing bears the Clerk of

Court’s stamp of November 14, 2016, and the regular standard filing bears the Clerk

of Court’s stamp of November 16, 2016. See La.Code Civ.P. art. 253; 17 La.R.S.

13:850. 18 While even that facsimile filing date ostensibly exceeds the one-year

limited to attorney fees, punitive damages, lost earning capacity, lost wages and

sufficient compensation for the losses sustained in the case filed in Avoyelles Parish

district court. Mr. Bize was disabled as a result of the force used by deputies. He had

to take early retirement.

(Emphasis added.)

Only by the subsequent paragraph addressing Mr. Larvadain’s post-representation actions,

Paragraph VII, did the plaintiffs allege that Mr. Larvadain “with an intent to conceal malpractice

committed the following acts …” (Emphasis added.) The five enumerated acts that followed do not

include issues surrounding Mr. Bize’s alleged diminished reasoning and capacity.

17

Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure Article 253 provides, in pertinent part:

A. All pleadings or documents to be filed in an action or proceeding instituted

or pending in a court, and all exhibits introduced in evidence, shall be delivered to the

clerk of the court for such purpose. The clerk shall endorse thereon the fact and date

of filing and shall retain possession thereof for inclusion in the record, or in the files

of his office, as required by law. The endorsement of the fact and date of filing shall

be made upon receipt of the pleadings or documents by the clerk and shall be made

without regard to whether there are orders in connection therewith to be signed by the

court.

B. The filings as provided in Paragraph A of this Article and all other

provisions of this Chapter, may be transmitted electronically in accordance with a

system established by a clerk of court. When a clerk of court establishes such a

system, he shall adopt and implement procedures for the electronic filing and storage

of any pleading, document, or exhibit. The official record shall be the electronic

record. A pleading or document filed electronically is deemed filed on the date and

time stated on the confirmation of electronic filing sent from the clerk of court.

Public access to electronically filed pleadings and documents shall be in accordance

with the rules governing access to written filings.

C. A judge or justice presiding over a court in this state may sign a court order,

notice, official court document, and other writings required to be executed in

connection with court proceedings, by use of an electronic signature as defined by

R.S. 9:2602. The various courts shall provide by court rule for the method of

electronic signature to be used and to ensure the authenticity of the electronic

signature.

18

With regard to facsimile filing, La.R.S. 13:850 provides, in pertinent part:

A. Any document in a civil action may be filed with the clerk of court by

facsimile transmission. All clerks of court shall make available for their use

equipment to accommodate facsimile filing in civil actions. Filing shall be deemed

complete at the time the facsimile transmission is received by the clerk of court. No

later than on the first business day after receiving a facsimile filing, the clerk of court

26

peremptive period related to the purported malpractice of November 13, 2015, the

plaintiffs assert that the final day of the peremptive period fell on a weekend and, thus,

would not be included in the computation of time. See La.Code Civ.P. art. 5059.19

Notwithstanding the fact that the record includes both the facsimile filing and the

shall transmit to the filing party via facsimile a confirmation of receipt and include a

statement of the fees for the facsimile filing and filing of the original document. The

facsimile filing fee and transmission fee are incurred upon receipt of the facsimile

filing by the clerk of court and payable as provided in Subsection B of this Section.

The facsimile filing shall have the same force and effect as filing the original

document, if the filing party complies with Subsection B of this Section.

B. Within seven days, exclusive of legal holidays, after the clerk of court

receives the facsimile filing, all of the following shall be delivered to the clerk of

court:

(1) The original document identical to the facsimile filing in number of pages

and in content of each page including any attachments, exhibits, and orders. A

document not identical to the facsimile filing or which includes pages not included in

the facsimile filing shall not be considered the original document.

(2) The fees for the facsimile filing and filing of the original document stated

on the confirmation of receipt, if any.

(3) A transmission fee of five dollars.

C. If the filing party fails to comply with any of the requirements of

Subsection B of this Section, the facsimile filing shall have no force or effect. The

various district courts may provide by court rule for other matters related to filings by

facsimile transmission.

19

Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure Article 5059 provides, in pertinent part:

A. In computing a period of time allowed or prescribed by law or by order of

court, the date of the act, event, or default after which the period begins to run is not

to be included. The last day of the period is to be included, unless it is a legal holiday,

in which event the period runs until the end of the next day which is not a legal

holiday.

B. A half-holiday is considered as a legal holiday. A legal holiday is to be

included in the computation of a period of time allowed or prescribed, except when:

(1) It is expressly excluded;

(2) It would otherwise be the last day of the period; or

(3) The period is less than seven days.

C. (1) A legal holiday shall be excluded in the computation of a period of time

allowed or prescribed to seek rehearing, reconsideration, or judicial review or appeal

of a decision or order by an agency in the executive branch of state government.

27

filing by delivery of the document, the record includes no indication that the trial

court considered whether the facsimile filing was effective. Neither does it reveal

consideration of the evidence the plaintiffs submitted in support of the facsimile

filing.20 Significantly, La.R.S. 13:850(C) provides that, in the event a party fails to

comply with the facsimile filing requirements, “the facsimile filing shall have no force

or effect.” This burden of proving the satisfaction of the requirements is on the sender.

See Hunter v. Morton’s Seafood Rest. & Catering, 08-1667 (La. 3/17/09), 6 So.3d 152.

Instead, the trial court merely granted the exception of peremption and was

silent on any single allegation of malpractice, including the allegation surrounding

diminished capacity at the time of the settlement, a claim that we have identified

existed outside of the allegation of fraud and concealment. The trial court spoke to

Mr. Bize’s mental capacity and the allegation of malpractice related thereto in its

ruling on the exception of res judicata, a ruling we find it necessary to reverse below.

Given that ruling, it is unclear whether the trial court has addressed the exception of

peremption as it relates to the allegation of malpractice relating to the entry of

settlement and whether it has made a factual finding regarding the date of the filing of

the petition. We thus find it necessary to reverse the trial court’s judgment sustaining

of the exception of peremption on this final, non-fraud based allegation of malpractice,

i.e., that related to the entry of settlement in light of the allegation of mental

incapacity. We below remand for the trial court’s further consideration of the

exception of peremption on that single cause of action. See Hunter, 6 So.3d 152

20

The record indicates that the plaintiffs attached certain documents in opposition to the

exception of peremption, including counsel’s statement of account from the Clerk of Court and a

cover letter to that Office purporting to forward the petition “Via Fax and U.S. Mail[.]” However,

the attachments include no supporting or interpretive documents surrounding those attachments.

28

(wherein the supreme court remanded an unresolved issue of the effectiveness of a

facsimile filing when the trial court made no such factual finding).

Exception of Res Judicata

Finally, we turn to the plaintiffs’ assignment of error addressing the trial court’s

sustaining of the defendants’ exception of res judicata. By the exception, the

defendants observed that a portion of the plaintiffs’ claim against them involved an

allegation that Mr. Bize lacked mental capacity to enter into the settlement during trial

of the underlying lawsuit. This issue of mental capacity, the defendants contended,

was resolved by the trial court’s ruling on a motion to recuse whereby Judge Bennett

considered the proceedings below in ultimately determining that Judge Spruill would

not be a witness in further proceedings. The defendants noted that, in doing so, Judge

Bennett made certain findings regarding Mr. Bize’s mental capacity. That

determination, the defendants asserted, precluded relitigation of that capacity in

pursuit of the plaintiffs’ claim that the defendants committed malpractice in

facilitating the settlement when Mr. Bize lacked mental capacity to enter into a

contract. The trial court found merit in that contention and sustained the exception of

res judicata, thereby ordering that “all claims of plaintiffs … concerning the alleged

lack of mental capacity of Larry Bize Sr. when the plaintiffs settled the underlying

lawsuit are hereby dismissed with prejudice.” The plaintiffs challenge that

determination here, pointing out that, although they were parties to the underlying

litigation, the defendants were not.

Under La.R.S. 13:4231, res judicata is comprised of the following:

Except as otherwise provided by law, a valid and final judgment is

conclusive between the same parties, except on appeal or other direct

review, to the following extent:

29

(1) If the judgment is in favor of the plaintiff, all causes of action

existing at the time of final judgment arising out of the transaction or

occurrence that is the subject matter of the litigation are extinguished and

merged in the judgment.

(2) If the judgment is in favor of the defendant, all causes of action

existing at the time of final judgment arising out of the transaction or

occurrence that is the subject matter of the litigation are extinguished and

the judgment bars a subsequent action on those causes of action.

(3) A judgment in favor of either the plaintiff or the defendant is

conclusive, in any subsequent action between them, with respect to any

issue actually litigated and determined if its determination was essential

to that judgment.

Direct reference to La.R.S. 13:4231 reveals merit in the plaintiffs’ opposition to the

exception. As noted by the plaintiffs, the defendants to the litigation in which the

allegedly determinative judgment arose were the Avoyelles Parish Sheriff and certain

deputies of that office. But, and although the plaintiffs are the same in the present

matter, the defendants are not. By its introductory wording, La.R.S. 13:4231 provides

that “a valid and final judgment is conclusive between the same parties …[.]”

(Emphasis added.) It is simply inapplicable here.21

Accordingly, we find manifest error in the trial court’s sustaining of the

exception of res judicata. See Haybeych v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., 15-90, p. 3

(La.App. 3 Cir. 11/4/15), 180 So.3d 491, 494 “When evidence is introduced by the

parties in support of an exception of res judicata, the appropriate standard of appellate

review is manifest error.”). We below reverse that ruling and enter a denial of the

21

It is further worth noting that defendants urged in the exception of res judicata that, in

denying the motion to recuse, Judge Bennett explained that the evidence “fails to reflect that the

emotional state of Larry Bize, Sr. during his testimony was such that he lacked reason and

understanding.” As seen within the larger context recited in the factual background, however, Judge

Bennett’s remark was directed to the issue of whether Judge Spruill witnessed Mr. Bize’s alleged

mental incapacity. Judge Bennett concluded that he did not, observing that Mr. Bize testified at the

recusal hearing that his mental capacity declined during the settlement negotiations, rather than

before Judge Spruill. Judge Bennett did not address Mr. Bize’s mental capacity as it related to the

validity of the settlement.

30

exception of res judicata and, as explained above, remand for further proceedings on

the remaining issue.

DECREE

For the foregoing reasons, the trial court’s denial of the Motion to Oppose

Setting of Bond for Security of Costs, Rule to Show Cause & Declare Statu[t]e

Unconstitutional is affirmed. The trial court’s judgment sustaining the Exception of

Peremption is reversed as to the Petition’s allegation of malpractice related to the

mental capacity of the plaintiff, Lawrence Bize, Sr., at the time of the underlying

settlement as reflected in Paragraphs IV, V, and VI of the Third Amended Petition for

Damages And Trial By Jury. This matter is remanded for the trial court’s specific

consideration of the Exception of Peremption on that sole issue and for further

proceedings if appropriate. In all other respects, the judgment sustaining the

Exception of Peremption is maintained. The trial court’s judgment sustaining the

Exception of Res Judicata is reversed and that exception is denied.

One-half of the costs of this proceeding are assessed to the plaintiffs—

appellants, Larry Bize, Sr. and Michele R. Bize. The remaining one-half of the costs

are assessed to the defendants—appellees, Malcolm Larvadain and Edward Larvadain,

III.

JUDGMENT DENYING MOTION TO OPPOSE SETTING OF BOND FOR

SECURITY OF COSTS, RULE TO SHOW CAUSE & DECLARE STATUTE

UNCONSTITUTIONAL AFFIRMED.

JUDGMENT SUSTAINING THE EXCEPTION OF PEREMPTION

AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED WITH

INSTRUCTIONS.

JUDGMENT SUSTAINING THE EXCEPTION OF RES JUDICATA

REVERSED. EXCEPTION OF RES JUDICATA DENIED.

31

STATE OF LOUISIANA

COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT

18-394

LARRY BIZE, SR. AND MICHELLE R. BIZE

VERSUS

MALCOLM LARVADAIN, ET AL.

COOKS, J., concurs in part and dissents in part.

I agree with the majority’s reversal of the trial court’s ruling sustaining the

exception of res judicata and the reversal of the trial court’s ruling sustaining the

exception of peremption as to the allegation of malpractice related to Plaintiff

Lawrence Bize’s mental capacity at the time of the underlying settlement. However,

I disagree with the majority’s affirming the trial court’s denial of the motion to

oppose the setting of bond for security of costs. I believe the provisions of La.R.S.

13:4522, both on its face and as applied to Plaintiffs, violates Plaintiffs constitutional

rights under La.Const. art. 1 §§ 3 and 22, and U.S. Const. amends. I and XIV. The

Louisiana Constitution “mandates equal protection of the laws,” Butler v. Flint

Goodrich Hosp. of Dillard Univ., 92-559 (La. 10/19/92), 607 So.2d 517, 518, and

La.Const. art. I, Section 3, provides that “[a]ll courts shall be open, and every person

shall have an adequate remedy by due process of law and justice, administered

without denial, partiality, or unreasonable delay, for injury to him in his person,

property, reputation, or other rights.” La.Const. art. I, § 22. Under the United States

Constitution all persons are guaranteed equal protection of the law, a right made

applicable to the states through the fourteenth amendment to the United States

Constitution. Louisiana Revised Statute 13:4522 does not treat all litigants the same

1

but instead carves out certain exceptions to its requirement that litigants may be

compelled to deposit security for costs before proceeding with their claims in court:

The defendant before pleading in all cases may by motion

demand and require the plaintiff or intervenor to give security for the

cost in such case, and on failure to do so within the time fixed by the

court such suit or intervention, as the case may be, shall be dismissed

without prejudice. This section shall not apply to the Parish of

Orleans and to cases brought in forma pauperis, nor to the state or

any political subdivision thereof.

The phrase “Parish of Orleans” must refer to the people of the parish because

the statute exempts the State and its political subdivisions which would include the

Orleans Parish and the City of New Orleans governing bodies. Thus, under the

express provisions of this statute, all residents of Orleans Parish are exempt from the

requirement to post security in order to proceed with their day in court. Also exempt

are those litigants who are so financially challenged that they meet the requirements

for pauper status. Additionally, the State and all its political subdivisions cannot be

compelled to post bond in order to proceed in court. But the unfortunate litigant,

such as Plaintiffs herein, who make up the fast-growing segment of our society

sometimes referred to as “the working poor,” or in this case the retired poor, are

singled out to provide large sums of money, in this case, $25,000, to insure that

should their claim against Defendants fail, court costs and other costs that may be

recoverable by the party victorious will be paid. The State and Defendants posit that

litigants compelled to provide surety for costs can put up unmortgaged property, if

they own any, or obtain a surety bond from a bonding company, if they can

financially qualify. But all too often these options are not available to litigants and

in this case, Plaintiffs attempted to post a property bond, but it was refused by the

trial court. Here, Mr. Bize is a retired postal worker and Mrs. Bize is a retired

commissary worker. They assert this surety requirement works an unnecessary,

substantial financial hardship on them.

2

It is easy to discern the basis for exempting the pauper from such a

requirement who would otherwise have no access to justice. It is also not difficult

to understand the wisdom of exempting the State and its political subdivisions from

the requirement to post surety as a prerequisite for proceeding to enforce claims on

behalf of the general citizenry. But, any justification for exempting the good people

of Orleans Parish from this requirement totally eludes me. Is it because that parish

contains a disproportionate number of lower economic citizens or is it just that they

had more capable representation in the legislature when this law was enacted? I am

also at a loss to reconcile any basis to treat the citizenry different than governmental

entities whenever either is a plaintiff in a civil matter. But the reason for such glaring

disparate treatment is not for me or these Plaintiffs to figure out, it is the burden of

the State to justify such disparity, if they can, once this constitutional challenge is

before the court. I do not believe the State met that challenge in this case nor can I

imagine how such disparity can be justified. The Louisiana State Supreme Court

has rejected such disparate treatment in the past on the basis of both La.Const. art. I

§ 3 and § 22. In Detraz v. Fontanna, 416 So.2d 1291 (La. 1982) the supreme court

found La.R.S. 42:261E, as it read at that time, unconstitutional as violative of both

Louisiana’s constitutional guarantee of equal protection and equal access to the

courts. That statute provided:

Any party who files suit against any duly elected or appointed

public official of this state of or any of its agencies or political

subdivisions for any matter arising out of the performance of the duties

of his office other than matters pertaining to the collection and payment

of taxes and those cases where the plaintiff is seeking to compel the

defendant to comply with and apply the laws of this state relative to the

registration of voters, and who is unsuccessful in his demands, shall be

liable to said public official for all attorneys fees incurred by said public

official in the defense of said lawsuit or lawsuits, which attorneys fees

shall be fixed by the court.

The defendant public official shall have the right, by rule, to

require the plaintiff to furnish bond as in the case of bond for costs,

3

to cover such attorneys fees before proceeding with the trial of said

cause.

Id. at 1292.

In Detraz, the supreme court discussed the ways in which the jurisprudence

had developed numerous exceptions to the requirement, but in its final analysis the

court determined that even those exceptions could not save the statute. The supreme

court held the statute unconstitutional as violative of both state and federal

constitutional guarantees of equal protection, and Louisiana’s constitutionally

mandated equal access to our courts of justice. The supreme court explained its

holding based on equal protection as follows:

The state and federal constitutional guarantees of equal

protection mandate that state laws affect alike all persons and interests

similarly situated. U.S.Const.Amend. XIV; La.Const. art. 1, § 3 (1974).

The effect of the bond requirement is to create two classes of litigants

indistinguishable from each other except that one is a private citizen

and the other is an elected or appointed public official. As a result of

this distinction the class composed of public officials is entitled to

demand that a bond for attorney’s fees be furnished before the litigation

may proceed; no corresponding privilege is afforded members of the

other class. Litigants generally are required to pay their own attorney’s

fees in Louisiana. Failure to post the bond will result in dismissal of the

lawsuit. This statutory scheme creates a classification which

substantially burdens the right of some persons to be compensated for

injuries suffered by them while not placing such a burden on other

individuals. Such classifications are permissible only if they are:

... reasonable, not arbitrary, and ... rest upon some ground

of difference having a fair and substantial relation to the

object of the legislation, so that all persons similarly

circumstanced shall be treated alike.... Royster Guano Co.

v. Virginia, 253 U.S. 412, 415, 40 S.Ct. 560, 561, 64

L.Ed.2d 989, 990-991 (1920). Reed v. Reed, 404 U.S. 71,

76, 92 S.Ct. 251, 254, 30 L.Ed.2d 225, 229

(1971); Dandridge v. Williams, 397 U.S. 471, 520-522, 90

S.Ct. 1153, 1179-1180, 25 L.Ed.2d 491, 522-523 (1970)

(Marshall, J., dissenting).

It is argued that the bond requirement is a justifiable means to

deter frivolous suits instituted against public officials for harassment.

No support for the suggestion that suits are brought against public

officials for harassment with greater frequency than suits against other

defendants has been presented in brief or in argument.

4

A similar statute was invalidated in Sheffield v. State, 92

Wash.2d 807, 601 P.2d 163 (1979), on an equal protection ground. In

that case, the court summarily struck down a provision which entailed

the filing of a surety bond contemporaneously with institution of suit

against the state, relying on Hunter v. North Mason High School, 85

Wash.2d 810, 539 P.2d 845 (1975). Hunter dealt with a “nonclaim”

statute which required notice of claims against governmental entities to

be given within 120 days from the date the claim arose. The court held

that, even under minimal scrutiny, the statute bore no reasonable

relation to its asserted purposes-it unjustifiably discriminated against

persons with claims against the government in violation of the equal

protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

... This prerequisite to tort recovery has no counterpart in

actions between private parties. The statutes thus create

two classes of tortfeasors, governmental and

nongovernmental, and grant the one a procedural

advantage not available to the other. Concomitantly they

produce two classes of tort victims and place a substantial

burden on the right to bring an action of one of them.

Hunter v. North Mason High School, supra, 539 P.2d at

847.

In the case before us, the instant statute also divides tortfeasors

into two classes: governmental tortfeasors and private tortfeasors.

Simultaneously two classes of victims are created: victims of

governmental tortfeasors and victims of private tortfeasors. Only the

first class of victims must suffer the additional burden of a bond for

attorney’s fees. No reasonable justification for this disparate treatment

has been supplied. The statute violates the equal protection clauses of

the state and federal constitutions.

Detraz, 416 So. 2d at 1295–96 (emphasis added).

Likewise, the current challenged statute divides litigants into three classes:

governmental, non-governmental, and paupers. No justifiable reason is advanced

by the state here to justify this disparate treatment. Additionally, the state supreme

court in Detraz also found the challenged statute in that case violative of due process

and access to the courts:

The challenged provision is also defective because it deprives the

plaintiff of due process and denies open access to the courts.

U.S.Const.Amends. V, XIV; La.Const. art. 1 §§ 2, 22 (1974).

In Beaudreau v. Superior Court of Los Angeles County, 14 Cal.3d 448,

121 Cal.Rptr. 585, 535 P.2d 713 (1975), a cost bond statute was struck

down on the ground that it constituted a taking of property without a

5

prior hearing in violation of the due process clause of the Fourteenth

Amendment. The court noted that the purpose of the challenged

sections was to protect public entities and public employees against

unmeritorious litigation. As in this case, decisional law allowed the

plaintiff an opportunity to qualify to proceed in forma pauperis. Under

the statute, the court reasoned that a taking occurs if the plaintiff refuses

to post the bond and thereby relinquishes his property interest in the

form of his claim against the public entity or employee. Conversely,

should the plaintiff secure his undertaking from a corporate entity, he

will forfeit the nonrefundable premium; if money is deposited in court,

the plaintiff is deprived of its use during pendency of the suit. The court

concluded that due process mandates a hearing before the undertaking

is posted to inquire into the merits of the litigation and the

reasonableness of the amount of the bond in light of the defendant’s

probable expenses.

In Williams v. London, 370 So.2d 518, 521 (La.1979), Judge Tate

observed in a concurring opinion that the constitutionality of R.S.

42:261 E was not before the court. Citing Beaudreau v. Superior Court

of Los Angeles County, [14 Cal.3d 448, 121 Cal.Rpt. 585, 535 P.2d 713

(1975)] supra, he stated that the Louisiana statute is invalid for reasons

similar to those used to invalidate the California statute:

... a requirement that a citizen furnish a bond and be liable

for attorney’s fees when he sues a public official, whereas

an official suing a citizen need not file bond or be liable

for attorney’s fees, is in my opinion unconstitutional. For

one reason, the statute offends Art. 1, Section 22,

La.Const. of 1974: “All courts shall be open, and every

person shall have an adequate remedy by due process of

law and justice, administered without denial, partiality, or

unreasonable delay, for injury to him in his person,

property, reputation, or other rights.”

In Boddie v. Connecticut, 401 U.S. 371, 374-375, 91 S.Ct. 780,

784, 787, 28 L.Ed.2d 113, 117, 120 (1971), the court declared that a

Connecticut statute which required prepayment of court fees and costs

violated due process because it precluded access to the courts to those

plaintiffs who could not afford to pay the costs. The court stated:

Perhaps no characteristic of an organized and

cohesive society is more fundamental than its erection and

enforcement of a system of rules defining the various

rights and duties of its members, enabling them to govern

their affairs and definitively settle their differences in an

orderly, predictable manner....

Just as a generally valid notice procedure may fail

to satisfy due process because of the circumstances of the

defendant, so too a cost requirement, valid on its face, may

offend due process because it operates to foreclose a

6

particular party’s opportunity to be heard. The State’s

obligations under the Fourteenth Amendment are not

simply generalized ones; rather, the State owes to each

individual that process which, in light of the values of a

free society, can be characterized as due.

The present statute unconstitutionally denies litigants due process and

open access to Louisiana courts.

Id. at. 1296–97 (emphasis added).

Under this rationale I believe the statute challenged in this proceeding is

constitutionally defective on its face and as applied to Plaintiffs. I note here too,

there is no requirement that a hearing be had to “inquire into the merits of the

litigation” Id. Indeed, the record shows that there was absolutely no inquiry made

as to the merits of Plaintiffs’ claims. Though there is some requirement under this

statute to inquire as to “the reasonableness of the amount of the bond in light of

the defendant’s probable expenses,” Id., the only inquiry made here as to the

reasonableness of the amount of bond set by the trial court was based on Defendants’

representations regarding the anticipated need for, and anticipated concomitant

costs of, experts. Defendants have made no showing that Plaintiffs’ lawsuit for legal

malpractice is frivolous or at least that Plaintiffs cannot prevail. Nor has there been

any showing by Defendants that Plaintiffs would be unable to pay whatever costs

are incurred and ultimately assessed against them should they lose. Further, I am

not in the least persuaded by the suggestion that Plaintiffs might have some ability

to post this bond because they received $50,000 in settlement of their claim which

is now the subject of litigation. It is not hard to imagine, especially given Plaintiff’s

allegations, that this sum was woefully inadequate to even meet Plaintiff’s out-of-

pocket medical costs much less to assume that any portion of that amount is readily

available for posting bond. And I am inclined to believe the attorneys did not waive

their substantial percentage of attorney’s fees. The Plaintiffs present a serious claim

7

for legal malpractice which they have already shown appears to have merit and a

reasonable chance at success. Under the rationale articulated in Detraz, the

challenged statute in this case cannot withstand constitutional scrutiny.

The Louisiana State Supreme Court in Sibley v. Bd. of Sup’rs of La. State

Univ., 477 So.2d 1094, 1105, (La.1985) expressly held that “the federal three level

system is an inappropriate model for equal protection analysis under the Louisiana

Constitution.” Instead, the state supreme court declared:

Article I, Section 3 commands the courts to decline enforcement

of a legislative classification of individuals in three different situations:

(1) When the law classifies individuals by race or religious beliefs, it

shall be repudiated completely; (2) When the statute classifies persons

on the basis of birth, age, sex, culture, physical condition, or political

ideas or affiliations, its enforcement shall be refused unless the state or

other advocate of the classification shows that the classification has a

reasonable basis; (3) When the law classifies individuals on any other

basis, it shall be rejected whenever a member of a disadvantaged class

shows that it does not suitably further any appropriate state interest.

With the adoption of these guarantees Louisiana moved from a position

of having no equal protection clause to that of having three provisions

going beyond the decisional law construing the Fourteenth

Amendment.

The Declaration of Rights committee of the 1973 Constitutional

Convention proposed an article raising the threshold of equal protection

by prohibiting discrimination because “of birth, race, age, sex, social

origin, physical condition, or political or religious ideas.” As explained

by the committee spokesman, because the federal courts had failed to

afford real or substantial protection by applying the Fourteenth

Amendment to legislation based on all of these classifications, the

proposed article would require judicial examination when any such

classification was challenged and would assign to the State the burden

of showing that the classification reasonably furthers a legitimate

purpose. A person challenging a legislative classification based on any

other grounds would have to show that the law was unreasonable or

that it did not further any appropriate state interest.

Id. at 1107–08 (emphasis added).

The state supreme court has repeatedly held that Louisiana’s “constitutional

guarantee of equal protection mandates that state laws affect alike all persons and

interests similarly situated. Beauclaire v. Greenhouse, 05–0765, p. 5 (La.2/22/06),

8

922 So.2d 501, 505.” City of New Orleans v. Louisiana Assessors’ Ret. & Relief

Fund, 05-2548 p. 36 (La. 10/1/07), 986 So. 2d 1, 26, on rehg (1/7/08) (emphasis

added). Additionally, the supreme court has explained that “[t]his guarantee does

not remove from the legislature all power of classification, or require absolute

equality or precisely equal advantages; the law merely requires equal application in

similar circumstances.” Id. (emphasis added).

In City of New Orleans, the supreme court rejected the city’s constitutional

challenge to La.R.S. 11:1481 based on its assertion that New Orleans’ taxpayers

were being treated differently from all other taxpayers in the state, and that such

disparate treatment violated equal protection. That law required “all tax recipient

agencies of ad valorem taxes . . . to furnish the legislative auditor the authorizing

ordinances or resolutions, the tax rolls, and the tax rate to be applied to the assessed

values for ad valorum tax purposes no later than June first of every year.” La.R.S.

11:1481(1)(a) (ii)(aa). New Orleans asserted it was being treated differently but it

failed to provide proof of that allegation. In fact, the supreme court’s basis for

rejecting the city’s challenge to the statute was its finding that the statute had been

amended and now provided the same treatment to all governing bodies including the

City of New Orleans. Thus, there was no longer a singling out of New Orleans.

Implicit in this ruling, and explicit in the court’s rationale, is the notion that if the

contested law had indeed continued to single out New Orleans for different treatment

the statute would not pass constitutional scrutiny. Our courts have also addressed

this type of equal protection challenge in the cases concerning the constitutionality

of Louisiana’s cap on medical malpractice recovery. In that line of cases the courts

have engaged in important discussions regarding constitutional notions of equal

protection embodied in our state constitution. In Oliver v. Magnolia Clinic, 09-439

(La. App. 3 Cir. 8/31/11), 71 So. 3d 1170, writ granted, 11-2132 (La. 11/14/11), 75

9

So. 3d 440, and writ granted, 11-2139 (La. 11/14/11), 75 So. 3d 440, and writ

granted, 11-2142 (La. 11/14/11), 75 So. 3d 441, and aff’d in part, rev’d in part, 11-

2132 (La. 3/13/12), 85 So. 3d 39, this court addressed the disparate treatment of a

suspect class and whether such disparity could survive constitutional scrutiny. In

Oliver, as in this case according to the majority, the court faced the question of

whether the plaintiffs’ constitutional claim was procedurally deficient. Relying on

our holding in Arrington v. Galen-Med, Inc., 04-1235 (La.App. 3 Cir. 7/6/07), 970

So.2d 540, writs denied 07-1614, 07-1628 (La.12/7/07), 969 So.2d 630 we rejected

that challenge to the plaintiffs’ constitutional attack:

“[O]ur Code of Civil Procedure does not require a single procedure or

type of proceeding for challenging or assailing the constitutionality of

a statute.” [Vallo v. Gayle Oil Co., Inc., 94–1238 (La.11/30/94), 646

So.2d 859,] 864. The requirement that the unconstitutionality of a

statute must be specially pled and the grounds for the claim

particularized is a jurisprudential one designed to prompt a

“contradictory hearing, wherein all parties will be afforded the

opportunity to brief and argue the issue.” Arrington, 947 So.2d at 726

(quoting Vallo, 646 So.2d at 865). The ultimate purpose of this rule, as

explained by the supreme court, is that “[t]he record of the proceeding

could then be reviewed to determine whether the party attacking the

statute sustained his or her burden of proof, and whether the trial court

attempted to construe the statute so as to preserve its

constitutionality.” Id.

Id. 71 So. 3d at 1189–90.

Likewise, I believe Plaintiffs here have sufficiently preserved their

constitutional claim and we are fully obliged to address it. In Oliver we faced the

first type of equal protection analysis under Louisiana law, discriminatory treatment

based on a suspect classification. Such a challenge places a heavier burden on the

state to justify the challenged law. Here, we analyze disparate treatment based on

the statute’s exempting from its requirement for posting surety the whole of Orleans

Parish, the State and all its political subdivisions and paupers. The state must show

that it has a compelling interest in denying these Plaintiffs their constitutional right

10

of access to the courts and equal protection of the law. I believe the provision in the

statute expressly exempting Orleans Parish, the State and its political subdivisions,

and paupers, on its face, demonstrates the law unreasonably and arbitrarily creates

classes of Louisiana residents treated differently. I can fathom no state interest that

would justify treating all residents the same except those who happen to reside in

Orleans Parish. Such a classification appears arbitrary on its face. This blatant

disparate treatment embodied in the statute falls far short of Louisiana’s

constitutional mandate that all “state laws affect alike all persons and interests

similarly situated.” City of New Orleans, 986 So. 2d at 26. This law, on its face,

does not affect all Louisiana residents who find themselves plaintiffs in law suits. I

can discern no difference between a plaintiff who is a resident of Orleans Parish and

one who resides anywhere else in this state. Likewise, the State has advanced no

reasonable basis to support its preferential treatment to the State and its political

subdivisions. As to the treatment of paupers, I believe the jurisprudence and

common sense require no further comment. Clearly, the law as written does not

affect all citizens of Louisiana the same and is, for the reasons stated, constitutionally

infirm as applied to Plaintiffs. I therefore respectfully dissent from this portion of

the majority opinion.

11