The opinion
STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT
10-1469
STATE OF LOUISIANA
VERSUS
G.T., JR.
**********
APPEAL FROM THE
FOURTEENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
PARISH OF CALCASIEU, NO. 12283-09
HONORABLE DAVID KENT SAVOIE, DISTRICT JUDGE
**********
SHANNON J. GREMILLION
JUDGE
**********
Court composed of Ulysses Gene Thibodeaux, Chief Judge, Jimmie C. Peters, and
Shannon J. Gremillion, Judges.
Thibodeaux, Chief Judge, concurs and assigns additional reasons.
REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS.
John Foster DeRosier
District Attorney
14th Judicial District
P. O. Box 3206
Lake Charles, LA 70602-3206
(337) 437-3400
Counsel for Appellee:
State of Louisiana
Carla Sue Sigler
Assistant District Attorney
14th Judicial District
P. O. Box 3206
Lake Charles, LA 70602
(337) 437-3400
Counsel for Appellee:
State of Louisiana
Annette Fuller Roach
Louisiana Appellate Project
P. O. Box 1747
Lake Charles, LA 70602-1747
(337) 436-2900
Counsel for Defendant/Appellant:
G.T., Jr.
GREMILLION, Judge.
Defendant, G.T., Jr., pled no contest to the rape of his half-sister. The record
before us alleges that Defendant had sex with the victim while she was under the
influence of alcohol and unaware of his actions. The victim had consumed several
shots of alcohol that evening and had passed out. The next morning, the victim
experienced pain in her vaginal and anal areas and was told by Defendant that she had
fallen down several times. However, the victim became suspicious that she had been
raped. She continued to experience pain, and she eventually went to the hospital,
where a rape kit was performed. Through DNA analysis, the sperm found in her
vagina was determined to be that of Defendant.
Defendant was indicted by a grand jury with simple rape, a violation of La.R.S.
14:43(A)(1). Defendant entered a plea of no contest to the charge in exchange for the
dismissal of a third DWI charge and misdemeanor charges of improper lane use and
no driver’s license in possession in an unrelated docket number. As part of the plea
agreement, the State also agreed not to charge Defendant as a habitual offender.
Thereafter, Defendant returned to court, where he amended his no contest plea to add
that the plea was also made pursuant to State v. Crosby, 338 So.2d 584 (La.1976), to
preserve his right to contest the trial court’s denial of his oral motion to declare
unconstitutional the majority verdict law.
Defendant was sentenced to twenty years at hard labor, without benefit of
probation, parole, or suspension of sentence, to be served consecutively to any other
sentence he may be serving. Then, a “Motion to Withdraw No Contest Plea and Set
Aside Conviction, Sentence, and Sex Offender Registration, or Alternatively, for
1
Resentencing” was filed with the trial court. Following a hearing, the motion to
withdraw the plea or amend the sentence was denied.
Defendant now appeals, asserting that his no contest plea should have been
withdrawn based on three errors: 1) he may not have pled as he did if he had properly
understood how many jurors would sit in judgment, as well as how many guilty votes
would be required for a conviction; 2) his plea may have been different if he had been
advised that he would not be sentenced as a habitual offender; and, 3) he would have
reconsidered his plea had he been advised that he would be subject to sex offender
registration.
He faults his counsel for not properly explaining the composition of the jury,
and for advising him that he was facing a potential habitual offender sentence.
Moreover, he says his counsel was ineffective. He faults the trial court for not
properly or timely advising him as to his sex offender registration requirement.
MAJORITY VERDICT
Defendant argues that his no contest/Crosby plea is both constitutionally infirm
and was entered on the advice of counsel that was either wholly incorrect or given
without proper consideration of the facts in this case. As a result, Defendant asserts
he was denied the right to effective assistance of counsel.
As noted by this court in State v. Christien, 09-890, p. 7 (La.App. 3 Cir.
2/3/10), 29 So.3d 696, 701:
A claim for ineffective assistance of counsel is properly raised in
an application for post-conviction relief because this allows the trial
court to order a full evidentiary hearing on the matter. State v.
Burkhalter, 428 So.2d 449 (La.1983). However, where the record
contains sufficient evidence to decide the issue, and the issue is raised
by an assignment of error on appeal, it may be considered by the
appellate court. State v. Tapp, 08-1262 (La.App. 3 Cir. 4/1/09), 8 So.3d
2
804; See also State v. James, 95-962 (La.App. 3 Cir. 2/14/96), 670 So.2d
461.
See also State v. Jones, 09-1453 (La.App. 3 Cir. 8/11/10), 45 So.3d 1136, writs
denied, 10-504 (La. 2/18/11), 57 So.3d 328, 10-2132 (La. 2/11/11), 57 So.3d 330.
The second circuit in State v. Kinsey, 42,935, p. 9 (La.App. 2 Cir. 2/13/08),
976 So.2d 315, 320-321, said of ineffective assistance of counsel claims:
The right of a defendant in a criminal proceeding to the effective
assistance of counsel is mandated by the Sixth Amendment to the U.S.
Constitution. State v. Wry, 591 So.2d 774 (La.App. 2d Cir. 1991). A
claim of ineffectiveness of counsel is analyzed under the two-prong test
developed by the United States Supreme Court in Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984).
To establish that his attorney was ineffective, the defendant first
must show that counsel’s performance was deficient. The assessment
of an attorney’s performance requires his conduct to be evaluated from
counsel’s perspective at the time of the occurrence. A reviewing court
must give great deference to trial counsel’s judgment, tactical decisions
and trial strategy, strongly presuming he has exercised reasonable
professional judgment. State v. Moore, 575 So.2d 928 (La.App. 2d Cir.
1991).
Second, the defendant must show that counsel’s deficient
performance prejudiced his defense. This element requires defendant to
establish that but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, there is a
reasonable probability the outcome of the trial would have been
different. Strickland, supra; State v. Pratt, 26,862 (La.App. 2d Cir.
4/5/95), 653 So.2d 174, writ denied, 95-1398 (La. 11/3/95), 662 So.2d
9.
See also State v. C.S., 10-507 (La.App. 3 Cir. 11/17/10), 50 So.3d 983.
At a hearing held two days after the no contest plea was accepted by the trial
court, it advised Defendant of the sex offender notification requirements. Afterwards,
defense counsel orally moved to challenge the constitutionality of the majority verdict
law and to amend Defendant’s no contest plea, making it also a Crosby plea to
preserve the issue for appeal. Defense counsel stated that Defendant could be
convicted by a vote of ten out of twelve jurors, rather than a unanimous jury, and that
3
this majority verdict law was unconstitutional. The trial court denied the motion and
amended the plea without objection from the State.
Defendant now contends on appeal that he was misinformed by defense
counsel with regard to the majority verdict law. In the motion to withdraw his plea,
Defendant did not claim that his plea was based on the possibility of being convicted
by only ten of twelve jurors. The issue, however, was raised at the hearing on
Defendant’s motion to withdraw his plea. The State indicated that the law was not
applicable to the instant case because a six-person jury, which required a unanimous
vote for a conviction, was mandated. Defense counsel agreed that it was not an issue
and stated that it was not the main predicate for Defendant’s plea. He explained:
[I]t was one of the things that was on my mind at the time. And I said
so on the record. I didn’t file any motion against the majority verdict
law in this case, but I probably would have tried to do it if we were
going to try it. And you would have denied it because it’s a unanimous
jury of six persons.
The record clearly indicates that Defendant’s trial counsel incorrectly advised
him that he could be convicted of simple rape by a majority verdict and encouraged
him to enter a no contest/Crosby plea based, in part, on that information. Louisiana
Code of Criminal Procedure Article 782(A) provides, in pertinent part, “Cases in
which the punishment may be confinement at hard labor shall be tried by a jury
composed of six jurors, all of whom must concur to render a verdict.” The sentence
for simple rape may be imposed with or without hard labor. La.R.S. 14:43(B). A
unanimous jury of six was required for a guilty verdict. In this regard, the record
before us supports the finding that defense counsel’s performance fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing professional norms (i.e., the
first prong under Strickland).
4
Defense counsel attempted to minimize the influence his advice had on
Defendant’s decision to enter a no contest/Crosby plea, but his assertion was not
made until after Defendant entered his plea to simple rape and was sentenced.
Further, the record neither supports nor rejects defense counsel’s claim that
consideration of the majority verdict law was an incidental consideration in advising
Defendant to initially enter a no contest plea and then to amend the plea to reflect it
was also a Crosby plea.
The unnecessary fear of being convicted of simple rape by a majority verdict
may have significantly influenced Defendant’s decision to enter the plea in the instant
case. Defendant, however, did not testify at the hearing on his motion to withdraw,
nor was any evidence presented at the hearing other than defense counsel’s argument,
intended to show that Defendant relied on his counsel’s misinformation when he
entered his no contest/Crosby plea.
Accordingly, the record is not sufficient to make a determination of whether
Defendant was indeed significantly influenced by the inaccurate legal advice. The
second prong of Strickland requires that Defendant show that “there is a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding
[entry of the no contest plea] would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at
694. We, therefore, expressly decline to rule on Defendant’s ineffective assistance
of counsel claim, believing that such a claim is more properly raised in an application
for post-conviction relief. We do, however, find that not only is the record
inadequate as to the claim of ineffective counsel, but it is also inadequate as to the
question of whether Defendant’s plea was infirm. Thus, we will remand this matter
to the trial court to further develop the record in this regard.
5
HABITUAL OFFENDER
At Defendant’s sentencing hearing, defense counsel indicated that some of his
colleagues had questioned whether the habitual offender law was applicable to the
enhancement of a sentence for DWI, third offense, or simple rape, based on
Defendant’s prior offenses. As such, counsel believed that he may have advised
Defendant to plead guilty out of fear of something Defendant was not actually facing.
Defense counsel later reiterated that the State’s agreement to not seek a habitual
offender bill “had everything to do” with Defendant’s choice to enter a no contest
plea.
About a month after sentencing, Defendant filed a motion to withdraw his no
contest plea. In his motion, defense counsel asserted that at the time of his plea,
Defendant was erroneously advised that even if he was acquitted of simple rape, he
would be facing a sentence of thirteen to forty years if convicted of DWI, third
offense, under the habitual offender law. As such, defense counsel advised
Defendant that the risk under the majority verdict law was too great and the enhanced
penalties were too severe for Defendant to exercise his right to a trial on the simple
rape charge. After Defendant entered his plea, defense counsel came to believe that
the habitual offender law was not applicable to either of Defendant’s charges because
his predicate offenses did not fit the statutory scheme as provided in La.R.S.
15:529.1. Thus, the reason for advising Defendant to enter a no contest plea was
erroneous, and therefore, Defendant should be permitted to withdraw his plea.
At the hearing on the motion, the State disagreed with defense counsel’s
interpretation of La.R.S. 15:529.1 and maintained it applied to convictions for both
offenses. The trial court then stated:
6
I read 15.529.1 as “Any person who after being convicted within this
state of a felony . . .” Okay.
And there is no question in my mind that he has been previously
convicted of a felony.
And then the next part, “ . . . or adjudicated a delinquent under
Title 8 of the Louisiana Children’s Code for the commission of a felony-
grade . . .” -- so, you are dealing with a juvenile, a delinquent child --
of either the CDS or a crime of violence.
MR. ALEXANDER:
That’s the mistake I am making.
THE COURT:
You are trying to add that language to a felony and qualify a
felony. But that’s only qualifying the type of crime that a juvenile could
be considered as a habitual offender, as I read it.
And then it says, “. . . thereafter commits a felony . . .” I mean, it
doesn’t qualify that. So, that leads me to believe that my interpretation
is correct.
And, so, if your argument is based upon what you think that reads,
then I think you properly told your client what the law was.
Defense counsel conceded he was confused in his interpretation of La.R.S.
15:529.1, and he was more comfortable with the trial court’s denial of the motion
than Defendant’s withdrawal of his plea. Defense counsel also indicated that there
was no other basis which the trial court needed to consider in ruling on the motion.
On appeal, Defendant argues that DWI, third offense, is considered a status
offense and, thus, could not have been enhanced under the habitual offender law even
if the predicate offenses were not DWIs. In support of his argument, Defendant refers
to State v. Campbell, 03-3035 (La. 7/6/04), 877 So.2d 112, in which the defendant
was found guilty of DWI, third offense. The State filed a habitual offender bill under
La.R.S. 15:529.1, alleging prior felony convictions for attempted unauthorized entry
7
of an inhabited dwelling and simple burglary. The trial court granted the defendant’s
motion to quash, and the ruling was affirmed on appeal. On writs, the supreme court
stated:
[I]n giving a genuine construction consistent with the plain language of
La.Rev.Stat. 14:98 D(1), and keeping in mind the strict construction
mandated under the rule of lenity, the defendant’s sentence cannot be
enhanced without benefit of suspension pursuant to La.Rev.Stat.
15:529.1. The plain language of La.Rev.Stat. 14:98 D(1) mandates a
suspended sentence and treatment for the substance abuse disorder,
notwithstanding any other provision of law to the contrary.
The provisions of La.Rev.Stat. 14:98 B(1) cannot be harmonized
with La.Rev.Stat. 15:529.1 A(1)(b) and G. In accordance with the intent
evidenced by the Legislature in enacting 2001 La. Acts 1163, and the
principle that the statute specifically directed to the matter at issue
should prevail as an exception to the statute more general in character,
we find the district court correctly applied the sentencing provisions of
La.Rev.Stat. 14:98.
Campbell, 877 So.2d at 118.
Accordingly, the supreme court found that a DWI third-offender could not be
sentenced pursuant to La.R.S. 15:529.1 even if the offender had two prior non-DWI
felony convictions. Habitual offender adjudication would preclude the trial court
from imposing a sentence in compliance with La.R.S. 14:98(D).
Since the time of the offense in Campbell and prior to the time of Defendant’s
DWI offense, the applicable section of La.R.S. 14:98 was revised in 2004 and 2005.
Prior to the 2004 amendment, section (D)(1)(a) (emphasis added) read:
On a conviction of a third offense, notwithstanding any other provision
of law to the contrary and regardless of whether the offense occurred
before or after an earlier conviction, the offender shall be imprisoned
with or without hard labor for not less than one year nor more than five
years and shall be fined two thousand dollars. Thirty days of the
sentence of imprisonment shall be imposed without benefit of probation,
parole, or suspension of sentence. The remainder of the sentence of
imprisonment shall be suspended and the offender shall be required to
undergo an evaluation to determine the nature and extent of the
offender’s substance abuse disorder.
8
Following the 2004 amendment, section D(1)(a) (emphasis added) read:
On a conviction of a third offense, notwithstanding any other provision
of law to the contrary and regardless of whether the offense occurred
before or after an earlier conviction, the offender shall be imprisoned
with or without hard labor for not less than one year nor more than five
years and shall be fined two thousand dollars. Thirty days of the
sentence of imprisonment shall be imposed without benefit of probation,
parole, or suspension of sentence. The remainder of the sentence of
imprisonment shall be suspended, and the offender shall be placed on
supervised probation with the Department of Public Safety and
Corrections, division of probation and parole, for a period of time equal
to the remainder of the sentence of imprisonment, which probation shall
commence on the day after the offender’s release from custody.
Following the 2005 amendment, section D(1)(a) (emphasis added) read:
On a conviction of a third offense, notwithstanding any other provision
of law to the contrary and regardless of whether the offense occurred
before or after an earlier conviction, the offender shall be imprisoned
with or without hard labor for not less than one year nor more than five
years and shall be fined two thousand dollars. Thirty days of the
sentence of imprisonment shall be imposed without benefit of probation,
parole, or suspension of sentence. The court, in its discretion, may
suspend all or any part of the remainder of the sentence of
imprisonment. If any portion of the sentence is suspended, the offender
shall be placed on supervised probation with the Department of Public
Safety and Corrections, division of probation and parole, for a period of
time equal to the remainder of the sentence of imprisonment, which
probation shall commence on the day after the offender’s release from
custody.
Although there is no bill of information in the record for Defendant’s DWI,
third offense, charge, a rap sheet generated on June 16, 2009, which is a part of the
instant record, makes reference to an arrest for DWI on July 25, 2008. The 2005
amendment of La.R.S. 14:98(D)(1), omitting the language that required the trial court
to suspend the remainder of a defendant’s sentence in lieu of a substance abuse
evaluation, is the appropriate statutory provision for a DWI, third offense, committed
in 2008. The language omitted by the 2005 amendment was the very language upon
9
which the Campbell decision was based. Accordingly, the ruling in Campbell would
not be applicable to a conviction for DWI, third offense, committed in 2008.
At the time Defendant was sentenced for simple rape, the trial court noted he
had two prior felony convictions, burglary in 2002 and theft of goods in 2005.
Defendant did face the possibility of an enhanced sentence if convicted of DWI, third
offense. Therefore, counsel’s advice was correct. Defendant’s claim that he was
misled about the possible ramifications of proceeding to trial is without merit.
SEX OFFENDER REGISTRATION AND NOTIFICATION
Defendant also argues that the trial court erred: (1) in not advising him prior
to accepting his plea that he would be subject to sex offender registration and
notification; and, (2) in advising him incorrectly to register as a sex offender.
In support of his contention, Defendant refers to State v. Calhoun, 96-786 (La.
5/20/97), 694 So.2d 909, in which the trial court did not advise the defendant at the
guilty plea stage, either in writing or in the guilty plea colloquy, of the provisions of
the sex offender registration laws. The defendant entered a “best interest” guilty plea
to the charge of molestation of a juvenile and an unrelated charge of pornography
involving juveniles. Prior to sentencing, the defendant filed a motion to withdraw his
guilty pleas and to terminate counsel based on allegations of ineffective assistance of
counsel. At the hearing, the motion to withdraw his guilty pleas was enlarged to
include the district court’s failure to inform the defendant of the sex offender
registration requirements. The defendant’s motion to terminate counsel was granted,
but the motion to withdraw his pleas was denied. At sentencing, the defendant was
informed of the sex offender registration requirements. The trial court’s denial of his
motion to withdraw his pleas was affirmed by the court of appeal.
10
The supreme court found that the decision to delay notification until sentencing
was contrary to La.R.S. 15:543(A). At the time of the offense, La.R.S. 15:543(A),
read:
The court shall provide written notification to any defendant charged
with a sex offense of the registration requirements of R.S. 15:542. Such
notice shall be included on any guilty plea forms and judgment and
sentence forms provided to the defendant.
Also, the defendant, without representation at the hearing on his motions,
implied that he would not have pled guilty had he been informed of the registration
requirements. The supreme court concluded that the district court’s failure to advise
the defendant of the registration requirements, in writing or otherwise, before
accepting his guilty plea, amounted to untimely notice under the statute and, thus,
undercut the voluntariness of his plea.
Relying on the Calhoun decision, the fourth circuit in State v. Myers, 98-1213
(La.App. 4 Cir. 2/9/00), 753 So.2d 921, found that the trial court erred in denying the
defendant’s motion to be relieved of the sex offender registration requirements. The
defendant pled guilty to molestation of a juvenile and was subsequently sentenced.
A few years later, the defendant filed a petition to be relieved of the duty to comply
with the sex offender registration requirements. He argued that his future registration
would not serve the purposes of the sex offender registration statutory scheme. The
appellate court found that the trial court’s denial of the petition on this basis was not
an abuse of discretion. In the defendant’s brief on appeal, however, he alleged that
the trial court did not inform him of the sex offender notification requirements prior
to entering his guilty plea. Although the voluntariness of his plea was not before the
court, the appellate court remanded the matter to the trial court to allow the defendant
the opportunity to formally withdraw his guilty plea.
11
Only months later, the issue was raised again before the fourth circuit in State
v. Johnson, 99-2104 (La.App. 4 Cir. 9/6/00), 769 So.2d 660, in which the court held
that the defendant was entitled to withdraw his guilty plea to forcible rape. The
defendant filed two motions to withdraw his guilty plea prior to sentencing which
were both denied by the trial court. On writs, the appellate court found that the trial
court abused its discretion in denying the defendant’s motions to withdraw his guilty
plea. The supreme court remanded the case to the appellate court for briefing and a
full opinion. In granting the writ, the appellate court stated:
On the showing made and in light of State v. Calhoun, 694 So.2d
at 909, we find that the trial court’s failure to notify the defendant of the
registration requirements in this case undercut the voluntariness of the
defendant’s guilty plea. In addition to the failure to notify, we also note
that the original defense counsel was appointed on the day of
arraignment and could not have properly investigated the case prior to
defendant’s entry of a guilty plea on that same day. The preliminary
hearing transcript shows that the victim’s statements to the police were
inconsistent, and her statements were made eight months after the rape
occurred when the customary examination was impossible. Under the
totality of the circumstances, we find that the trial court abused its
discretion by denying the motion to withdraw the guilty plea. See State
v. Myers, 98-1213 (La.App. 4 Cir. 2/9/00), 753 So.2d 921.
Id. at 665.
The supreme court revisited the issue in State v. Blanchard, 00-1147, p. 3 (La.
4/20/01), 786 So.2d 701, 703-04, and the procedural history reads as follows:
On appeal, the Third Circuit reversed upon finding that the trial
court abused its discretion in denying respondent’s motion to withdraw
his pleas. State v. Blanchard, 99-1076 (La.App. 3rd Cir. 3/22/00), —
So.2d — (unpub’d). The court of appeal focused on three factors. First,
the trial court had failed to mention the sex offender registration and
notice provisions of La.R.S. 15:542 and La.C.Cr.P. art. 895(H) during
the plea colloquy. Blanchard, 99-1076 at 6, __So.2d at__.
Respondent’s motion to withdraw the pleas alleged that he first learned
of the reporting requirements from the probation officer who
interviewed him as part of a presentence investigation ordered by the
court. The court of appeal considered this factor critical in light of our
decision in State v. Calhoun, 96-0786, p. 9 (La. 5/20/97), 694 So.2d 909,
12
914, in which we found that a similar failing by the trial judge
constituted “a factor that undercut[ ] the voluntariness of that plea.”
Second, in light of the testimony presented by respondent and defense
counsel at the hearing on the motion to withdraw the pleas, the court of
appeal deemed the trial court’s decision to defer ruling on the
admissibility of F.K.’s testimony a coercive factor which also tended to
undercut the voluntariness of respondent’s pleas. Id., at 7. Finally, the
court of appeal took note of the admission of defense counsel at the
hearing that his acquaintanceship with members of both victims’
families had made him somewhat apprehensive about his forthcoming
cross-examination of the victims. The court of appeal concluded that
“[a] ‘sense’ or as in this case, knowledge that defense counsel is not
comfortable about cross-examination of one or more witnesses is a
serious source of uncertainty for a defendant and must be said to be a
serious factor in mitigating against voluntariness.” Blanchard, 99-1076
at 9.
The supreme court, however, found no arbitrariness in the trial court’s rejection of the
defendant’s motion to withdraw his pleas. The supreme court noted that the
defendant was well aware of the sex offender notification and registration
requirements prior to entering his pleas and had sought disposition of the case in a
manner that would avoid the reporting requirements altogether. Although the
defendant assumed that by entering “best interest” pleas he would no longer have to
report as a sex offender, he did not attribute his assumption to any representation by
the trial court, the State, or defense counsel. Moreover, defense counsel testified that
he had informed the defendant, a college graduate, that he would be required to
register as a sex offender if he pled guilty.
Soon after the Blanchard decision, the issue was before this court again in
State v. Williams, 02-707 (La.App. 3 Cir. 3/5/03), 839 So.2d 1095. The defendant
entered a plea of no contest to the amended charge of molestation of a juvenile but
did not receive either oral or written notice of the sex offender registration
requirements. About two months after his plea, the defendant filed a motion to
withdraw his no contest plea, alleging he did not commit the offense. Following a
13
hearing on the motion, the trial court found no credibility in the evidence submitted,
denied the motion, and then sentenced the defendant.
On appeal, the court first noted that the argument regarding the sex offender
registration requirements was never presented to the trial court in support of the
defendant’s motion to withdraw the plea. Due to the constitutional nature of the
defendant’s argument that his plea was not freely and voluntarily entered, however,
the court considered the argument. After considering the supreme court’s decisions
in Calhoun and Blanchard, the court stated:
[A]lthough the record does not provide any indication that the defendant
received notice of the sex offender registration requirements, the
transcript of the plea colloquy in this case provides that the defendant
was informed of and waived his right to a trial by jury, right to
confrontation, and the right against self-incrimination. The transcript
also provides that the trial court informed the defendant of the
sentencing range for the offense to which he was pleading. In addition,
the transcript indicates that the defendant was represented by counsel at
the time of the plea and that the defendant stated that he was satisfied
with his attorney’s advice and services. In contrast to Calhoun, the
defendant in this case did not claim lack of notification of the sex
offender registration requirements as grounds to withdraw his plea and
has not asserted an ineffective assistance of counsel claim. As a result,
the record before us does not establish that the totality of circumstances
under which the defendant pled no contest warrants invalidation of his
plea.
Id. at 1100. The court concluded, however, that corrective action was necessary
because there was no indication in the record that the defendant was aware of the sex
offender registration requirements. The case was remanded to the trial court with
instructions to provide appropriate written notice to the defendant of the sex offender
registration requirements within ten days of the rendition of the opinion and to file
written proof that he received notice in the record of the proceedings.
Several years later, the fifth circuit addressed the issue in State v. Smith, 08-127
(La.App. 5 Cir. 7/29/08), 993 So.2d 659, in which the defendant pled guilty to the
14
amended charge of forcible rape and was sentenced in accordance with the plea
agreement. On appeal, the court noted that prior to the defendant’s plea, defense
counsel requested a continuance of trial, stating that he had only met with the
defendant once and felt the defendant deserved more of his time since he was facing
a life sentence. The defendant had been arraigned less than two months before
Hurricane Katrina, resulting in his temporary displacement and several trial
continuances. On the day of trial, defense counsel advised the trial court of an
outstanding motion to suppress, which the court stated it would hear after jury
selection. However, for reasons not stated, court recessed and the next notation
showed that the parties returned and the defendant pled guilty. During the plea
colloquy, the defendant was advised of his right to a trial by jury, the right to confront
witnesses against him, and the right against self-incrimination. The defendant
confirmed that he understood the rights he was waiving. Additionally, the trial court
advised the defendant of the sentencing range for the offense. Lastly, the defendant
indicated he was satisfied with his attorney and that he had not been forced, coerced,
threatened, or promised anything to plead guilty.
The appellate court, nonetheless, found that the totality of circumstances
surrounding the defendant’s guilty plea warranted an evidentiary hearing concerning
the voluntariness of his plea. In reaching its decision, the court referred to Calhoun,
694 So.2d 909, and the subsequent jurisprudence as follows:
In State v. Johnson, 99-2104, p. 9 (La.App. 4 Cir. 9/6/00), 769
So.2d 660, 665, the Fourth Circuit relied on Calhoun and reversed the
trial court’s denial of the defendant’s motion to withdraw his guilty plea
to forcible rape. Like Calhoun, the Fourth Circuit relied on several
factors that it concluded undercut the voluntariness of the defendant’s
plea. It cited the trial court’s failure to notify the defendant of the sex
registration requirements and defense counsel’s lack of preparation for
trial. The court noted defense counsel was appointed on the day of
15
arraignment and could not have properly investigated the case prior to
the entry of defendant’s guilty plea on the same day. On appeal, the
defendant maintained his counsel advised him any defense was futile;
however, the Fourth Circuit remarked that the preliminary hearing
transcript showed the victim’s statements to the police were
inconsistent.
Conversely, in State v. Blanchard, 00-1147 (La. 4/20/01), 786
So.2d 701, the Louisiana Supreme Court distinguished Calhoun and
found no basis to allow the defendant to withdraw his guilty plea despite
the fact the trial court had failed to advise him of the sex registration
requirements during the plea colloquy. The Supreme Court relied on
evidence presented at the evidentiary hearing on the defendant’s motion
to withdraw his guilty plea to conclude the defendant was aware of the
sex offender registration laws. Specifically, defense counsel testified
that he informed the defendant of the registration requirements. The
defendant testified he believed that by entering a “best interest” plea he
was not pleading guilty and, therefore, believed he would no longer
have to comply with the registration requirements. The Supreme Court
noted defendant’s college education and the defendant’s pre-plea
attempt to resolve the case to avoid the registration requirements before
concluding his unsupported expectation of avoiding the registration
requirements did not provide a basis for withdrawing his guilty plea. Id.
at 4-5, 786 So.2d at 704-05.
Unlike Blanchard, there has been no evidentiary hearing in the
present case regarding defendant’s knowledge of the sex registration
requirements and its effect, if any, on the voluntariness of his guilty
plea. The plea colloquy transcript shows the trial court did not advise
defendant of the registration requirement and there is no indication on
the record that defense counsel notified defendant of the requirement.
Defense counsel simply stated he had “gone over the Boykin form with
Mr. Smith, I’ve explained it to him, I feel he understands it. . . .”
Additionally, notice of the registration requirement is not contained in
the guilty plea form as required, at the time, by LSA-R.S. 15:543(A).
As previously noted, the Calhoun court expressly declined to
comment on whether the failure of a defendant to be advised of the sex
offender registration requirement alone would provide a basis for a
defendant to withdraw his guilty plea. State v. Calhoun, supra at 9, 694
So.2d at 914 n. 6. Unlike Calhoun, where the Supreme Court allowed
the defendant to withdraw his guilty plea based on the lack of notice of
the registration requirement and ineffective assistance of counsel,
defendant in the present case does not assert an ineffective assistance of
counsel claim on appeal. However, defendant did raise an ineffective
assistance of counsel claim in a previous post-conviction relief
application. That application was denied by the trial court, but
16
eventually found to be premature by this Court because defendant had
not exhausted his appeal rights.
Id. at 661-62.
In 2007, La.R.S. 15:543(A) was amended and currently reads as follows:
A. The court shall provide written notification to any person
convicted of a sex offense and a criminal offense against a victim who
is a minor of the registration requirements and the notification
requirements of this Chapter. For purposes of this Subsection, the court
shall use the form contained in R.S. 15:543.1 and shall provide a copy
of the registration and notification statutes to the offender. Such notice
shall be included on any guilty plea forms and judgment and sentence
forms provided to the defendant, and an entry shall be made in the court
minutes stating that the written notification was provided to such
offenders. If the offender is not sentenced to incarceration, then the
court shall notify the bureau of the conviction of the offender.
In the instant case, Defendant’s “Waiver of Constitutional Rights and Plea of
No Contest” did not bear notice of the sex offender registration and notification
requirements during the plea hearing. Also, the trial court did not advise Defendant
of these requirements. At the conclusion of the hearing, after accepting Defendant’s
no contest plea, the trial court stated that the parties would return “to do the
notification of sexual offender form.” At the hearing held two days later, the trial
court went over a “Notification to Sex Offender” form with Defendant, and he signed
the form.
The notification form incorrectly indicated that Defendant had to register for
twenty-five years. Pursuant to La.R.S. 15:541(2)(c), simple rape is an aggravated
offense. Louisiana Revised Statute 15:544 requires a person convicted of an
aggravated offense, as defined in La.R.S. 15:541, to register and provide notification
for the duration of his or her lifetime. Accordingly, both the form and the trial court
were in error as they advised Defendant not of a lifetime duration, but rather of a
twenty-five year duration.
17
There is no evidence before this court regarding Defendant’s knowledge of the
sex registration requirements and its effect, if any, on the voluntariness of his plea.
Similar to facts in Smith, 993 So.2d 659, the plea colloquy shows that the trial court
did not advise him of the registration requirement prior to the acceptance of his plea,
and there is no indication in the record that defense counsel notified Defendant of the
requirement. Also, the notice of registration requirements is not contained in the
guilty plea form as required by 15:543(A).
Although Defendant did not assert a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel
at the time of his motion to withdraw his plea, on appeal he claims that his counsel
was ineffective. The record indicates that defense counsel was confused about the
advice given to Defendant throughout the course of his representation of Defendant.
Accordingly, considering the totality of circumstances surrounding Defendant’s no
contest/Crosby plea, we remand the matter to the trial court for an evidentiary hearing
on the voluntariness of Defendant’s plea and to allow him to withdraw his plea if the
trial court determines it was involuntary or otherwise infirm.
MOTION TO WITHDRAW PLEA
Finally, Defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying his “Motion to
Withdraw No Contest Plea and Set Aside Conviction, Sentence, and Sex Offender
Registration, or Alternatively, for Re-Sentencing.” Here, Defendant returns to his
now-familiar claims that defense counsel misled him as to the validity of the threat
of a habitual offender sentence on the DWI, third offense, and as to the make-up of
the jury and number of votes required in reaching a verdict. Defendant concludes that
he entered a plea without being fully advised of the consequences of the plea and
possible consequences of proceeding to trial.
18
With regard to the majority verdict issue, defense counsel did not introduce
evidence to show that Defendant would not have entered a plea had he not been
misinformed. In fact, Defendant provided no testimony at all at the hearing. With
regard to the habitual offender issue, defense counsel’s advice that the habitual
offender law was applicable to DWI, third offense, was actually correct.
Consequently, that advice could not have played a role in rendering Defendant’s plea
infirm. The trial court did not err in denying Defendant’s motion to withdraw his no
contest/Crosby plea.
DECREE
Within thirty days of this opinion, the trial court shall conduct an evidentiary
hearing to determine if the inaccurate advice Defendant received regarding a majority
verdict and/or the untimely notification of the sex offender registration and
notification requirements and/or the court’s failure to correctly advise Defendant
regarding the length of time he would have to register vitiated the voluntariness of his
plea. The trial court is further ordered to prepare and lodge with this Court an
appellate record containing the transcript of the above-referenced evidentiary hearing
within ten days of the hearing. Once this record is lodged with this Court, the State
and Defendant will be given the opportunity to file briefs should either party wish to
raise any issues arising from the hearing.
REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS.
19
STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT
10-1469
STATE OF LOUISIANA
VERSUS
G.T., JR.
THIBODEAUX, Chief Judge, concurring for additional reasons.
I write a separate concurrence to express the abandonment of my
previous reliance on State v. R.W.W., 06-1252 (La.App. 3 Cir. 3/7/07), 953 So.2d 131,
which conditionally affirms a defendant’s conviction and sentence, but remands the
case to the trial court to conduct an evidentiary hearing to determine the voluntariness
of a plea. I now rely on the procedure utilized in this case based on State v. Clark,
07-1064 (La.App. 3 Cir. 4/1/98), 711 So.2d 738 and State v. Fuslier, 06-1438
(La.App. 3 Cir. 4/4/07), 954 So.2d 866. State v. Clark and State v. Fuslier mandate
a remand to the trial court to conduct an evidentiary hearing to determine the
voluntariness of a plea without conditionally affirming the defendant’s conviction and
sentence.
For the foregoing reasons, I additionally concur.