BESSENT

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA

PANAMA CITY DIVISION

TRAVIS J. MOODY,

Petitioner

v. Case No. 5:26-cv-43-TKW-MJF

SCOTT BESSENT, et al.,

Respondents.

/

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION

Petitioner Travis J. Moody commenced this civil action by filing a

“petition for writ of mandamus” against Federal and Florida officials.

Doc. 1. He also filed a motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis. Doc.

2. Because Moody is barred from proceeding in forma pauperis under 28

U.S.C. § 1915(g), and he did not pay the filing fee at the time he

commenced this civil action, the District Court should deny Moody’s

motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis and dismiss this case under

28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). Furthermore, Moody fails to demonstrate that a writ

should issue. For these reasons, the District Court should dismiss

Moody’s petition.

MOODY’S PETITION

Moody is an inmate of the Florida Department of Corrections

(“FDC”) housed at the Gulf Correctional Institution. Doc. 1. His FDC

inmate number is “X64339.” Moody filed a petition for writ of mandamus

against the United States Secretary of Treasury Scott Bessent; United

States Attorney General Pamela Jo Bondi; Florida Attorney General

James Uthmeier; and Florida Secretary of State Cord Byrd. Id.

Moody’s mandamus petition is nonsensical. Moody seeks to recover

“unpaid stock earnings, unpaid bond interest, unpaid wages, workman’s

compensation under the D.C. workman’s compensation Act; unpaid

interest on economic projects; unpaid interests on the collection of taxes

and unpaid annuities.” Id. He also seeks an order compelling

Respondents to perform their “public duties” under the Uniform

Commercial Code and the Full Faith and Credit Clause of the United

States Constitution. Id. Although Moody references a “contract” and

“obligation” throughout his petition, Moody does not identify (1) the

nature of this contract; (2) the parties to the contract; (3) the terms of the

contract; (3) whether there was a breach of this contract; (4) if there was

a breach, who breached the contract; (5) how the breach occurred; or (6)

any other information relating to this contract and how it entitles Moody

to the relief sought in his petition. Rather, Moody states he is a “U.S.

state national”; his recovery is guaranteed under the Full Faith and

Credit Clause; and he is entitled to recovery due to his “public interest.”

Id. at 1, 3.

DISCUSSION

A. Moody Cannot Proceed In Forma Pauperis because He Has

Incurred at Least Three-Strikes

Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g), a prisoner is prohibited from

proceeding in forma pauperis in a civil action if the prisoner previously

filed three or more actions or appeals, while incarcerated, that were

dismissed for frivolity, maliciousness, or failure to state a claim. 28

U.S.C. § 1915(g); see Lomax v. Ortiz-Marquez, 590 U.S. __, 140 S. Ct.

1721, 1723 (2022). A prisoner who is barred from proceeding in forma

pauperis must pay the filing fee at the time the prisoner initiates the

prisoner’s lawsuit, and failure to do so warrants dismissal of the case

without prejudice. Dupree v. Palmer, 284 F.3d 1234, 1236 (11th Cir. 2002)

(an action must be dismissed without prejudice when an inmate who is

subject to § 1915(g) does not pay the filing fee at the time the inmate

initiates suit); Vanderberg v. Donaldson, 259 F.3d 1321, 1324 (11th Cir.

2001). The only exception is if the prisoner alleges that the prisoner is

“under imminent danger of serious physical injury.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g);

see also Brown v. Johnson, 387 F.3d 1344, 1349 (11th Cir. 2004).

1. Moody’s Mandamus Action is Subject to the Three-

Strikes Rule in 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g)

The Eleventh Circuit has not “addressed in whether or in what

circumstances mandamus petitions are ‘civil actions’ subject to §

1915(g).” Littlejohn v. Dir., Fed. Bureau of Investigation, No. 21-13542,

2023 WL 2300945, at *2 (11th Cir. Mar. 1, 2023). Other circuits, however,

have held that whether section 1915(g) applies depends on the “the

nature of the underlying action.” In re Crittenden, 143 F.3d 919, 920 (5th

Cir. 1998) (“[T]he nature of the underlying action . . . determine[s] the

applicability of [§ 1915(g)].”)’ Martin v. United States, 96 F.3d 853, 854

(7th Cir. 1996) (whether a petition for mandamus falls within § 1915(g)

“turn[s] on whether the litigation in which it is being filed is within that

scope”). Specifically, the other circuits “have held that a mandamus

petition qualifies as a civil action if it is analogous to or arises out of a

civil lawsuit to which § 1915(g) applies” but when the “mandamus

petition seeks relief in relation a criminal proceeding, § 1915(g) may not

apply.” Littlejohn, 2023 WL 2300945, at *2; see In re Crittenden, 143 F.3d

at 920; In re Nagy, 89 F.3d 115, 117 (2d Cir. 1996) (reasoning that

prisoners should not be able to avoid § 1915(g) simply by bringing 42

U.S.C. § 1983 civil rights claims under the guise of seeking mandamus);

Green v. Nottingham, 90 F.3d 415, 418 (10th Cir. 1996) (holding that

mandamus petitions qualify as “civil actions” under § 1915(g), and that

plaintiff with three prior strikes under the statute could not be permitted

to continue filing actions by merely framing pleadings as petitions for

writs of mandamus since to do so would allow a loophole Congress surely

did not intend in its stated goal of discouraging frivolous and abusive

prison lawsuits).

Moody’s petition essentially seeks to recover under an alleged

contract. This kind of civil claim is subject to the provisions of section

1915(g). See generally O’Connor v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 732 F. App’x

768, 769 (11th Cir. 2018) (affirming dismsisal under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g)

of complaint that alleged violation of his rights under the federal and

Florida constitutions, violation of various federal laws, breach of

contract, and unspecified tort claims.). Therefore, his petition is subject

to the provision of section 1915(g).

2. Moody Has Accrued at Least Three Strikes

Moody, while an inmate within custody of the Florida Department

of Corrections, filed at least three cases that qualified as “strikes,”

including:

• Moody v. Ventreie, No. 6:25-cv-1637-WWB-RMN, (M.D. Fla.

Sept. 11, 2025) (civil rights complaint dismissed for failure to

state a plausible claim for relief and as frivolous).

• Moody v. Orange Cnty. Sheriff’s Office, No. 6:25-cv-797-WWB-

DCI, (M.D. Fla. May 30, 2025) (petition for writ of mandamus

dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be

granted).

• Moody v. Drug Enforcement Agency & Agents, No. 6:25-cv-

205-WWB-NWH, (M.D. Fla. Mar. 27, 2025) (civil rights

complaint dismissed as frivolous).

Each of these case bears Moody’s FDC inmate number, “X64339.” All

three of Moody’s strikes were entered before he filed this lawsuit on

February 2, 2026. Doc. 1 at 5.

Because Moody has accrued at least three strikes, he may not

litigate this case in forma pauperis unless he demonstrates that he is

“under imminent danger of serious physical injury.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g).

3. Moody Fails to Satisfy the Imminent-Danger Exception

To satisfy the “imminent danger” exception, “the prisoner must

show he is in imminent danger ‘at the time that he seeks to file his suit

in district court.’” Daker v. Ward, 999 F.3d 1300, 1310–11 (11th Cir. 2021)

(quoting Medberry v. Butler, 185 F.3d 1189, 1192–93 (11th Cir. 1999)).

An allegation of past danger will not invoke the exception. Medberry, 185

F.3d at 1193 (“[A] prisoner’s allegation that he faced imminent danger

sometime in the past is an insufficient basis to allow him to proceed in

forma pauperis pursuant to the imminent danger exception to [§

1915(g)].”).

Moody’s allegation that he is entitled to unpaid interest does not

establish that he is in imminent danger of serious physical injury.

Because Moody is barred from proceeding in forma pauperis, the

District Court must deny Moody’s motion for leave to proceed in forma

pauperis and dismiss this case without prejudice under 28 U.S.C. §

1915(g). Dupree, 284 F.3d at 1236 (“[T]he proper procedure is for the

district court to dismiss the complaint without prejudice when it denies

the prisoner leave to proceed in forma pauperis pursuant to the three

strikes provision of § 1915(g).”).

B. Moody Fails to Establish He Is Entitled to a Writ of

Mandamus

There is a second reason for the District Court to dismiss this

action: Moody has not demonstrated entitlement to a writ of mandamus.

Federal law authorizes district courts to issue writs of mandamus

“to compel an officer or employee of the United States or any agency

thereof to perform a duty owed to the plaintiff.” 28 U.S.C. § 1361

(emphasis added). A writ of mandamus is a drastic remedy to be used

only in extraordinary circumstances. Allied Chemical Corp. v. Daiflon,

Inc., 449 U.S. 33, 34 (1980). To obtain a writ of mandamus, a petitioner

must establish three elements:

(1) the petitioner has a clear right to the relief requested;

(2) the respondent has a clear duty to act; and

(3) no other adequate remedy is available.

Cheney v. U.S. Dist. Court, 542 U.S. 367, 380–81 (2004); In re Wellcare

Health Plans, Inc., 754 F.3d 1234, 1238 (11th Cir. 2014); Cash v.

Barnhart, 327 F.3d 1252, 1258 (11th Cir. 2003). The party seeking the

writ has the “burden of showing [his] right to the issuance of the writ is

‘clear and indisputable.’” Gulfstream Aerospace Corp. v. Mayacamas

Corp., 485 U.S. 271, 289, (1988).

1. Moody Fails to Plausibly Allege or Demonstrate a Clear

Right to Relief and a Clear Duty to Act

Moody fails to meet his burden of alleging and showing that he has

a clear and indisputable right to issuance of the writ of mandamus and

that the Respondents have a clear duty to act. As noted above, Moody

asserts that he has a “public interest” in a “contract” or “obligation” that

entitles him to the relief requested. Moody, however, never identifies:

• the nature of this contract;

• the parties to the contract;

• the terms of the contract;

• any other information relating to this contract and how it entitles

Moody to the relief sought in his petition;

• whether there was a breach of this contract and, if a breach

occurred:

o the nature of the breach;

o how the breach occurred;

o the date of the breach; and

o the person(s) who breached the contract.

Furthermore, Moody does not indicate what duty Respondents owe to

Moody. Moody simply states that they must be compelled to do their

“public duties.” Moody’s vague references to a “contract,” “obligation,”

and “public duties” are insufficient to show a clear right to relief and that

Defendants have a clear, non-discretionary duty to act.

Plaintif’s petition also plainly violates Rule 8 of the Federal Rules

of Civil Procedure which require a short and plain statement showing

Moody is entitled to relief. Mobley v. U.S. Gov’t, No. 5:19-CV-116, 2020

WL 2089249, at *2 (S.D. Ga. Apr. 30, 2020). For these reasons alone, the

District Court should dismiss Moody’s petition.

2. The District Court Lacks Authority to Issue the Writ to

Florida Officials

Moody also fails to establish he is entitled to a writ of mandamus

against Florida Attorney General James Uthmeier and Florida Secretary

of State Cord Byrd. Id. “[F]ederal courts lack jurisdiction to issue writs

of mandamus to direct state officials in performing their state duties.”

Butt v. Zimmerman, No. 21-14187, 2022 WL 5237916, at *2 (11th Cir.

Oct. 6, 2022) (citing Moye v. Clerk, DeKalb Cnty. Superior Ct., 474 F.2d

1275, 1276 (5th Cir. 1973)); Lawrence v. Miami-Dade Cnty. State Attorney

Office, 272 F. App’x 781, 781 (11th Cir. 2008); Russell v. Knight, 488 F.2d

96, 97 (5th Cir. 1973).

CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, the undersigned respectfully

RECOMMENDS that the District Court:

1. DENY Moody’s motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis,

Doc. 2,

2. DISMISS Moody’s petition.

3. DIRECT the clerk of the court to close this case file.

At Pensacola, Florida on February 13, 2026.

/s/ Michael J. Frank

Michael J. Frank

United States Magistrate Judge

NOTICE TO THE PARTIES

The District Court referred this case to a magistrate

judge to address preliminary matters and to make

recommendations regarding dispositive matters. See

N.D. Fla. Loc. R. 72.2; see also 28 U.S.C. § 636(b); Fed R.

Civ. P. 72(b). Objections to these proposed findings and

recommendations must be filed within fourteen days of

the date of the R&R. A party who fails to object to the

magistrate judge’s findings or recommendations

contained in a report and recommendation waives the

right to challenge on appeal the District Court’s order

based on unobjected-to factual and legal conclusions.

See 11th Cir. Rule 3-1; 28 U.S.C. § 636. If a party disputes

the accuracy of any facts taken from judicially-noticed

documents, the party must raise this issue in an

objection to this R&R.