WOODS

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF INDIANA

INDIANAPOLIS DIVISION

JESS DAVID WOODS, )

)

Petitioner, )

)

v. ) No. 1:22-cv-02104-TWP-TAB

)

RON NEAL, )

)

Respondent. )

ORDER DENYING AMENDED WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS

AND CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY

This matter is before the Court on Petitioner Jess David Woods Amended Petition for Writ of

Habeas Corpus (Dkt. 1) . In 2009, Woods was convicted of murder and conspiracy to commit murder

in an Indiana court and sentenced to 100 years imprisonment. He now seeks a writ of habeas corpus

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254, arguing that his trial counsel was ineffective in several respects. For the

reasons explained below, Woods's petition is denied and a certificate of appealability will not issue.

I. BACKGROUND

Federal habeas review requires the Court to "presume that the state court's factual

determinations are correct unless the petitioner rebuts the presumption by clear and convincing

evidence." Perez-Gonzalez v. Lashbrook, 904 F.3d 557, 562 (7th Cir. 2018); see 28 U.S.C.

§ 2254(e)(1). The Indiana Court of Appeals summarized the relevant facts and procedural history as

follows:

Teresa ("Teresa") and Anthony French ("French") were married in 1979 when Teresa

was fifteen and pregnant. During their marriage, they had numerous marital difficulties

and separated several times. In 1992, Teresa filed for dissolution, but she and French

reconciled. In 1993, they lived on Cromer Street in Muncie, Indiana with their three

children, ages thirteen, five, and two. At that time, they also owned a rental property on

Milton Street in Muncie, a van, a truck, and a boat.

On January 9, 1993, French went to the home of Teresa's sister, Jennifer Nye ("Nye"),

Nye, "next time you see her she'll be in the hospital." The next time Nye saw Teresa

was the following day, and Teresa was in the hospital. Teresa's face and nose were

swollen, she had a black eye, and she was very upset. She made a police report, and

French eventually pleaded guilty to battery. After this incident, Teresa lived with Nye

for a few months. While Teresa lived at Nye's home, French called there and told Nye

"that he either was going to talk to Teresa or he'd kill everybody in the house." Before

Nye hung up, French said, "we're going to kill the f[**]kin' bitch." Teresa reinstated

the dissolution proceedings, the court ordered French to move out of the Cromer Street

residence, granted temporary custody of the children to Teresa, and gave Teresa

possession of the van and the Cromer Street address. French was ordered to pay child

support, expenses on the Cromer Street house, and attorney fees. The trial court also

determined that the boat should be sold, and the profits divided between Teresa and

French; instead, French paid Teresa $12,500 for her share of the boat and never sold it.

The Cromer Street address was also to be sold, and a closing date was set for May 14,

1993.

During the course of the dissolution proceedings, French moved in with[] Oren Johnson

("O.J."), a co-worker French met through his brother. When French lived with O.J., he

was very angry about the dissolution and about losing his children and his property. He

often referred to Teresa as "a bitch, a whore, and a slut."

While French was staying at O.J.'s house, O.J. introduced French to his friend Woods.

Woods would visit O.J., and French would speak to Woods about his pending

dissolution. O.J. often overheard these conversations and heard French refer to Teresa

as his "problem." French told Woods that he wanted "his problem" to be "taken care

of," which meant he "wanted her eliminated from the face of this earth." Woods told

French that he could "probably accommodate his needs." Woods was also having

"women problems" at this time, and both men showed a negative attitude toward

women. French told Woods that he did not want to lose any of his property and did not

want "the divorce proceedings to go through before he took care of his problem."

French had previously asked another friend if he knew of anyone who would kill his

wife, and this friend stated he did not. Woods agreed to kill Teresa and to help French

out with "his situation" by making sure "she was taken off the face of the earth." French

told Woods that was what he wanted done, and "he was ready to go."

In their original plan, Woods was going to have a man named "Chad" commit the

murder, and he set up a meeting between "Chad" and French at Woods's house. The

price for the murder was agreed to be $5,000. Woods had French provide a description

of Teresa, and French also supplied a picture of Teresa. The two discussed how to gain

access to the Cromer residence; the plan was to pose as a real estate inspector who

needed to inspect the garage for the pending sale of the home. French told Woods the

murder should occur in the garage because he did not want blood splattered in the

house. He also told Woods when the children would not be at home. Woods brought a

.22 caliber semi-automatic handgun with a homemade silencer over to O.J.'s house and

showed it to French. Woods had made the silencer himself with automotive parts and

had also attached a green canvas bag to the weapon that would catch the casings when

Woods and French discussed the murder of Teresa about half a dozen times in the

weeks prior to the murder. French expressed a sense of urgency throughout this time

and wanted it done before the dissolution was final and before the sale of the house on

Cromer Street. The man named "Chad" was not doing the job according to the original

plan, so Woods decided to commit the murder himself. O.J. loaned $2,500 to French,

and French gave the money to Woods as half payment for the murder.

On May 13, 1993, Woods told French to be at work and to be seen by as many people

as possible, which French did. On that date, Woods took the .22 caliber handgun and

silencer from a toolbox at work, told his boss he was going to test drive a car, left,

changed into a suit, went to Teresa's home on Cromer Street, and knocked. At

approximately 10:25 a.m. on October 13, 1993, Teresa was talking on the telephone to

her friend Ginger Engle ("Ginger"). She told Ginger that there was a man in a suit at the

door and that she would call Ginger back later. Through the phone, Ginger could hear

the man say "inspector," followed by a few more words. Woods shot Teresa at close

range multiple times inside the garage, killing her. Teresa was shot twice in the head

and three times in the chest, as well as in the right leg and right hand with .22 caliber

bullets. No shell casings were found at the scene. After Woods killed Teresa, he

changed his clothes, returned to work, and called O.J. to tell him "it was done." Woods

called O.J. within a week of the murder to make sure that French knew Woods wanted

the rest of his money. Woods repeatedly called O.J. after the murder regarding his

money until O.J. told Woods to stop talking to him about the murder.

Teresa's murder case remained unsolved until 2008. O.J. was arrested in November

2007 for crimes unrelated to the murder, and at that time, he came forward with

information about Teresa's death. O.J. gave a statement to the police and entered into a

use immunity agreement with the prosecutor's office. The agreement required O.J.'s

cooperation and honesty and stated that anything he said could not be used against him

in prosecution for conspiracy to commit murder; however, it made no promises

regarding his pending charges and did not promise immunity for any evidence of his

commission of violent acts. Pursuant to the agreement, O.J. participated in interviews

with the police and agreed to wear a recording device during two meetings with French.

These meetings occurred on March 11 and 12, 2008.

In the time since the murder, Woods had moved to California and was apprehended by

police there. Woods denied killing Teresa and knowing French. The State charged both

Woods and French with murder and conspiracy to commit murder, and the two were

tried separately.

At Woods's jury trial, his ex-wife Vicki Armstrong ("Vicki"), to whom he was married

at the time of the murder, testified that Woods owned guns and made his own silencers.

She testified that she saw Woods and French together before the murder and overheard

French complain to Woods about losing his property and children to Teresa. She also

stated that French told Woods that he would see Teresa dead first. Woods told Vicki

about Teresa's murder at some point after it occurred and told her that someone had

used an excuse to enter the house, took Teresa to the garage, that Teresa had begged

for her life, and that the person made sure she was dead by shooting her in the head.

Vicki also testified that Woods had a dispute with French about French owing him

money.

Another of Woods's ex-wives, Mary Dabbs ("Mary"), to whom he was married from

1996 to 1997, testified at the trial. She testified that he owned a lot of guns and several

silencers, which he made himself. In the summer of 1997, Mary went to O.J.'s house

with Woods. She overheard a conversation between O.J. and Woods, where Woods

asked O.J. what he had told the police about Teresa's murder. O.J. also asked Woods

about "Chad." As a result of this conversation, Woods became very upset and anxious,

and Mary asked him what the conversation was about, but Woods told her to "shut up

and leave him alone." On the way home, she insisted on knowing what Woods and O.J.

had been talking about, and finally, Woods told her that it was about how "he had to

kill Teresa French." Woods told Mary everything, including that: French went to O.J.

to get Teresa murdered because they were going through a divorce and Teresa was

about to get everything; O.J. introduced Woods to French; the original plan was to have

a man named "Chad" kill Teresa; the murder would cost $5,000; Woods told French to

go to work and be seen by several people the day of the murder; Woods used a gun

with a silencer; Woods left work, changed into a suit, and went to Teresa's house;

French wanted the murder to take place in the garage because he "didn't want a mess";

Teresa was on the telephone when he knocked on the door; Teresa told the caller that

someone from the real estate company was there; and Woods shot her at close range.

Woods also told Mary that French thought that "Chad" had shot Teresa and that she

was the only one who actually knew that Woods was the killer. He threatened her and

told her he would kill her if she told anyone.

Woods v. State, 2010 WL 4472176, *1-3 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) ("Woods I") (citations omitted) (in the

record at Dkt. 13-5).

A jury found Woods guilty of murder and conspiracy to commit murder, and he was sentenced

to 100 years in the Department of Correction. (Dkt. 13-1 at 24-25). The Indiana Court of Appeals

affirmed his convictions and sentence, and the Indiana Supreme Court denied his petition for transfer.

(Dkt. 13-15; Dkt. 13-2 at 8).

On January 23, 2012, Woods filed a petition for post-conviction relief, which he later amended,

and the post-conviction court denied the petition after a hearing. (Dkt. 13-8 at 1-5). On appeal, Woods

alleged four grounds for ineffective assistance of counsel: (1) counsel did not present the results of a

gunshot residue test; (2) counsel did not offer into evidence an address book with a label reading "Hit

Man"; (3) counsel did not pursue a DNA test on a strand of blonde hair found in the victim's hand; and

(4) counsel did not accommodate Woods's hearing impairment during the trial. (Dkt. 13-11). The Court

of Appeals of Indiana affirmed the denial of post-conviction relief. (Dkt. 13-14).

Woods sought transfer in the Indiana Supreme Court raising the same claims, which the court

denied on May 5, 2022. (Dkt. 13-8 at 8; Dkt. 13-15). Woods then filed the instant petition for writ of

habeas corpus, raising the same four instances of alleged ineffectiveness of trial counsel he exhausted

in state court.

II. APPLICABLE LAW

A federal court may grant habeas relief only if the petitioner demonstrates that he is in custody

"in violation of the Constitution or laws . . . of the United States." 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a). The

Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 ("AEDPA") directs how the Court must

consider petitions for habeas relief under § 2254. "In considering habeas corpus petitions challenging

state court convictions, [the Court's] review is governed (and greatly limited) by AEDPA." Dassey v.

Dittmann, 877 F.3d 297, 301 (7th Cir. 2017) (en banc) (citation and quotation marks omitted). "The

standards in 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) were designed to prevent federal habeas retrials and to ensure that

state-court convictions are given effect to the extent possible under law." Id. (citation and quotation

marks omitted).

A federal habeas court cannot grant relief unless the state court's adjudication of a federal claim

on the merits:

(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application

of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United

States; or

(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts

in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.

28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).

"The decision federal courts look to is the last reasoned state-court decision to decide the merits

of the case, even if the state's supreme court then denied discretionary review." Dassey, 877 F.3d at

302. "Deciding whether a state court's decision 'involved' an unreasonable application of federal law

or 'was based on' an unreasonable determination of fact requires the federal habeas court to train its

attention on the particular reasons—both legal and factual—why state courts rejected a state prisoner's

federal claims, and to give appropriate deference to that decision[.]" Wilson v. Sellers, 138 S. Ct. 1188,

1191-92 (2018) (citation and quotation marks omitted). "This is a straightforward inquiry when the

last state court to decide a prisoner's federal claim explains its decision on the merits in a reasoned

opinion." Id. "In that case, a federal habeas court simply reviews the specific reasons given by the state

court and defers to those reasons if they are reasonable." Id.

"For purposes of § 2254(d)(1), an unreasonable application of federal law is different from an

incorrect application of federal law." Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 101 (2011). "A state court's

determination that a claim lacks merit precludes federal habeas relief so long as fairminded jurists

could disagree on the correctness of the state court's decision." Id. "If this standard is difficult to meet,

that is because it was meant to be." Id. at 102. "The issue is not whether federal judges agree with the

state court decision or even whether the state court decision was correct. The issue is whether the

decision was unreasonably wrong under an objective standard." Dassey, 877 F.3d at 302. "Put another

way, [the Court] ask[s] whether the state court decision 'was so lacking in justification that there was

an error well understood and comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for fairminded

disagreement.'" Id. (quoting Richter, 562 U.S. at 103). "The bounds of a reasonable application depend

on the nature of the relevant rule. The more general the rule, the more leeway courts have in reaching

outcomes in case-by-case determinations." Schmidt v. Foster, 911 F.3d 469, 477 (7th Cir. 2018) (en

banc) (citation and quotation marks omitted).

III. DISCUSSION

Woods alleges four grounds for ineffective assistance of counsel: (1) counsel did not present

results of a gunshot residue test; (2) counsel did not offer as evidence an address book with a label

reading "Hit Man"; (3) counsel did not pursue a DNA test on a strand of blonde hair found in the

victim's hand; and (4) did not accommodate Woods's hearing impairment during trial. (Dkt. 1).

A criminal defendant has a right under the Sixth Amendment to effective assistance of counsel.

See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). To establish that "counsel's assistance was

so defective as to require reversal," a petitioner must show: (1) counsel's performance was deficient;

and (2) counsel's deficient performance prejudiced the petitioner. Id. "This inquiry into a lawyer's

performance and its effects turns on the facts of the particular case, which must be viewed as of the

time of counsel's conduct." Laux v. Zatecky, 890 F.3d 666, 673–74 (7th Cir. 2018) (citation and

quotation marks omitted). "As for the performance prong, because it is all too easy to conclude that a

particular act or omission of counsel was unreasonable in the harsh light of hindsight, Strickland

directs courts to adopt a strong presumption that counsel's conduct falls within the wide range of

reasonable professional assistance." Id. at 674 (citation and quotation marks omitted). "The prejudice

prong requires the defendant or petitioner to 'show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for

counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.'" Id. (quoting

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694).

The Indiana Court of Appeals correctly stated this standard. Woods v. State, 2022 WL 678557,

*3 (Ind. Ct. App. March 8, 2022) ("Woods II") (in the record at Dkt. 13-14). Thus, the Court reviews

whether the appellate court reasonably applied this standard to each of Woods's alleged instances of

counsel's deficient performance.

A. Failing to secure Woods's hearing aids.

Woods argues that his trial counsel was ineffective when he failed to ensure that the trial court

accommodated his hearing impairment. The state court credited trial counsel's testimony at the post-

conviction hearing that Woods never told him he had a hearing impairment, and that Woods

communicated with counsel without assistance and appeared to hear trial testimony because he was

able to comment on it. Woods II, 2022 WL 678557 at *6; PCR Tr., Dkt. 14-5 at 13. However, Woods

points out that trial counsel directly asked Woods if he had a "hearing problem" during a pretrial

hearing and Woods responded, "yes." Trial Tr. Vol. I at 26.

Assuming that trial counsel was aware that Woods had hearing issues, and potentially received

hearing aids from Woods's sister without giving them to Woods, the Court cannot conclude from these

facts alone that counsel was ineffective. There is no other evidence in the record of the existence or

severity of Woods's hearing deficit or that it interfered with his ability to participate in his trial. See

Burt v. Titlow, 571 U.S. 12, 18 (2013) ("The prisoner bears the burden of rebutting the state court's

factual findings by 'clear and convincing evidence.'") (citing § 2254(e)(1)). It is clear from the

transcript of the pretrial proceeding when Woods indicated he had hearing problems that he could hear

well enough to answer questions from both parties and to stop answering questions when instructed to

do so by his counsel. Id. at 26-36.

The state court reasonably applied Strickland when it held that trial counsel was not ineffective

for failing to accommodate Woods's hearing impairment. He is not entitled to habeas relief on this

issue.

B. Failing to have DNA tests performed on a hair.

Next, Woods argues that his counsel was ineffective when he failed to seek DNA testing of a

hair found on the victim's hand. The Indiana Court of Appeals' decision that counsel was not

ineffective in this regard rested on the fact that trial counsel made a strategic choice not to test the hair,

and on the fact that Woods declined the opportunity to test the hair during state post-conviction

proceedings. Woods II, 2022 WL 678557 at *5-6.

At trial, the State stipulated at trial that the blonde hair found in the victim's hand did not belong

to Woods, who has dark hair. PCR Tr., (Dkt. 14-5 at 38); Trial Tr. at 2319. Trial counsel testified that

it was a strategic decision not to have the hair tested. He was concerned that an unfavorable result

could hurt the defense. PCR Tr., (Dkt. 14-5 at 32-33). At least two of the three possible alternative

suspects proposed by the defense—Oren Johnson and Tamara Kennedy—had blonde hair. Id. at 33,

39. In counsel's view, it was better to leave the possibility that the blonde hair belonged to either

Johnson or Ms. Kennedy, than to risk testing it and discovering that it was not a match for either one

of them.

Trial counsel argued during closing that victim must have pulled the blonde hair of her assailant

when she was shot. Trial Tr. at 2228-33. He further argued that the defense's alternative suspects had

blonde hair and that the state failed to test the hair to learn whether it belonged to either of them. Id.

at 2228-33; 2248-52. This argument furthered Woods's trial strategy of establishing reasonable doubt.

Strickland emphasizes that counsel's strategic decisions are "virtually unchallengeable" when

they are based on a reasonable investigation. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691. A reasonable investigation

includes consideration of the risk that "pursuing certain leads may prove more harmful than helpful."

Id. at 680-81. Although the strategic decision taken by Woods's trial counsel limited his investigation,

the decision was based on sound trial strategy. Woods has failed to show that the state court's decision

in this regard was an unreasonable application of clearly established law. He is not entitled to relief.

C. Failing to admit an address book.

Woods argues that trial counsel was ineffective when failed to offer into evidence an address

book with "Hitman" on the cover that was found at the scene of the crime. The Indiana Court of

Appeals found:

Woods' counsel testified at the post-conviction hearing that, prior to trial, he spoke

with Hinds, who had explained that he was a boxer and that he had adopted the

"ring name" "Hitman" because he admired a boxer from Detroit with that

nickname. Given that the "Hitman" label on the address book had no apparent

relevance to the murder, and given that Woods does not direct us to any evidence

that Hinds may have been involved in Teresa's murder, we agree with the post-

conviction court that Woods has not shown that his counsel was ineffective when

he did not introduce this evidence at trial.

Woods II, 2022 WL 678557 at *5 (citations omitted).

At first glance, a hitman's address book found at the scene of a murder for hire seems like

highly relevant evidence. But there is no evidence in the trial record that such a book was found at the

scene of the crime. PCR Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, (Dkt. 13-9 at 11). It was not

included in any of the pictures of the crime scene and is not listed on the State's "Digest of Evidence"

or property receipts. Trial Ex. 15, 16, 17, 18; Trial Def. Ex. I, J, K, LL, MM, NN, OO, PP. During the

post-conviction hearing, trial counsel testified that an address book with "hitman" on the cover was

found, but he could not recall with certainty that it was recovered from the crime scene. PCR Tr.

(Dkt. 14-5 at 12).

At the post-conviction hearing, trial counsel testified that he was aware of the address book

and that it belonged to Jeff Hinds. Jeff Hinds was a private investigator who previously worked for

the attorney representing Woods's co-defendant Tony French when French was first suspected of being

involved in the murder of his wife shortly after her death. Id. at 11-13; Trial Tr. at 1937-45, 1958. If

that weren't strange enough, Hinds testified at Woods's trial, while he was serving a sentence for a

bribery conviction. Trial Tr. at 1935-36. His testimony related to his trip to the police station with

French to retrieve the evidence when it was released. Id. at 1944-45. He suggested that French burn

the evidence or otherwise dispose of it, but French ultimately decided to return it to the police. Id. at

1949-51.

Hinds also testified that he had known Oren Johnson since 1993 and helped him retain an

attorney in 2007. Trial Tr. 1962-67, 1994. Hinds began working as a private investigator for Johnson

and his attorney. Id. at 1967. In that role, he took Johnson to meet with a detective in Muncie to discuss

an immunity agreement. Id. at 1968-79. He eventually worked with Johnson and police to record a

conversation between Johnson and French. Id. at 1980-87. At some point during the investigation,

Hinds was arrested and charged with bribery. Id. at 1936, 2006.

Hinds' role in this case is difficult to construe. He first worked as a private investigator for

French's attorney, working closely with French during the investigation into the death of French's wife.

Later, he worked as a private investigator for Johnson's attorney and assisted in collecting evidence that

would incriminate French. His relationships with both French and Johnson date back to 1993, the year

French's wife was murdered. Id. at 1994, 2003.

Woods's trial counsel testified that he asked Hinds about the address book and learned that Hinds

was a boxer, and his boxing nickname was "Hitman." PCR Tr. 12-13. Trial counsel concluded that,

absent any other evidence implicating Hinds, the address book would not assist Woods's defense which

was focused on suggesting that three other people perpetrated the murder—Troy Bell, Oren Johnson,

and Tamara Kennedy. PCR Tr., (Dkt. 14-5 at 26).

Because Woods lacked evidence linking Hinds to the murder, the Indiana Court of Appeals

found that trial counsel was not ineffective. Woods II, 2022 WL 678557 at *5. See Cullen v. Pinholster,

563 U.S. 170, 181-82 (2011) (noting that a federal court's review "focuses on what a state court knew

and did."). Although this issue is not as clear-cut as Woods's other claims for relief, the state court's

decision is not unreasonably wrong. Dassey, 877 F.3d at 302 ("The issue is not whether federal judges

agree with the state court decision or even whether the state court decision was correct. The issue is

whether the decision was unreasonably wrong under an objective standard."). Without evidence that

the address book was found at the scene, Woods's counsel lacked other evidence with which to build

a theory around Hinds as an alternate suspect. The state court reasonably applied Strickland and found

trial counsel was not ineffective in not offering the address book.

D. Failing to proffer positive gun residue test results on third person.

Finally, Woods contends that his trial counsel was ineffective when he failed to offer

evidence that French's left hand tested positive for gunshot residue shortly after the murder. The

Indiana Court of Appeals held that the decision was reasonable trial strategy. Woods II, 2022 WL

678557 at *4-5. Evidence that French was the shooter was inconsistent with the defense strategy of

pointing to three other possible perpetrators (Bell, Johnson, and Kennedy). PCR Tr., (Dkt. 14-5 at

31). Because the state's theory was that French had hired Woods to kill his wife, it was reasonable

strategy to avoid any evidence relating to French. Id. at 11 (trial counsel testifying, "[T]he State of

Indiana would have had a field day cross examining Tony French and that wouldn't have boded well

for David, I don't think.").

In addition, trial counsel's ballistics expert advised that gunshot residue testing was likely to

be discredited at trial as unreliable, and the death of the detective who had preformed the test created

foundational issues for presenting the test results at trial.1 Id. at 30-31. The state court reasonably

found that trial counsel's decision not to offer the gunshot residue test results was a reasonable

strategic decision and not deficient performance. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690 ("[S]trategic choices

made after thorough investigation of law and facts relevant to plausible options are virtually

unchallengeable."). Woods is not entitled to relief on this claim.

IV. CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY

"A state prisoner whose petition for a writ of habeas corpus is denied by a federal district court

does not enjoy an absolute right to appeal." Buck v. Davis, 580 U.S. 100, 115 (2017). Instead, a state

prisoner must first obtain a certificate of appealability. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1). "A certificate of

appealability may issue . . . only if the applicant has made a substantial showing of the denial of a

constitutional right." 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). In deciding whether a certificate of appealability should

issue, "the only question is whether the applicant has shown that jurists of reason could disagree with

the district court's resolution of his constitutional claims or that jurists could conclude the issues

presented are adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further." Buck, 580 U.S. at 115 (citation

and quotation marks omitted).

Rule 11(a) of the Rules Governing Section 2254 Proceedings in the United States District

Courts requires the district court to "issue or deny a certificate of appealability when it enters a final

order adverse to the applicant." No reasonable jurist would disagree that Woods's claims are meritless.

Therefore, a certificate of appealability is denied.

V. CONCLUSION

Woods's petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 is denied, and a

certificate of appealability is denied. Final Judgment in accordance with this decision shall issue.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Date: 2/9/2026 A atten Lrcatt

United States District Court

Southern District of Indiana

Distribution:

All Electronically Registered Counsel

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