even stipulated protective orders require good 9 cause showing
How later courts described this case
- even stipulated protective orders require good 9 cause showing
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
1 LEWIS BRISBOIS BISGAARD & SMITH LLP
JUDD A. GILEFSKY, SB# 198694
2 E-Mail: Judd.Gilefsky@lewisbrisbois.com
SCOTT D. SHARP, SB# 334782
3 E-Mail: Scott.Sharp@lewisbrisbois.com
JUSTIN TENG, SB# 357692
4 E-Mail: Justin.Teng@lewisbrisbois.com
633 West 5th Street, Suite 4000
5 Los Angeles, California 90071
Tel: 213.250.1800 | Fax: 213.250.7900
6
Attorneys for Defendant NISSAN
7 NORTH AMERICA, INC.
8
9 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
10 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA, EASTERN DIVISION
11
12 GUILLERMINA IBARRA SOTO, Case No. 5:25-cv-00981-SSS-DTB
13 Plaintiff, Assigned to: Hon. Sunshine Suzanne Sykes
Magistrate Judge: David T. Bristow
14 vs.
STIPULATED PROTECTIVE ORDER
15 NISSAN NORTH AMERICA, INC., et
al.
16
Defendant.
17 Trial Date: September 14, 2026
18 1. PURPOSES AND LIMITATIONS
19 Discovery in this action is likely to involve production of confidential,
20 proprietary or private information for which special protection from public disclosure
21 and from use for any purpose other than pursuing this litigation may be warranted.
22 Accordingly, the parties hereby stipulate to, and petition the Court to enter, the
23 following Stipulated Protective Order pursuant to Local Rule 141.1. The parties
24 acknowledge that this Order does not confer blanket protection on all disclosures or
25 responses to discovery and that the protection it affords from public disclosure and
26 use extends only to the limited information or items that are entitled to confidential
27 treatment under the applicable legal principles.
1 2. GOOD CAUSE STATEMENT
2 The plaintiff in this action seeks information, records, and communications
3 regarding confidential materials, including but not limited to: Nissan North America
4 Inc.’s internal policies and procedures related to “Lemon Law”, consumer
5 information, and consumer complaints. This action is likely to involve trade secrets,
6 research, design, development, commercial, financial, technical and/or proprietary
7 information for which special protection from public disclosure and from use for any
8 purpose other than prosecution of this action is warranted. Such confidential and
9 proprietary materials and information consist of, among other things, confidential
10 business or financial information, information regarding confidential business
11 practices, or other confidential research, development of technology, or commercial
12 information (including information that may implicate privacy rights of third parties),
13 information otherwise generally unavailable to the public, or which may be privileged
14 or otherwise protected from disclosure under state or federal statutes, court rules, case
15 decisions, or common law. Accordingly, to expedite the flow of information, to
16 facilitate the prompt resolution of disputes over confidentiality of discovery materials,
17 to adequately protect information the parties are entitled to keep confidential, to
18 ensure that the parties are permitted reasonable necessary uses of such material in
19 preparation for and in the conduct of trial, to address their handling at the end of the
20 litigation, and serve the ends of justice, a protective order for such information is
21 justified in this matter. It is the intent of the parties that information will not be
22 designated as confidential for tactical reasons and that nothing be so designated
23 without a good faith belief that it has been maintained in a confidential, non-public
24 manner, and there is good cause why it should not be part of the public record of this
25 case.
26 3. ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF UNDER SEAL FILING PROCEDURE
27 The parties further acknowledge, as set forth in Section 14.3, below, that this
1 under seal; Local Civil Rule 79-5 sets forth the procedures that must be followed and
2 the standards that will be applied when a party seeks permission from the court to file
3 material under seal. There is a strong presumption that the public has a right of access to
4 judicial proceedings and records in civil cases. In connection with non-dispositive
5 motions, good cause must be shown to support a filing under seal. See Kamakana v. City
6 and County of Honolulu, 447 F.3d 1172, 1176 (9th Cir. 2006), Phillips v. Gen. Motors
7 Corp., 307 F.3d 1206, 1210-11 (9th Cir. 2002), Makar-Welbon v. Sony Electrics, Inc.,
8 187 F.R.D. 576, 577 (E.D. Wis. 1999) (even stipulated protective orders require good
9 cause showing), and a specific showing of good cause or compelling reasons with proper
10 evidentiary support and legal justification, must be made with respect to Protected
11 Material that a party seeks to file under seal. The parties’ mere designation of Disclosure
12 or Discovery Material as CONFIDENTIAL does not—without the submission of
13 competent evidence by declaration, establishing that the material sought to be filed under
14 seal qualifies as confidential, privileged, or otherwise protectable—constitute good
15 cause.
16 Further, if a party requests sealing related to a dispositive motion or trial, then
17 compelling reasons, not only good cause, for the sealing must be shown, and the relief
18 sought shall be narrowly tailored to serve the specific interest to be protected. See Pintos
19 v. Pacific Creditors Ass’n., 605 F.3d 665, 677-79 (9th Cir. 2010). For each item or type
20 of information, document, or thing sought to be filed or introduced under seal, the party
21 seeking protection must articulate compelling reasons, supported by specific facts and
22 legal justification, for the requested sealing order. Again, competent evidence
23
supporting the application to file documents under seal must be provided by
24
declaration.
25
Any document that is not confidential, privileged, or otherwise protectable in
26
its entirety will not be filed under seal if the confidential portions can be redacted. If
27
documents can be redacted, then a redacted version for public viewing, omitting only
1 be filed. Any application that seeks to file documents under seal in their entirety
2 should include an explanation of why redaction is not feasible.
3 4. DEFINITIONS
4 4.1 Action: Guillermina Ibarra Soto v. Nissan North America, Inc. United
5 States District Court, Central District of California, , Civil Action No. 5:25-cv-
6 00981-SSS-DTB.
7 4.2 Challenging Party: a Party or Non-Party that challenges the designation of
8 information or items under this Order.
9 4.3 “CONFIDENTIAL” Information or Items: information (regardless of
10 how it is generated, stored or maintained) or tangible things that qualify for protection
11 under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(c), and as specified above in the Good
12 Cause Statement.
13 4.4 Counsel: The Parties respective counsel of record (as well as their support
14 staff).
15 4.5 Designating Party: a Party or Non-Party that designates information or
16 items that it produces in disclosures or in responses to discovery as
17 “CONFIDENTIAL.”
18 4.6 Disclosure or Discovery Material: all items or information, regardless of the
19 medium or manner in which it is generated, stored, or maintained (including, among other
20 things, testimony, transcripts, and tangible things), that are produced or generated in
21 disclosures or responses to discovery.
22 4.7 Expert: a person with specialized knowledge or experience in a matter
23 pertinent to the litigation who has been retained by a Party or its counsel to serve as
24 an expert witness or as a consultant in this Action.
25 4.8 House Counsel: attorneys who are employees of a party to this Action.
26 House Counsel does not include Outside Counsel of Record or any other outside
27 counsel.
1 other legal entity not named as a Party to this action.
2 4.10 Outside Counsel of Record: attorneys who are not employees of a party
3 to this Action but are retained to represent a party to this Action and have appeared in
4 this Action on behalf of that party or are affiliated with a law firm that has appeared
5 on behalf of that party, and includes support staff.
6 4.11 Party: any party to this Action, including all of its officers, directors,
7 employees, consultants, retained experts, and Outside Counsel of Record (and their
8 support staffs).
9 4.12 Producing Party: a Party or Non-Party that produces Disclosure or
10 Discovery Material in this Action.
11 4.13 Professional Vendors: persons or entities that provide litigation support
12 services (e.g., photocopying, videotaping, translating, preparing exhibits or
13 demonstrations, and organizing, storing, or retrieving data in any form or medium)
14 and their employees and subcontractors.
15 4.14 Protected Material: any Disclosure or Discovery Material that is
16 designated as “CONFIDENTIAL.”
17 4.15 Receiving Party: a Party that receives Disclosure or Discovery Material
18 from a Producing Party.
19 5. SCOPE
20 The protections conferred by this Stipulation and Order cover not only Protected
21 Material (as defined above), but also (1) any information copied or extracted from
22 Protected Material; (2) all copies, excerpts, summaries, or compilations of Protected
23 Material; and (3) any testimony, conversations, or presentations by Parties or their Counsel
24 that might reveal Protected Material.
25 Any use of Protected Material at trial shall be governed by the orders of the
26 trial judge and other applicable authorities. This Order does not govern the use of
27 Protected Material at trial.
1 6. DURATION
2 Once a case proceeds to trial, information that was designated as
3 CONFIDENTIAL or maintained pursuant to this protective order used or introduced
4 as an exhibit at trial becomes public and will be presumptively available to all
5 members of the public, including the press, unless compelling reasons supported by
6 specific factual findings to proceed otherwise are made to the trial judge in advance
7 of the trial. See Kamakana, 447 F.3d at 1180-81 (distinguishing “good cause”
8 showing for sealing documents produced in discovery from “compelling reasons”
9 standard when merits-related documents are part of court record). Accordingly, the
10 terms of this protective order do not extend beyond the commencement of the trial.
11 7. DESIGNATING PROTECTED MATERIAL
12 7.1 Exercise of Restraint and Care in Designating Material for Protection. Each
13 Party or Non-Party that designates information or items for protection under this Order must
14 take care to limit any such designation to specific material that qualifies under the
15 appropriate standards. The Designating Party must designate for protection only those parts
16 of material, documents, items or oral or written communications that qualify so that other
17 portions of the material, documents, items or communications for which protection is not
18 warranted are not swept unjustifiably within the ambit of this Order.
19 Mass, indiscriminate or routinized designations are prohibited. Designations
20 that are shown to be clearly unjustified or that have been made for an improper
21 purpose (e.g., to unnecessarily encumber the case development process or to impose
22 unnecessary expenses and burdens on other parties) may expose the Designating Party
23 to sanctions.
24 If it comes to a Designating Party’s attention that information or items that it
25 designated for protection do not qualify for protection, that Designating Party must
26 promptly notify all other Parties that it is withdrawing the inapplicable designation.
27 7.2 Manner and Timing of Designations. Except as otherwise provided in
1 that qualifies for protection under this Order must be clearly so designated before the
2 material is disclosed or produced.
3 Designation in conformity with this Order requires:
4 (a) for information in documentary form (e.g., paper or electronic
5 documents, but excluding transcripts of depositions or other pretrial or trial
6 proceedings), that the Producing Party affix at a minimum, the legend
7 “CONFIDENTIAL” (hereinafter “CONFIDENTIAL legend”), to each page that
8 contains protected material. If only a portion of the material on a page qualifies for
9 protection, the Producing Party also must clearly identify the protected portion(s) (e.g.,
10 by making appropriate markings in the margins).
11 (b) A Party or Non-Party that makes original documents available for
12 inspection need not designate them for protection until after the inspecting Party has
13 indicated which documents it would like copied and produced. During the inspection
14 and before the designation, all of the material made available for inspection shall be
15 deemed “CONFIDENTIAL.” After the inspecting Party has identified the documents
16 it wants copied and produced, the Producing Party must determine which documents,
17 or portions thereof, qualify for protection under this Order. Then, before producing
18 the specified documents, the Producing Party must affix the “CONFIDENTIAL
19 legend” to each page that contains Protected Material. If only a portion of the material
20 on a page qualifies for protection, the Producing Party also must clearly identify the
21 protected portion(s) (e.g., by making appropriate markings in the margins).
22 (c) for testimony given in depositions that the Designating Party
23 identifies the Disclosure or Discovery Material on the record, before the close of the
24 deposition all protected testimony.
25 (d) for information produced in some form other than documentary and
26 for any other tangible items, that the Producing Party affix in a prominent place on
27 the exterior of the container or containers in which the information is stored the legend
1 protection, the Producing Party, to the extent practicable, shall identify the protected
2 portion(s).
3 7.3 Inadvertent Failures to Designate. If timely corrected, an inadvertent
4 failure to designate qualified information or items does not, standing alone, waive the
5 Designating Party’s right to secure protection under this Order for such material. Upon
6 timely correction of a designation, the Receiving Party must make reasonable efforts
7 to assure that the material is treated in accordance with the provisions of this Order.
8 8. CHALLENGING CONFIDENTIALITY DESIGNATIONS
9 8.1. Timing of Challenges. Any Party or Non-Party may challenge a
10 designation of confidentiality at any time that is consistent with the Court’s
11 Scheduling Order.
12 8.2 Meet and Confer. The Challenging Party shall initiate the dispute
13 resolution process under Local Rule 37-1 et seq.
14 8.3 Joint Stipulation. Any challenge submitted to the Court shall be via a
15 joint stipulation pursuant to Local Rule 37-2.
16 8.4 The burden of persuasion in any such challenge proceeding shall be on
17 the Designating Party. Frivolous challenges, and those made for an improper purpose
18 (e.g., to harass or impose unnecessary expenses and burdens on other parties) may
19 expose the Challenging Party to sanctions. Unless the Designating Party has waived
20 or withdrawn the confidentiality designation, all parties shall continue to afford the
21 material in question the level of protection to which it is entitled under the Producing
22 Party’s designation until the Court rules on the challenge.
23 9. ACCESS TO AND USE OF PROTECTED MATERIAL
24 9.1 Basic Principles. A Receiving Party may use Protected Material that is
25 disclosed or produced by another Party or by a Non-Party in connection with this
26 Action only for prosecuting, defending or attempting to settle this Action. Such
27 Protected Material may be disclosed only to the categories of persons and under the
1 Party must comply with the provisions of section 15 below (FINAL DISPOSITION).
2 Protected Material must be stored and maintained by a Receiving Party at a
3 location and in a secure manner that ensures that access is limited to the persons
4 authorized under this Order.
5 9.2 Disclosure of “CONFIDENTIAL” Information or Items. Unless
6 otherwise ordered by the court or permitted in writing by the Designating Party, a
7 Receiving Party may disclose any information or item designated
8 “CONFIDENTIAL” only to:
9 (a) the Receiving Party’s Outside Counsel of Record in this Action, as
10 well as employees of said Outside Counsel of Record to whom it is reasonably
11 necessary to disclose the information for this Action;
12 (b) the officers, directors, and employees (including House Counsel) of
13 the Receiving Party to whom disclosure is reasonably necessary for this Action;
14 (c) Experts (as defined in this Order) of the Receiving Party to whom
15 disclosure is reasonably necessary for this Action and who have signed the
16 “Acknowledgment and Agreement to Be Bound” (Exhibit A)
17 (d) the court and its personnel;
18 (e) court reporters and their staff;
19 (f) professional jury or trial consultants, mock jurors, and Professional
20 Vendors to whom disclosure is reasonably necessary for this Action and who have
21 signed the “Acknowledgment and Agreement to Be Bound” (Exhibit A);
22 (g) the author or recipient of a document containing the information or a
23 custodian or other person who otherwise possessed or knew the information;
24 (h) during their depositions, witnesses, and attorneys for witnesses, in the
25 Action to whom disclosure is reasonably necessary provided: (1) the deposing party
26 requests that the witness sign the form attached as Exhibit A hereto; and (2) they will not
27 be permitted to keep any confidential information unless they sign the “Acknowledgment
1 Party or ordered by the court. Pages of transcribed deposition testimony or exhibits to
2 depositions that reveal Protected Material may be separately bound by the court reporter
3 and may not be disclosed to anyone except as permitted under this Stipulated Protective
4 Order; and
5 (i) any mediators or settlement officers and their supporting personnel,
6 mutually agreed upon by any of the parties engaged in settlement discussions.
7 10. PROTECTED MATERIAL SUBPOENAED OR ORDERED
8 PRODUCED IN OTHER LITIGATION
9 If a Party is served with a subpoena or a court order issued in other litigation
10 that compels disclosure of any information or items designated in this Action as
11 “CONFIDENTIAL,” that Party must:
12 (a) promptly notify in writing the Designating Party. Such notification
13 shall include a copy of the subpoena or court order;
14 (b) promptly notify in writing the party who caused the subpoena or
15 order to issue in the other litigation that some or all of the material covered by the
16 subpoena or order is subject to this Protective Order. Such notification shall include a
17 copy of this Stipulated Protective Order; and
18 (c) cooperate with respect to all reasonable procedures sought to be
19 pursued by the Designating Party whose Protected Material may be affected. If the
20 Designating Party timely seeks a protective order, the Party served with the subpoena
21 or court order shall not produce any information designated in this action as
22 “CONFIDENTIAL” before a determination by the court from which the subpoena or
23 order issued, unless the Party has obtained the Designating Party’s permission. The
24 Designating Party shall bear the burden and expense of seeking protection in that court
25 of its confidential material and nothing in these provisions should be construed as
26 authorizing or encouraging a Receiving Party in this Action to disobey a lawful
27 directive from another court.
1 11. A NON-PARTY’S PROTECTED MATERIAL SOUGHT TO BE
2 PRODUCED IN THIS LITIGATION
3 (a) The terms of this Order are applicable to information produced by a
4 Non-Party in this Action and designated as “CONFIDENTIAL.” Such information
5 produced by Non-Parties in connection with this litigation is protected by the remedies
6 and relief provided by this Order. Nothing in these provisions should be construed as
7 prohibiting a Non-Party from seeking additional protections.
8 (b) In the event that a Party is required, by a valid discovery request, to
9 produce a Non-Party’s confidential information in its possession, and the Party is
10 subject to an agreement with the Non-Party not to produce the Non-Party’s
11 confidential information, then the Party shall:
12 (1) promptly notify in writing the Requesting Party and the Non-Party
13 that some or all of the information requested is subject to a
14 confidentiality agreement with a Non-Party;
15 (2) promptly provide the Non-Party with a copy of the Stipulated
16 Protective Order in this Action, the relevant discovery request(s), and
17 a reasonably specific description of the information requested; and
18 (3) make the information requested available for inspection by the Non-
19 Party, if requested.
20 (c) If the Non-Party fails to seek a protective order from this court within 14
21 days of receiving the notice and accompanying information, the Receiving
22 Party may produce the Non-Party’s confidential information responsive to the
23 discovery request. If the Non-Party timely seeks a protective order, the
24 Receiving Party shall not produce any information in its possession or control
25 that is subject to the confidentiality agreement with the Non-Party before a
26 determination by the Court. Absent a court order to the contrary, the Non-Party
27 shall bear the burden and expense of seeking protection in this court of its
1 / / /
2 12. UNAUTHORIZED DISCLOSURE OF PROTECTED MATERIAL
3 If a Receiving Party learns that, by inadvertence or otherwise, it has disclosed
4 Protected Material to any person or in any circumstance not authorized under this
5 Stipulated Protective Order, the Receiving Party must immediately (a) notify in writing
6 the Designating Party of the unauthorized disclosures, (b) use its best efforts to retrieve
7 all unauthorized copies of the Protected Material, (c) inform the person or persons to
8 whom unauthorized disclosures were made of all the terms of this Order, and (d) request
9 such person or persons to execute the “Acknowledgment an Agreement to Be Bound”
10 attached hereto as Exhibit A.
11 13. INADVERTENT PRODUCTION OF PRIVILEGED OR OTHERWISE
12 PROTECTED MATERIAL
13 When a Producing Party gives notice to Receiving Parties that certain
14 inadvertently produced material is subject to a claim of privilege or other protection,
15 the obligations of the Receiving Parties are those set forth in Federal Rule of Civil
16 Procedure 26(b)(5)(B). This provision is not intended to modify whatever procedure
17 may be established in an e-discovery order that provides for production without prior
18 privilege review. Pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 502(d) and (e), insofar as the
19 parties reach an agreement on the effect of disclosure of a communication or
20 information covered by the attorney-client privilege or work product protection, the
21 parties may incorporate their agreement in the stipulated protective order submitted
22 to the court.
23 14. MISCELLANEOUS
24 14.1 Right to Further Relief. Nothing in this Order abridges the right of any
25 person to seek its modification by the Court in the future.
26 14.2 Right to Assert Other Objections. By stipulating to the entry of this
27 Protective Order, no Party waives any right it otherwise would have to object to
1 Stipulated Protective Order. Similarly, no Party waives any right to object on any
2 ground to use in evidence of any of the material covered by this Protective Order.
3 14.3 Filing Protected Material. A Party that seeks to file under seal any
4 Protected Material must comply with Local Civil Rule 79-5. Protected Material may
5 only be filed under seal pursuant to a court order authorizing the sealing of the specific
6 Protected Material. If a Party’s request to file Protected Material under seal is denied
7 by the court, then the Receiving Party may file the information in the public record
8 unless otherwise instructed by the court.
9 15. FINAL DISPOSITION
10 After the final disposition of this Action, as defined in paragraph 6, within 60
11 days of a written request by the Designating Party, each Receiving Party must return
12 all Protected Material to the Producing Party or destroy such material. As used in this
13 subdivision, “all Protected Material” includes all copies, abstracts, compilations,
14 summaries, and any other format reproducing or capturing any of the Protected Material.
15 Whether the Protected Material is returned or destroyed, the Receiving Party must
16 submit a written certification to the Producing Party (and, if not the same person or
17 entity, to the Designating Party) by the 60-day deadline that (1) identifies (by category,
18 where appropriate) all the Protected Material that was returned or destroyed and (2)
19 affirms that the Receiving Party has not retained any copies, abstracts, compilations,
20 summaries or any other format reproducing or capturing any of the Protected Material.
21 Notwithstanding this provision, Counsel are entitled to retain an archival copy of all
22 pleadings, motion papers, trial, deposition, and hearing transcripts, legal memoranda,
23 correspondence, deposition and trial exhibits, expert reports, attorney work product, and
24 consultant and expert work product, even if such materials contain Protected Material.
25 Any such archival copies that contain or constitute Protected Material remain subject to
26 this Protective Order as set forth in Section 6 (DURATION).
27 / / /
1 16. VIOLATION
2 Any violation of this Order may be punished by appropriate measures
3 including, without limitation, contempt proceedings and/or monetary sanctions.
4
5 IT IS SO STIPULATED, THROUGH COUNSEL OF RECORD.
6
7 DATED: December 18, 2025 JUDD A. GILEFSKY
SCOTT D. SHARP
8
JUSTIN TENG
9 LEWIS BRISBOIS BISGAARD & SMITH LLP
10
11
By: /s/ Justin Teng
12
JUSTIN TENG
13 Attorneys for Defendant,
NISSAN NORTH AMERICA, INC.
14
15
DATED: December 19, 2025 QUILL & ARROW, LLP
16
17
18
By: /s/Andrew Jung
19 ANDREW C. JUNG
20 Attorney for Plaintiff GUILLERMINA
IBARRA SOTO
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27
1 ORDER
2 GOOD CAUSE APPEARING, the Court hereby approves the Stipulation and
3 || Protective Order.
4 IT IS SO ORDERED.
6 || Dated: December 23, 2025
4 Hon. Judge David T. Bristow
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1c
1 EXHIBIT A
2 I, , declare under penalty of perjury that I have
3 read in its entirety and understand the Stipulated Protective Order that was issued by
4 the United States District Court for the Central District of California in the case of
5 Guillermina Ibarra Soto v. Nissan North America, Inc., Civil Action No. 5:25-cv-
6 00981-SSS-DTB. I agree to comply with and to be bound by all the terms of this
7 Stipulated Protective Order and I understand and acknowledge that failure to so
8 comply could expose me to sanctions and punishment in the nature of contempt. I
9 solemnly promise that I will not disclose in any manner any information or item that
10 is subject to this Protective Order to any person or entity except in strict compliance
11 with the provisions of this Order.
12 I further agree to submit to the jurisdiction of the United States District Court
13 for the Central District of California, Eastern Division for the purpose of enforcing
14 the terms of this Stipulated Protective Order, even if such enforcement proceedings
15 occur after termination of this action.
16
Name of individual:
17
Present occupation/job description:
18
19
20
21 Name of Company or Firm:
22 Address:
23
24 Dated:
25
26
[Signature]
27