even stipulated 12 protective orders require good cause showing
How later courts described this case
- even stipulated 12 protective orders require good cause showing
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
1
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
2
CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
3
4
NANCY LOPEZ,
Case No.: 2:25-cv-06056 SSC
5
Plaintiff,
6
STIPULATED PROTECTIVE
7 v. ORDER1
8
TRANSWORLD SYSTEMS INC.,
9
10 Defendant.
11
12
13 1. INTRODUCTION
14 1.1 Purposes and Limitations. Discovery in this action is likely to
15
involve production of confidential, proprietary, or private information for
16
which special protection from public disclosure and from use for any
17
purpose other than prosecuting this litigation may be warranted.
18
Accordingly, the parties hereby stipulate to and petition the court to
19
enter the following Stipulated Protective Order. The parties
20
acknowledge that this Order does not confer blanket protections on all
21
disclosures or responses to discovery and that the protection it affords
22
from public disclosure and use extends only to the limited information or
23
items that are entitled to confidential treatment under the applicable
24
legal principles.
25
26
27
1 This Stipulated Protective Order is substantially based on the model
protective order provided under Magistrate Judge Stephanie S.
1 1.2 Good Cause Statement.
2 This action is likely to involve private, confidential, proprietary,
3 and/or commercially-sensitive information for which special protection
4 from public disclosure and from use for any purpose other than
5 prosecution of this action is warranted. Such confidential and
6 proprietary materials and information consist of, among other things,
7 private financial, credit, and personal identifying information, as well as
8
confidential business, financial, and/or contractual information,
9
information regarding confidential business practices, or other
10
confidential research, development, or commercial information (including
11
information implicating privacy rights of third parties), information
12
otherwise generally unavailable to the public, or which may be privileged
13
or otherwise protected from disclosure under state or federal statutes,
14
court rules, case decisions, or common law. Accordingly, to expedite the
15
flow of information, to facilitate the prompt resolution of disputes over
16
confidentiality of discovery materials, to adequately protect information
17
the parties are entitled to keep confidential, to ensure that the parties
18
are permitted reasonable necessary uses of such material in preparation
19
for and in the conduct of trial, to address their handling at the end of the
20
litigation, and serve the ends of justice, a protective order for such
21
22 information is justified in this matter. It is the intent of the parties that
23 information will not be designated as confidential for tactical reasons
24 and that nothing be so designated without a good faith belief that it has
25 been maintained in a confidential, non-public manner, and there is good
26 cause why it should not be part of the public record of this case.
27 1.3 Acknowledgment of Procedure for Filing Under Seal. The
1 Stipulated Protective Order does not entitle them to file confidential
2 information under seal; Local Rule 79-5 sets forth the procedures that
3 must be followed and the standards that will be applied when a party
4 seeks permission from the court to file material under seal.
5 There is a strong presumption that the public has a right of access
6 to judicial proceedings and records in civil cases. In connection with
7 non-dispositive motions, good cause must be shown to support a filing
8
under seal. See Kamakana v. City and Cnty. of Honolulu, 447 F.3d
9
1172, 1176 (9th Cir. 2006), Phillips ex rel. Ests. of Byrd v. Gen. Motors
10
Corp., 307 F.3d 1206, 1210–11 (9th Cir. 2002), Makar-Welbon v. Sony
11
Elecs., Inc., 187 F.R.D. 576, 577 (E.D. Wis. 1999) (even stipulated
12
protective orders require good cause showing), and a specific showing of
13
good cause or compelling reasons with proper evidentiary support and
14
legal justification, must be made with respect to Protected Material that
15
a party seeks to file under seal. The parties’ mere designation of
16
Disclosure or Discovery Material as CONFIDENTIAL does not—
17
without the submission of competent evidence by declaration,
18
establishing that the material sought to be filed under seal qualifies as
19
confidential, privileged, or otherwise protectable—constitute good cause.
20
Further, if a party requests sealing related to a dispositive motion
21
22 or trial, then compelling reasons, not only good cause, for the sealing
23 must be shown, and the relief sought shall be narrowly tailored to serve
24 the specific interest to be protected. See Pintos v. Pac. Creditors Ass’n,
25 605 F.3d 665, 677–79 (9th Cir. 2010). For each item or type of
26 information, document, or thing sought to be filed or introduced under
27 seal in connection with a dispositive motion or trial, the party seeking
1 facts and legal justification, for the requested sealing order. Again,
2 competent evidence supporting the application to file documents under
3 seal must be provided by declaration.
4 Any document that is not confidential, privileged, or otherwise
5 protectable in its entirety will not be filed under seal if the confidential
6 portions can be redacted. If documents can be redacted, then a redacted
7 version for public viewing, omitting only the confidential, privileged, or
8
otherwise protectable portions of the document, shall be filed. Any
9
application that seeks to file documents under seal in their entirety
10
should include an explanation of why redaction is not feasible.
11
12
2. DEFINITIONS
13
2.1 Action: Katie Nancy Lopez v. Transworld Systems Inc., Case
14
No. 2:25-cv-06056.
15
2.2 Challenging Party: a Party or Non-Party that challenges the
16
designation of information or items under this Order.
17
18 2.3 “CONFIDENTIAL” Information or Items: information
19 (regardless of how it is generated, stored or maintained) or tangible
20 things that qualify for protection under Rule 26(c) of the Federal Rules of
21 Civil Procedure, and as specified above in the Good Cause Statement.
22 2.4 Counsel: Outside Counsel of Record and House Counsel (as
23 well as their support staff).
24 2.5 Designating Party: a Party or Non-Party that designates
25 information or items that it produces in disclosures or in responses to
26 discovery as “CONFIDENTIAL.”
27
2.6 Disclosure or Discovery Material: all items or information,
1 regardless of the medium or manner in which it is generated, stored, or
2 maintained (including, among other things, testimony, transcripts, and
3 tangible things), that are produced or generated in disclosures or
4 responses to discovery in this matter.
5 2.7 Expert: a person with specialized knowledge or experience in
6 a matter pertinent to the litigation who has been retained by a Party or
7 its counsel to serve as an expert witness or as a consultant in this Action.
8
2.8 Final Disposition: the later of (1) dismissal of all claims and
9
defenses in this Action, with or without prejudice; and (2) final judgment
10
herein after the completion and exhaustion of all appeals, rehearings,
11
remands, trials, or reviews of this Action, including the time limits for
12
filing any motions or applications for extension of time pursuant to
13
applicable law.
14
2.9 In-House Counsel: attorneys who are employees of a party to
15
this Action. In-House Counsel does not include Outside Counsel of
16
Record or any other outside counsel.
17
2.10 Non-Party: any natural person, partnership, corporation,
18
association, or other legal entity not named as a Party to this action.
19
2.11 Outside Counsel of Record: attorneys who are not employees
20
of a party to this Action but are retained to represent or advise a party to
21
22 this Action and have appeared in this Action on behalf of that party or
23 are affiliated with a law firm which has appeared on behalf of that party,
24 and includes support staff.
25 2.12 Party: any party to this Action, including all of its officers,
26 directors, employees, consultants, retained experts, and Outside Counsel
27 of Record (and their support staffs).
1 Disclosure or Discovery Material in this Action.
2 2.14 Professional Vendors: persons or entities that provide
3 litigation- support services (e.g., photocopying, videotaping, translating,
4 preparing exhibits or demonstrations, and organizing, storing, or
5 retrieving data in any form or medium) and their employees and
6 subcontractors.
7 2.15 Protected Material: any Disclosure or Discovery Material that
8
is designated as “CONFIDENTIAL.”
9
2.16 Receiving Party: a Party that receives Disclosure or Discovery
10
Material from a Producing Party.
11
12
3. SCOPE
13
The protections conferred by this Stipulation and Order cover not
14
only Protected Material (as defined above), but also (1) any information
15
copied or extracted from Protected Material; (2) all copies, excerpts,
16
summaries, or compilations of Protected Material; and (3) any
17
18 testimony, conversations, or presentations by Parties or their Counsel
19 that might reveal Protected Material.
20 Any use of Protected Material at trial shall be governed by the
21 orders of the trial judge. This Stipulated Protective Order does not
22 govern the use of Protected Material at trial.
23
24 4. TRIAL AND DURATION
25
The terms of this Stipulated Protective Order apply through Final
26
Disposition of the Action.
27
1 CONFIDENTIAL or maintained pursuant to this Stipulated Protective
2 Order and used or introduced as an exhibit at trial becomes public and
3 will be presumptively available to all members of the public, including
4 the press, unless compelling reasons supported by specific factual
5 findings to proceed otherwise are made to the trial judge in advance of
6 the trial. See Kamakana, 447 F.3d at 1180–81 (distinguishing “good
7 cause” showing for sealing documents produced in discovery from
8
“compelling reasons” standard when merits-related documents are part
9
of court record). Accordingly, for such materials, the terms of this
10
Stipulated Protective Order do not extend beyond the commencement of
11
the trial.
12
Even after Final Disposition of this litigation, the confidentiality
13
obligations imposed by this Stipulated Protective Order shall remain in
14
effect until a Designating Party agrees otherwise in writing or a court
15
order otherwise directs.
16
17
5. DESIGNATING PROTECTED MATERIAL
18
19 5.1 Exercise of Restraint and Care in Designating Material for
20 Protection. Each Party or Non-Party that designates information or
21 items for protection under this Order must take care to limit any such
22 designation to specific material that qualifies under the appropriate
23 standards. The Designating Party must designate for protection only
24 those parts of material, documents, items, or oral or written
25 communications that qualify so that other portions of the material,
26 documents, items, or communications for which protection is not
27
warranted are not swept unjustifiably within the ambit of this Order.
1 Mass, indiscriminate, or routinized designations are prohibited.
2 Designations that are shown to be clearly unjustified or that have been
3 made for an improper purpose (e.g., to unnecessarily encumber the case
4 development process or to impose unnecessary expenses and burdens on
5 other parties) may expose the Designating Party to sanctions.
6 If it comes to a Designating Party’s attention that information or
7 items that it designated for protection do not qualify for protection, that
8
Designating Party must promptly notify all other Parties that it is
9
withdrawing the inapplicable designation.
10
5.2 Manner and Timing of Designations. Except as otherwise
11
provided in this Stipulated Protective Order (see, e.g., second paragraph
12
of section 5.2(a) below), or as otherwise stipulated or ordered, Disclosure
13
or Discovery Material that qualifies for protection under this Stipulated
14
Protective Order must be clearly so designated before the material is
15
disclosed or produced.
16
Designation in conformity with this Stipulated Protective Order
17
18 requires:
19 (a) for information in documentary form (e.g., paper or electronic
20 documents, but excluding transcripts of depositions or other pretrial or
21 trial proceedings), that the Producing Party affix at a minimum, the
22 legend “CONFIDENTIAL” to each page that contains protected
23 material. If only a portion or portions of the material on a page
24 qualifies for protection, the Producing Party also must clearly identify
25 the protected portion(s) (e.g., by making appropriate markings in the
26
margins).
27
A Party or Non-Party that makes original documents available for
1 inspection need not designate them for protection until after the
2 inspecting Party has indicated which documents it would like copied
3 and produced. During the inspection and before the designation, all of
4 the material made available for inspection shall be deemed
5 CONFIDENTIAL. After the inspecting Party has identified the
6 documents it wants copied and produced, the Producing Party must
7 determine which documents, or portions thereof, qualify for protection
8
under this Stipulated Protective Order. Then, before producing the
9
specified documents, the Producing Party must affix the
10
“CONFIDENTIAL” legend to each page that contains Protected
11
Material. If only a portion or portions of the material on a page
12
qualifies for protection, the Producing Party also must clearly identify
13
the protected portion(s) (e.g., by making appropriate markings in the
14
margins).
15
(b) for testimony given in depositions that the Designating Party
16
identify the Disclosure or Discovery Material either on the record, or
17
within 30 days of the Designating Party’s receipt of the certified
18
transcript of the deposition from the court reporter preparing the
19
transcript.
20
(c) for information produced in some form other than
21
22 documentary and for any other tangible items, that the Producing Party
23 affix in a prominent place on the exterior of the container or containers
24 in which the information is stored the “CONFIDENTIAL” legend. If only
25 a portion or portions of the information warrants protection, the
26 Producing Party, to the extent practicable, shall identify the protected
27 portion(s).
1 5.3 Inadvertent Failures to Designate. If timely corrected, an
2 inadvertent failure to designate qualified information or items does not,
3 standing alone, waive the Designating Party’s right to secure protection
4 under this Order for such material. Upon timely correction of a
5 designation, the Receiving Party must make reasonable efforts to assure
6 that the material is treated in accordance with the provisions of this
7 Stipulated Protective Order.
8
9
6. CHALLENGING CONFIDENTIALITY DESIGNATIONS
10
6.1 Timing of Challenges. Any Party or Non-Party may
11
challenge a designation of confidentiality at any time that is consistent
12
with the court’s Scheduling Order.
13
6.2 Meet and Confer. The Challenging Party shall initiate the
14
dispute resolution process under Local Rule 37.1 et seq. and with
15
Section 2 of Judge Christensen’s Civil Procedures titled “Brief Pre-
16
Discovery Motion Conference.”2
17
18 6.3 The burden of persuasion in any such challenge proceeding
19 shall be on the Designating Party. Frivolous challenges, and those
20 made for an improper purpose (e.g., to harass or impose unnecessary
21 expenses and burdens on other parties) may expose the Challenging
22 Party to sanctions. Unless the Designating Party has waived or
23 withdrawn the confidentiality designation, all parties shall continue to
24 afford the material in question the level of protection to which it is
25 entitled under the Producing Party’s designation until the court rules on
26
27
2 Judge Christensen’s Procedures are available at
1 the challenge.
2
3 7. ACCESS TO AND USE OF PROTECTED MATERIAL
4
7.1 Basic Principles. A Receiving Party may use Protected
5
Material that is disclosed or produced by another Party or by a Non-
6
Party in connection with this Action only for prosecuting, defending, or
7
attempting to settle this Action. Such Protected Material may be
8
disclosed only to the categories of persons and under the conditions
9
described in this Order. When the Action reaches a Final Disposition, a
10
Receiving Party must comply with the provisions of section 13 below.
11
Protected Material must be stored and maintained by a Receiving
12
Party at a location and in a secure manner that ensures that access is
13
limited to the persons authorized under this Stipulated Protective
14
Order.
15
7.2 Disclosure of “CONFIDENTIAL” Information or Items.
16
17 Unless otherwise ordered by the court or permitted in writing by the
18 Designating Party, a Receiving Party may disclose any information or
19 item designated “CONFIDENTIAL” only:
20 (a) to the Receiving Party’s Outside Counsel of Record in this
21 Action, as well as employees of said Outside Counsel of Record to whom
22 it is reasonably necessary to disclose the information for this Action;
23 (b) to the officers, directors, and employees (including House
24 Counsel) of the Receiving Party to whom disclosure is reasonably
25 necessary for this Action;
26
(c) to Experts (as defined in this Order) of the Receiving Party to
27
whom disclosure is reasonably necessary for this Action and who have
1 signed the “Acknowledgment and Agreement to Be Bound” (Exhibit A);
2 (d) to the court and its personnel;
3 (e) to court reporters and their staff;
4 (f) to professional jury or trial consultants, mock jurors, and
5 Professional Vendors to whom disclosure is reasonably necessary for
6 this Action and who have signed the “Acknowledgment and Agreement
7 to Be Bound” (Exhibit A);
8
(g) to the author or recipient of a document containing the
9
information or a custodian or other person who otherwise possessed or
10
knew the information;
11
(h) during their depositions, to witnesses, and attorneys for
12
witnesses, in the Action to whom disclosure is reasonably necessary,
13
provided: (1) the deposing party requests that the witness sign the
14
“Acknowledgment and Agreement to Be Bound” (Exhibit A); and (2) the
15
witness will not be permitted to keep any confidential information
16
unless they sign the “Acknowledgment and Agreement to Be Bound”
17
(Exhibit A), unless otherwise agreed by the Designating Party or
18
ordered by the court. Pages of transcribed deposition testimony or
19
exhibits to depositions that reveal Protected Material may be separately
20
bound by the court reporter and may not be disclosed to anyone except
21
22 as permitted under this Stipulated Protective Order; and
23 (i) to any mediator or settlement officer, and their supporting
24 personnel, mutually agreed upon by any of the parties engaged in
25 settlement discussions.
26
27 8. PROTECTED MATERIAL SUBPOENAED OR ORDERED
1 PRODUCED IN OTHER LITIGATION
2 If a Party is served with a subpoena or a court order issued in
3 other litigation that compels disclosure of any information or items
4
designated in this Action as “CONFIDENTIAL,” that Party must:
5
(a) promptly notify in writing the Designating Party. Such
6
notification shall include a copy of the subpoena or court order;
7
(b) promptly notify in writing the party who caused the
8
subpoena or order to issue in the other litigation that some or all of the
9
material covered by the subpoena or order is subject to this Protective
10
Order. Such notification shall include a copy of this Stipulated
11
Protective Order; and
12
(c) cooperate with respect to all reasonable procedures sought to
13
14 be pursued by the Designating Party whose Protected Material may be
15 affected.
16 If the Designating Party timely seeks a protective order, the
17 Party served with the subpoena or court order shall not produce any
18 information designated in this action as “CONFIDENTIAL” before a
19 determination by the court from which the subpoena or order issued,
20 unless the Party has obtained the Designating Party’s permission. The
21 Designating Party shall bear the burden and expense of seeking
22 protection in that court of its confidential material and nothing in these
23
provisions should be construed as authorizing or encouraging a
24
Receiving Party in this Action to disobey a lawful directive from another
25
court.
26
27
9. A NON-PARTY’S PROTECTED MATERIAL SOUGHT TO BE
1 PRODUCED IN THIS LITIGATION
2 9.1 Application. The terms of this Stipulated Protective Order
3 are applicable to information produced by a Non-Party in this Action and
4 designated as “CONFIDENTIAL.” Such information produced by Non-
5 Parties in connection with this litigation is protected by the remedies
6 and relief provided by this Order. Nothing in these provisions should be
7 construed as prohibiting a Non-Party from seeking additional
8
protections.
9
9.2 Notification. In the event that a Party is required, by a valid
10
discovery request, to produce a Non-Party’s confidential information in
11
its possession, and the Party is subject to an agreement with the Non-
12
Party not to produce the Non-Party’s confidential information, then the
13
Party shall:
14
(a) promptly notify in writing the Requesting Party and the
15
Non-Party that some or all of the information requested is subject to a
16
confidentiality agreement with a Non-Party;
17
(b) make the information requested available for inspection by
18
the Non-Party, if requested.
19
9.3 Conditions of Production. If the Non-Party fails to seek a
20
protective order from this court within 14 days of receiving the notice
21
22 and accompanying information, the Receiving Party may produce the
23 Non-Party’s confidential information responsive to the discovery request.
24 If the Non-Party timely seeks a protective order, the Receiving Party
25 shall not produce any information in its possession or control that is
26 subject to the confidentiality agreement with the Non-Party before a
27 determination by the court. Absent a court order to the contrary, the
1 this court of its Protected Material.
2
3 10. UNAUTHORIZED DISCLOSURE OF PROTECTED
4 MATERIAL
5
If a Receiving Party learns that, by inadvertence or otherwise, it
6
has disclosed Protected Material to any person or in any circumstance
7
not authorized under this Stipulated Protective Order, the Receiving
8
Party must immediately (a) notify in writing the Designating Party of
9
the unauthorized disclosures, (b) use its best efforts to retrieve all
10
unauthorized copies of the Protected Material, (c) inform the person or
11
persons to whom unauthorized disclosures were made of all the terms of
12
this Order, and (d) request such person or persons to execute the
13
“Acknowledgment and Agreement to Be Bound” (Exhibit A).
14
15
16 11. INADVERTENT PRODUCTION OF PRIVILEGED OR
17 OTHERWISE PROTECTED MATERIAL
18
When a Producing Party gives notice to Receiving Parties that
19
certain inadvertently produced material is subject to a claim of privilege
20
or other protection, the obligations of the Receiving Parties are those set
21
forth in Rule 26(b)(5)(B) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. This
22
provision is not intended to modify whatever procedure may be
23
established in an e-discovery order that provides for production without
24
prior privilege review. Pursuant to Rules 502(d) and (e) of the Federal
25
Rules of Evidence, insofar as the parties reach an agreement on the
26
effect of disclosure of a communication or information covered by the
27
1 incorporate their agreement in the stipulated protective order
2 submitted to the court.
3
4 12. MISCELLANEOUS
5
12.1 Right to Further Relief. Nothing in this Stipulated
6
Protective Order abridges the right of any person to seek its
7
modification by the court in the future.
8
12.2 Right to Assert Other Objections. By stipulating to the entry
9
of this Stipulated Protective Order no Party waives any right it
10
otherwise would have to object to disclosing or producing any
11
information or item on any ground not addressed in this Stipulated
12
Protective Order. Similarly, no Party waives any right to object on any
13
ground to use in evidence of any of the material covered by this
14
Stipulated Protective Order.
15
12.3 Filing Protected Material. A Party that seeks to file under
16
17 seal any Protected Material must comply with Local Rule 79-5.
18 Protected Material may only be filed under seal pursuant to a court
19 order authorizing the sealing of the specific Protected Material at issue.
20 If a Party's request to file Protected Material under seal is denied by the
21 court, then the Receiving Party may file the information in the public
22 record unless otherwise instructed by the court.
23
24 13. FINAL DISPOSITION
25 Within 60 days of the Final Disposition of this Action, as defined
26
in paragraph 4, each Receiving Party must return all Protected
27
Material to the Producing Party or destroy such material. As used in
1 this subdivision, “all Protected Material” includes all copies, abstracts,
2 compilations, summaries, and any other format reproducing or
3 capturing any of the Protected Material. Whether the Protected
4 Material is returned or destroyed, the Receiving Party must submit a
5 written certification to the Producing Party (and, if not the same person
6 or entity, to the Designating Party) by the 60 day deadline that (1)
7 identifies (by category, where appropriate) all the Protected Material
8
that was returned or destroyed and (2) affirms that the Receiving Party
9
has not retained any copies, abstracts, compilations, summaries or any
10
other format reproducing or capturing any of the Protected Material.
11
Notwithstanding this provision, Counsel is entitled to retain an archival
12
copy of all pleadings, motion papers, trial, deposition, and hearing
13
transcripts, legal memoranda, correspondence, deposition and trial
14
exhibits, expert reports, attorney work product, and consultant and
15
expert work product, even if such materials contain Protected Material.
16
Any such archival copies that contain or constitute Protected Material
17
remain subject to this Protective Order as set forth in Section 4.
18
14. VIOLATION
19
Any violation of this Stipulated Protective Order may be punished
20
by any and all appropriate measures including, without limitation,
21
22 contempt proceedings and/or monetary sanctions.
23
24 IT IS SO STIPULATED, THROUGH COUNSEL OF RECORD.
25
26 DATED: 12/17/2025 /s/Joe Angelo_______________________
27 Attorney for Plaintiff
1
2 DATED: 12/17/2025 /s/Kenneth A. Ohashi
3 Attorney for Defendant
4 Transworld Systems Inc.
5
FOR GOOD CAUSE SHOWN, IT IS SO ORDERED.
8
9 DATED: December 19, 2025
10 STEPHANIE S. CHRISTENSEN
United States Magistrate Judge
12
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1 EXHIBIT A
ACKNOWLEDGMENT AND AGREEMENT TO BE BOUND
2
3
I, ________________________ [print or type full name], of
4
_________________ [print or type full address], declare under
5
penalty of perjury that I have read in its entirety and understand the
6
Stipulated Protective Order that was issued by the United States
7
District Court for the Central District of California on [date] in the
8
case of __________ Nancy Lopez v. Transworld Systems Inc.,
9
United States District Court for the Central District of
10
California, Case No. 2:25-cv-06056. I agree to comply with and to
11
be bound by all the terms of this Stipulated Protective Order and I
12
understand and acknowledge that failure to so comply could expose me
13
14 to sanctions and punishment in the nature of contempt. I solemnly
15 promise that I will not disclose in any manner any information or item
16 that is subject to this Stipulated Protective Order to any person or
17 entity except in strict compliance with the provisions of this Order.
18 I further agree to submit to the jurisdiction of the United States
19 District Court for the Central District of California for the purpose of
20 enforcing the terms of this Stipulated Protective Order, even if such
21 enforcement proceedings occur after termination of this action. I
22 hereby appoint ________________________ [print or type full name]
23
of _________ [print or type full address and telephone number] as
24
my California agent for service of process in connection with this action
25
or any proceedings related to enforcement of this Stipulated Protective
26
Order.
27
1 Date: ___________________________
2 City and State where sworn and
___________________________
3 signed:
4 Printed name: ___________________________
5 Signature: ___________________________
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