The opinion
USCA11 Case: 24-12551 Document: 49-1 Date Filed: 12/02/2025 Page: 1 of 8
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 24-12551
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PATRICK HEARNS, JR.,
DANEL PHILLIPS,
ERNESTO DIMITRIE,
CRAIG TONGHINI,
BONNIE DOS SANTOS, et al.,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
versus
MEJ PLUMBING, LLC,
JASON COHEN,
ERIC LAZAR,
JOHN VALENZA,
Defendants-Appellees.
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2 Opinion of the Court 24-12551
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
D.C. Docket No. 0:24-cv-60434-WPD
____________________
Before ROSENBAUM, GRANT, and ABUDU, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Plaintiffs-Appellants Patrick Hearns, Jr., Danel Phillips, Ern-
esto Demeritte, 1 Craig Tonghini, and Bonnie Dos Santos appeal
the district court’s grant of summary judgment to their employer,
Defendants-Appellees MEJ Plumbing, LLC, and its officers Jason
Cohen, Eric Lazar, and John Valenza on their claim for unpaid min-
imum wages and overtime pay under the Fair Labor Standards Act
(“FLSA”), 29 U.S.C. §§ 201-219. On appeal, Appellants argue that
the district court erred by holding that they failed to establish indi-
vidual coverage. Appellants also argue that the district court erred
in denying their motion for reconsideration.
After careful review, we reverse the district court’s grant of
summary judgment to Defendants and remand for further pro-
ceedings consistent with this opinion.
I. BACKGROUND
Because we are reviewing an order on a motion for sum-
mary judgment, we recite the record evidence in the light most
1 Earlier documents in this case have erroneously referred to Ernesto De-
meritte as “Ernesto Dimitrie” as the result of a scrivener’s error.
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24-12551 Opinion of the Court 3
favorable to Plaintiffs, the non-moving party, and draw all reason-
able inferences in their favor. Rosado v. Sec’y, Dep’t of the Navy, 127
F.4th 959, 964 (11th Cir. 2025).
In 2022, Plaintiffs worked for MEJ Plumbing, LLC, in Florida
until the business closed that same year. Dos Santos was an “office
worker.” For their parts, Hearns, Phillips, and Tonghini worked as
plumbers, and Demeritte served as a plumber’s helper. Because
similar facts apply to Hearns, Phillips, Tonghini, and Demeritte, we
refer in this opinion to the four of them as the “Plumbers.”
Plaintiffs’ manager, Cohen, lived in New York. But to man-
age Plaintiffs, he communicated from New York with them daily
by telephone, email, and text message. In these communications,
Cohen discussed billing, scheduling, logistics, technical details, and
conflict resolution. Plaintiffs characterize Cohen as “an active and
‘hands-on’ manager of MEJ in Florida while living in New York.”
While Cohen lived and worked from New York, the Plumb-
ers performed all their plumbing services in Florida. Still, they did
plumbing work for facilities-management companies located out-
side Florida who had clients—including some nationwide compa-
nies like Wal-Mart, Tesla, and Walgreens—that were in Florida.
These facilities-management companies were located in New York
and Georgia. And on average, Hearns worked three to five jobs
per week for these clients. The remaining Plumbers, Phillips, De-
meritte, and Tonghini, attested that they completed plumbing jobs
for the facilities management companies “regularly.”
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4 Opinion of the Court 24-12551
When the Plumbers performed work for the out-of-state fa-
cilities-management companies, they were “required to communi-
cate with employees of the companies in New York and Georgia
and report to them for each service call [they] attended.”
As for Dos Santos, the “office worker,” she did not attest that
she had any direct communication with the facilities-management
companies. Instead, she said, she went through Cohen. More spe-
cifically, she provided onboarding services to MEJ personnel, in-
structing them on how to navigate the company’s internal operat-
ing systems. Dos Santos also taught Cohen and Lazar MEJ’s busi-
ness systems, and “[a]ny time there was a problem or issue, Cohen
or Lazar would call [her].”
In 2024, Plaintiffs sued for violations of the FLSA. They al-
leged that Defendants failed to pay them minimum wages and
overtime pay. The district court granted summary judgment to
Defendants because it found that Plaintiffs were not covered by the
FLSA under either individual or enterprise coverage. Plaintiffs filed
a motion for reconsideration, which the district court denied. Now
Plaintiffs appeal.
II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
We review de novo an order granting summary judgment.
McKay v. Miami-Dade County, 36 F.4th 1128, 1132 (11th Cir. 2022).
Summary judgment is proper when the record allows for no genu-
ine dispute of material fact, and the law entitles the movant to judg-
ment. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A genuine issue of material fact exists
if the evidence would allow a reasonable jury to find for the non-
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24-12551 Opinion of the Court 5
moving party. Ireland v. Prummell, 53 F.4th 1274, 1286 (11th Cir.
2022) (internal quotation marks omitted and alteration adopted).
In considering an order granting summary judgment, we construe
the evidence and draw all reasonable inferences “in the light most
favorable to the nonmoving party.” Feliciano v. City of Miami Beach,
707 F.3d 1244, 1252 (11th Cir. 2013) (alteration adopted).
We review a denial of a motion for reconsideration under
an abuse-of-discretion standard. Guevara v. Lafise Corp., 127 F.4th
824, 829 (11th Cir. 2025). But to the extent an order on a motion
for reconsideration turns on a question of law, we review that issue
de novo. Id. “A district court abuses its discretion if it applies an
incorrect legal standard, follows improper procedures in making
the determination, or makes findings of fact that are clearly erro-
neous.” Id. (quoting Chi. Tribune Co. v. Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc.,
263 F.3d 1304, 1309 (11th Cir. 2001)).
III. DISCUSSION
The FLSA mandates an employer to pay overtime pay and
minimum wage to a covered employee “who in any workweek is
engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for com-
merce . . . for a workweek longer than forty hours . . . .” 29 U.S.C.
§ 207(a)(1). The text of the FLSA provides two ways for employees
to show that the FLSA covers them. Id. First, employees can show
“individual coverage” if they are “engaged in commerce or in the
production of goods for commerce.” St. Elien v. All Cnty. Env’t
Servs., Inc., 991 F.3d 1197, 1198 (11th Cir. 2021); see also 29 U.S.C. §
207(a)(1) (requiring time-and-a-half for employees “engaged in
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6 Opinion of the Court 24-12551
commerce or in the production of goods for commerce”). Second,
employees can show “enterprise coverage” if they are “employed
in an enterprise engaged in commerce or in the production of
goods for commerce.” St. Elien, 991 F.3d at 1198; 29 U.S.C. §
207(a)(2).
On appeal, Plaintiffs claim only “individual coverage.” They
argue that they qualify because they were “engaged in commerce”
under the FLSA. See 29 U.S.C. §§ 206(a), 207(a).
The FLSA defines “commerce” as “trade, commerce, trans-
portation, transmission, or communication among the several
States or between any State and any place outside thereof.” 29
U.S.C. § 203(b). Construing this definition, the Supreme Court has
said that an employee is “engaged in commerce” when he or she is
“actually in or so closely related to the movement of the commerce
as to be part of it.” McLeod v. Threlkeld, 319 U.S. 491, 497 (1943).
As relevant here, we have further explained that employees
are “engaged in commerce” if they “directly participat[e] in the ac-
tual movement of persons or things in interstate commerce by . . .
regularly using the instrumentalities of interstate commerce in
[their] work, e.g., regular and recurrent use of interstate telephone,
telegraph, mails, or travel.” Thorne v. All Restoration Servs., Inc., 448
F.3d 1264, 1266 (11th Cir. 2006).
And more recently, we have clarified that, in Thorne, we
meant that “one who . . . ‘regularly us[es] the instrumentalities of
interstate commerce in his work, e.g., regular and recurrent use of
interstate telephone, telegraph, mails, or travel’ is one who
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24-12551 Opinion of the Court 7
‘directly participat[es] in the actual movement of persons or things
in interstate commerce.” St. Elien, 991 F.3d at 1200 (quoting
Thorne, 448 F.3d at 1266). We explained that this answer is con-
sistent with the FLSA’s plain-text definition of “commerce.” Id. at
1199. We also showed that the rest of Thorne supports this inter-
pretation. See id. at 1200.
In St. Elien, we applied this definition of “commerce” to de-
termine that a reasonable jury could find an employee who called
out-of-state customers and vendors three to five times each week
“engaged in commerce” under the FLSA. Id. at 1198. After all,
those contacts met the FLSA’s definition of “commerce” because
they were “communication[s] . . . between any State and any place
outside thereof.” Id. at 1199; see 29 U.S.C. § 203(b).
St. Elien requires the conclusion that Plaintiffs have raised a
material issue of fact over whether they enjoy individual coverage
under the FLSA. In St. Elien, the plaintiff called out-of-state cus-
tomers and vendors three to five times a week. Here, Hearns has
alleged that he communicated with out-of-state customers three to
five times each week. The rest of the Plumbers said that they com-
municated with out-of-state customers “regularly” in the course of
their duties. Plus, all Plaintiffs asserted that they regularly commu-
nicated by telephone with Cohen, who was in New York at the
time. Based on these interstate communications in the regular
course of Plaintiffs’ duties, we must conclude that Plaintiffs alleged
that they “engage[d] in commerce” under the FLSA’s plain text.
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Thorne doesn’t change our analysis. There, the plaintiff did
mold- and water-damage restoration work for residential and com-
mercial properties in Florida. 448 F.3d at 1265. Two to three times
each week, he used his employer’s credit card to buy gas for his
employer’s truck, and two to three times each week, he used his
employer’s Home Depot credit card to buy goods and materials as
part of his employment. Id. Other than that, the plaintiff offered
no evidence that he “engaged in commerce” under the FLSA. See
id. So we determined that the Thorne plaintiff did not “engage in
commerce.” See id. at 1266–68.
But the Thorne plaintiff’s allegations did not satisfy the
FLSA’s definition of “commerce.” As we’ve explained, that’s not
the case here. As a result, we conclude that Plaintiffs showed
enough on summary judgment to satisfy the FLSA’s individual-
coverage requirement.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons we have explained, we reverse the district
court’s summary-judgment ruling. And we vacate the district
court’s order denying reconsideration because it rested on the
same incorrect legal standard as the summary-judgment order. We
remand to the district court for further proceedings not incon-
sistent with this opinion.
REVERSED AND REMANDED IN PART; VACATED IN
PART.