Freeby v. Hoodoo Ski Bowl Developers, Inc.

216 October 15, 2025 No. 899

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE

STATE OF OREGON

Jesse FREEBY,

an individual,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

HOODOO SKI BOWL DEVELOPERS, INC.,

an Oregon corporation, dba Hoodoo Ski Area,

Defendant-Respondent.

Linn County Circuit Court

21CV34513; A180522

Thomas McHill, Judge.

Argued and submitted December 13, 2024.

Timothy I. Crawley argued the cause for appellant. Also

on the briefs was Crawley, LLP.

Brad C. Stanford argued the cause for respondent. Also

on the briefs were Trish A. Walsh and Farleigh Wada Witt.

Before Tookey, Presiding Judge, Kamins, Judge, and

Nakamoto, Senior Judge.

KAMINS, J.

Reversed and remanded.

Cite as 344 Or App 216 (2025) 217

218 Freeby v. Hoodoo Ski Bowl Developers, Inc.

KAMINS, J.

Plaintiff Jesse Freeby appeals from a judgment

dismissing his personal injury negligence claim following

the grant of summary judgment to defendant, Hoodoo Ski

Bowl Developers, Inc. Plaintiff was injured when he slipped

and fell in defendant’s parking lot. The appeal presents a

single question: Does a ski area operator qualify for recre-

ational use immunity despite charging a fee to use its ski

lifts? Because we conclude that recreational use immunity

does not apply, the trial court erred by determining that

defendant was immune from suit. We also address defen-

dant’s cross-assignment of error, in which it claims that the

trial court erred in striking down certain defenses based

on statutes designed to limit liability of ski area operators.

Because plaintiff was neither skiing nor in a ski area when

he was injured, we conclude that the trial court did not err

in that respect. We reverse and remand.

“We review a trial court’s grant of summary judg-

ment for errors of law and will affirm if there are no gen-

uine disputes about any material fact and the moving

party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Beneficial

Oregon, Inc. v. Bivins, 313 Or App 275, 277, 496 P3d 1104

(2021) (internal quotation marks omitted). In so doing, “we

view the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmov-

ing part[y],” and we “examine whether no objectively rea-

sonable juror could find in their favor on the question at

issue.” Id. In making that determination, “we examine ‘the

pleadings, depositions, affidavits, declarations, and admis-

sions on file.’ ” Id. (quoting ORCP 47 C). We recite the facts

in accordance with that legal standard. With regard to the

trial court’s construction of a statute, we review for errors of

law. Stedman v. Dept. of Forestry, 316 Or App 203, 204, 502

P3d 234 (2021).

The key facts are relatively few: Plaintiff arrived at

defendant’s ski area for a day of snowboarding. Defendant is

the operator of a ski area. Defendant does not charge a fee

to park, enter, or ski in the ski area, and allows skiers to

hike up to the top of its trails and ski down free of charge.

Defendant does, however, charge a fee for skiers to ride its

chairlifts. After parking his car, and while walking through

Cite as 344 Or App 216 (2025) 219

the parking lot in his snowboarding boots to purchase a lift

ticket, plaintiff slipped and fell, sustaining severe injuries.1

Plaintiff then sued defendant for negligence. Defen-

dant raised several affirmative defenses, including the stat-

utory defense of recreational use immunity, ORS 105.682.

That defense provides immunity to landowners from tort

suits, like plaintiff’s, who open their land to recreational

use free of charge. Defendant argued that the immunity

applied—notwithstanding its chairlift fee—because defen-

dant does not charge for use of the parking lot (where plain-

tiff’s injury occurred), does not charge admission in exchange

for going into the ski area in general, and merely charges for

the privilege of riding on a chairlift—not for using the land.

Plaintiff countered that recreational use immunity was not

available because a ticket for a chairlift located on defen-

dant’s land would necessarily be a “charge” to “enter or go

upon” that portion of defendant’s land. ORS 105.672(1)(a).

The trial court agreed with defendant that defen-

dant’s chairlift tickets did not constitute a “charge” to use

the land under the statute, granted summary judgment to

defendant, and dismissed the case. This appeal followed.

On appeal, the parties reiterate their arguments.

Plaintiff argues that defendant is not immune because

defendant’s ski lifts and the area surrounding them are

“land,” as defined by the statutory text and case law, and

defendant’s charge to use the chairlifts is a charge to “enter

or go upon” the land. Defendant contends that defendant’s

ski lifts are not land, but rather removable fixtures, and,

in any event, a charge for the privilege of riding a chairlift

is not the same thing as a charge to “go upon” land. For the

following reasons, we agree with plaintiff.

Before explaining the parties’ arguments more thor-

oughly, we start by providing the relevant statutory frame-

work. The legislature enacted recreational use immunity

1

On appeal, the parties dispute whether the record on summary judgment

demonstrates what plaintiff slipped on, or whether plaintiff was walking on a

path through the parking lot designated by defendant. We need not resolve that

issue because, regardless of which party is correct, our statutory analysis com-

pels reversal of the grant of summary judgment and that we affirm the trial

court ruling striking defendant’s affirmative defenses.

220 Freeby v. Hoodoo Ski Bowl Developers, Inc.

statutes “to encourage owners of land to make their land

available to the public for recreational purposes * * * by lim-

iting their liability toward persons entering thereon for such

purposes * * *.” ORS 105.676. As mentioned, the legislature

has carried out this policy by limiting liability under certain

circumstances for landowners who open their land to the

public for recreational use. ORS 105.682, in relevant part,

provides:

“[A]n owner of land is not liable in * * * tort for any per-

sonal injury * * * that arises out of the use of the land for

recreational purposes * * * when the owner of land either

directly or indirectly permits any person to use the land

for recreational purposes * * *. The limitation on liability

provided by this section applies if the principal purpose for

entry upon the land is for recreational purposes * * * and is

not affected if the injury * * * occurs while the person enter-

ing land is engaging in activities other than the use of the

land for recreational purposes * * *.”

However, such immunity is not available when a landowner

“makes any charge for permission to use the land for recre-

ational purposes.” ORS 105.688(3).2

On appeal, the parties have—helpfully—made cer-

tain stipulations that narrow the issue before us. The par-

ties agree that recreational use immunity presumptively

applies to defendant—that is, defendant is an owner of land,

defendant directly permits any person to use the land for

recreational purposes, defendant’s parking lot constitutes

land, plaintiff was injured on defendant’s land, and the

principal purpose of plaintiff’s entry onto defendant’s land

was recreational. The parties also agree—as do we—that it

is irrelevant that plaintiff was not engaged in recreational

activity at the time of injury. Coleman v. Oregon Parks

and Recreation Dept., 347 Or 94, 102, 217 P3d 651 (2009)

(“[Recreational use] immunity extends as long as the injured

person’s principal purpose for entry is recreational, even if

the person was engaged in other nonrecreational activity at

the time of injury.”). Similarly, it is irrelevant that plaintiff

had yet to purchase a lift ticket at the time of his injury. See

2

ORS 105.688 and ORS 105.672 have been amended since plaintiff’s injury

occurred; however, because those amendments do not affect our analysis, we

refer to the current version of the statutes.

Cite as 344 Or App 216 (2025) 221

ORS 105.672(1)(a) (charge means “the admission price or fee

requested or expected by” a landowner (emphasis added)).

Thus, the only issue before us is whether the lift ticket qual-

ifies as a “charge for permission to use the land for recre-

ational purposes” under ORS 105.682. Upon examining

the text and context of the statutory provision, see State v.

Gaines, 346 Or 160, 171-72, 206 P3d 1042 (2009) (explaining

analytical framework), we conclude that it does.

The relevant statutory definition of charge is a “fee

requested or expected by an owner in return for permission

to enter or go upon the owner’s land.” ORS 105.672(1)(a).

Defendant argues that the charge provision is inapplicable,

because defendant only requests or expects a fee for use of

the chairlifts, which, in defendant’s view do not qualify as

“land” as contemplated in the recreational use immunity

statutes. Defendant contends that the chairlifts are more

like removable fixtures that can be severed without injury

to the land, as opposed to actual land. We disagree.

As defined in ORS 105.672(3), “ ‘[l]and’ includes all

real property, whether publicly or privately owned.” “Real

property” is not defined in the recreational use immunity

statutes, but we have previously construed its meaning

broadly: “ ‘Land and anything growing on, attached to, or

erected on it, excluding anything that may be severed with-

out injury to the land.’ ” Brewer v. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife,

167 Or App 173, 178, 2 P3d 418 (2000), rev den, 334 Or 693

(2002) (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 1234 (7th ed 1999))

(emphases added). In Brewer, that construction led us to

conclude that “land,” as defined in ORS 105.672(3), encom-

passed a fish migration dam and the waters below it. Id. In

other words, in addition to the surface land, real property

includes buildings and fixtures erected on the land, such

as a dam. Id. (citing recreational use immunity statute and

noting it “extend[s] to fixtures such as a dam * * * and the

waters below it” (emphasis added)).

That statutory construction—one that is inclusive

of fixtures and structures erected on the land—is consis-

tent with the scope of recreational use immunity described

in ORS 105.688(1)(b). That subsection provides that recre-

ational use immunity applies to “[a]ll roads, bodies of water,

222 Freeby v. Hoodoo Ski Bowl Developers, Inc.

watercourses, rights of way, buildings, fixtures and struc-

tures on the land described in paragraph (a) of this subsec-

tion.” We are unpersuaded that the legislature would specif-

ically encompass structures on the land within the scope of

recreational use immunity while simultaneously excluding

those same structures from the definition of land for pur-

poses of the “charge” exception. It would make little sense

for a landowner to receive immunity for structures on its

land, but somehow escape liability even when it charges the

public to use or go upon those structures.

Those structures include defendant’s ski lift itself,

as a structure erected on the land (that cannot be removed

without injuring the land). See Brewer, 167 Or App at 178

(real property excludes anything that may be severed with-

out injury to the land); see also Priv Ltr Rul 2015-21-006

(May 22, 2015) (in certain federal tax contexts, ski lift towers

are considered “real property” because they are “large steel

structure[s]” that are “designed and constructed to remain

permanently in place” and removing them “requires signifi-

cant time and expense”). Defendant’s argument that the ski

lift can be removed “without injury to the land” proves too

much: by that logic, any structure (with enough time and

money) can be removed and the land brought back to its

near-original state, making the “charge” exception mean-

ingless as to similar fixtures and structures on the land.

Next, assuming the chairlift is “land,” the parties

dispute whether riding a chairlift constitutes “go[ing] upon

the owner’s land,” as that phrase is used in the “charge”

definition, ORS 105.672(1)(a): “the admission price or fee

requested or expected by an owner in return for granting

permission for a person to enter or go upon the owner’s

land.” Like the statutory definition of land, the definition

of “charge” is broad. The phrase “go upon the land” means

“to move on a course over or in contact with the land.” See

Coleman v. Oregon Parks and Recreation Dept., 221 Or App

484, 490, 190 P3d 487 (2008), rev’d on other grounds, 347

Or 94, 217 P3d 651 (2009) (citing Webster’s Third New Int’l

Dictionary 971, 2517 (unabridged ed 2002)) (internal quota-

tion marks omitted) (adopting that definition); Coleman, 347

Cite as 344 Or App 216 (2025) 223

Or at 102 (“ ‘Charge’ ” encompasses both fees to enter land

and fees to use land as long as that use entails moving over or

on the land for a recreational purpose.” (Emphasis added.)).

Defendant argues, at various points, that its lift ticket fee

is “an optional fee in exchange for use of an optional conve-

nience, a chair,” and its charge is merely for “the privilege

of riding in the chair.” Having already concluded that the

chairlifts constitute “land,” we easily conclude that the fee

to ride the chairlift is a fee to “move over” the land. A person

does not pay for the privilege of sitting in a stationary chair-

lift; the chairlift’s benefit is specifically for moving over land.

In arguing otherwise, defendant relies primarily on

cases from other jurisdictions. For example, defendant directs

us to consider Jones v. United States, 693 F2d 1299 (9th Cir

1982), a Ninth Circuit case construing Washington law, in

which the plaintiff rented an inner tube for $1 and then used

the tube for sledding. The plaintiff there contended that the

rental fee for the tube constituted a charge for the use of

the land, thereby denying the defendant’s immunity under

Washington’s recreational use immunity statute. The Ninth

Circuit disagreed, holding that the fee was merely to rent an

inner tube, and not to use the land. Id. at 1303-04. We are not

bound by the Ninth Circuit’s interpretation of Washington

law, and that case is not analogous to this one: an inner tube

clearly would not qualify as “real property” under our defi-

nition of “land.” See also Stedman, 316 Or App at 214 (fee for

ATV operating permit not a “charge” because no quid pro quo

exchange between the fee assessed and going onto land).

Perhaps more on point is Hardy v. Loon Mountain

Recreation Corp., 276 F3d 18, 21 (1st Cir 2002). There, the

First Circuit held that, under New Hampshire’s recre-

ational use immunity law, a $5 “gondola fee” charged by an

operator of a recreational area to access the top of a moun-

tain did not destroy the operator’s recreational immunity,

notwithstanding a similar “charge” exception, because the

operator allowed guests to hike up to the mountain for free.

Id. (“Whatever mode of transportation [the plaintiff] used

to arrive at the summit is immaterial: the attractions there

were free to all.”). While those facts may be more on point,

the rationale cannot be squared with Oregon law. In Hardy,

224 Freeby v. Hoodoo Ski Bowl Developers, Inc.

the term “charge” was not defined by the New Hampshire

statute, so the court there construed it as “an actual admis-

sion fee paid for permission to enter the land for recreational

purposes.” Id. at 20 (emphasis added). That definition is nar-

rower than our statutory definition of “to enter or go upon”

land, ORS 105.672(1)(a) (emphasis added), and far less broad

than “fees to use land as long as that use entails moving

over or on the land for a recreational purpose.” Coleman, 347

Or at 102 (emphasis added).3

Finally, we address defendant’s cross-assignment of

error. In that assignment, defendant argues that the trial

court erred in striking its initial affirmative defenses based

on a different set of immunity statutes, ORS 30.970 - 30.990

(the Skiing Activities statutes).4 Those statutes generally

serve to limit or reduce the liability of ski area operators by

defining the duties and risks assumed by skiers. See gener-

ally Nolan v. Mt. Bachelor, Inc., 317 Or 328, 335-36, 856 P2d

305 (1993) (explaining legislative history and intent behind

Skiing Activities statutes). Reviewing for legal error, we

conclude that the trial court did not err.

3

The Hardy court also relied on other federal cases that held that camping

fees were not “charges” under various other states’ recreational use immunity

statutes. See Hardy, 276 F3d at 20 (citing Wilson v. United States, 989 F2d 953

(8th Cir 1993)). That proposition, however, is foreclosed by Coleman. See 347 Or

at 103 (fee to camp in state park is a “charge” under recreational use immunity

statutes).

Moreover, under Coleman, it is apparently irrelevant that the injury here

occurred on a different piece of land than the land associated with the charge.

See id. at 102-04 (camping fee charged by state to camp in state park prevented

grant of summary judgment on the basis of recreational use immunity, notwith-

standing the fact that plaintiff-camper’s injury occurred in bike trails open to the

public in a different area of the park, because state did not establish that it made

“no charge for permission to use” the park).

Finally, we note that the legislature, following Coleman, enacted a law that

extends immunity to a landowner that “charges for permission to use the owner’s

land for one or more specific recreational purposes,” so long as “the owner pro-

vides notice” “as part of a receipt, or by such other means as may be reasonably

calculated to apprise a person” of the “portion of the land the use of which is

subject to the charge, and the immunities provided under ORS 105.682 for the

remainder of the land.” ORS 105.688(4) - (8); see also Staff Measure Summary,

HB 3673 A, Feb 16, 2010 (citing Coleman as the reason for the legislation).

4

Although the statutes only discuss activities relating to skiing, plaintiff

does not dispute that they apply to snowboarding as well. We therefore assume

that to be the case without deciding the issue. See Stiles v. Freemotion, Inc., 185

Or App 393, 396 n 3, 59 P3d 548 (2002), rev den, 335 Or 504 (2003) (same).

Cite as 344 Or App 216 (2025) 225

Defendant’s two affirmative defenses were that

(1) plaintiff assumed the risks of skiing under ORS 30.9755

and was injured due to one of those risks, and (2) plaintiff

breached one of the duties of skiing under ORS 30.985.6

Whether plaintiff’s conduct—walking across defendant’s

parking lot wearing snowboarding boots—is covered by

those statutes is an issue of statutory interpretation. We

address each statute in turn.

A. ORS 30.975 (Assumption of the Risk)

Skiers assume certain risks while skiing. ORS

30.975. Specifically, “an individual who engages in the sport

of skiing * * * accepts and assumes the inherent risks of ski-

ing insofar as they are reasonably obvious, expected or nec-

essary.” Id. (emphasis added). The word “engage” has sev-

eral definitions, but most likely here means “to take part :

participate.” Webster’s at 751. As the plain text of the statute

suggests, an individual only assumes those risks when they

actually participate in the sport of skiing. A person walk-

ing in the parking lot of a ski area in snowboard boots, like

plaintiff, is not “engag[ing]” in skiing.

That commonsense interpretation is consistent with

the statutory definition of “inherent risks of skiing.” That

definition only describes risks that pertain to the actual act

of skiing:

“those dangers or conditions which are an integral part of

the sport, such as changing weather conditions, variations

or steepness in terrain, snow or ice conditions, surface or

subsurface conditions, bare spots, creeks and gullies, forest

growth, rocks, stumps, lift towers and other structures and

their components, collisions with other skiers and a skier’s

failure to ski within the skier’s own ability.”

ORS 30.970(1). In addition, although we have not previ-

ously construed what it means to “engage[ ] in the sport of

skiing” for the purposes of ORS 30.975, every case applying

5

ORS 30.975, in relevant part, provides that “an individual who engages in

the sport of skiing, alpine or nordic, accepts and assumes the inherent risks of

skiing insofar as they are reasonably obvious, expected or necessary.”

6

ORS 30.985(1) lists 12 duties of skiers. Violation of any of those duties

entitles the ski area operator to withdraw the violator’s privilege of skiing. ORS

30.985(2).

226 Freeby v. Hoodoo Ski Bowl Developers, Inc.

the Skiing Activities statutes has all involved a person

actively skiing or snowboarding. Becker v. Hoodoo Ski Bowl

Developers, Inc., 269 Or App 877, 346 P3d 620 (2015); Bagley

v. Mt. Bachelor, Inc., 356 Or 543, 340 P3d 27 (2014); Stiles v.

Freemotion, Inc., 185 Or App 393, 59 P3d 548 (2002), rev den,

335 Or 504 (2003); Steele v. Mt. Hood Meadows Oregon Ltd.,

159 Or App 272, 974 P2d 794, rev den, 329 Or 10 (1999); Nolan

v. Mt. Bachelor, Inc., 317 Or 328, 856 P2d 305 (1993); Pierce

v. Mt. Hood Meadows Oregon, Ltd., 118 Or App 450, 847 P2d

909, rev den, 317 Or 583 (1993); Jessup v. Mt. Bachelor, Inc.,

101 Or App 670, 792 P2d 1232, rev den, 310 Or 475 (1990).

Finally, the legislative history of the Skiing

Activities statutes only includes legislative discussion on

the risks skiers assume when they are actively skiing. See,

e.g., Meeting Minutes, Senate Committee on Agriculture &

Natural Resources, SB 329, Feb 2, 1979 at 3 (comments of

Rep Kip Lombard regarding “accidents [oc]curring on the

slopes”). There is no indication that the legislature was con-

cerned about conduct occurring in the parking lot. Thus,

the “assumption of the risk” defense does not apply because

plaintiff was not engaged in skiing at the time of the injury.

B. ORS 30.985 (Duties of Skiers)

Additionally, defendant argues that plaintiff

breached one of the duties of skiing under ORS 30.985. We

disagree. Plaintiff did not yet have any of the duties of ski-

ers listed in ORS 30.985 because he was not in a ski area.

A “skier” is defined by statute as “any person who is in a ski

area for the purpose of engaging in the sport of skiing or who

rides as a passenger on any ski lift device.” ORS 30.970(3)

(emphasis added). A “ski area” is “any area designated and

maintained by a ski area operator for skiing.” ORS 30.970(4)

(emphases added). Defendant argues that the parking lot

in which plaintiff was injured is such an area. Defendant’s

argument, as we understand it, is that it designates and

maintains its parking lot for skiing because it allows skiers

to ski through the parking lot, skiers indeed do ski through

the parking lot, and the parking lot is an integral part of the

sport of skiing.

Cite as 344 Or App 216 (2025) 227

“Designate” and “maintain” are not defined by stat-

ute, so the legislature likely intended them to have their

ordinary dictionary definitions. See State v. Eastep, 361 Or

746, 751, 399 P3d 979 (2017) (“When statutes do not define

their terms, we assume that the legislature intended them

to have their plain, ordinary meanings.”). “Designate” has

several definitions, but the most applicable ones here are

“to point out the location of” or “specify.” Webster’s at 612.

“Maintain” means “to keep in a state of repair.” Id. at 1362.

Defendant does not specify that the parking lot is for skiing,

nor does defendant keep the parking lot in a state of repair

for skiing. Rather, the parking lot is designated and main-

tained for parking. Although defendant insists that some

people do ski through its parking lot to get to the mountain

and contends that the parking lot area is integral to skiing

at Hoodoo, skiing is not what the parking lot is “designated”

or “maintained” for. Similarly, there is no support for the

contention—in either case law or legislative history—that

the statute was intended to include a parking lot within a

“ski area.” Thus, the trial court did not err in striking defen-

dant’s affirmative defenses based on the Skiing Activities

statutes.

Reversed and remanded.