even stipulated protective orders require good 16 cause showing
How later courts described this case
- even stipulated protective orders require good 16 cause showing
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
1 AMIR NASSIHI (SBN 235936)
anassihi@shb.com
2 RODRIGO E. SALAS (SBN 194462)
rsalas@shb.com
3 CASEY DOUGLAS (SBN 349623)
cdouglas@shb.com
4 SHOOK, HARDY & BACON L.L.P.
555 Mission Street, Suite 2300
5 San Francisco, CA 94105
TEL: (415) 544-1900 | FAX: (415) 391-0281
6
KEITH W. STAFFORD (SBN 357631)
7 kwstafford@shb.com
SHOOK, HARDY & BACON L.L.P.
8 2121 Avenue of the Stars, Suite 1400
Los Angeles, CA 90067
9 Tel: (424) 285-8330 | Fax: (424) 204-9093
10
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
11
CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
12
13 HANY AYAD AND MARK AYAD, Case No. 2:25-cv-04152-RAO
14
Plaintiffs, STIPULATED PROTECTIVE
15 ORDER1
vs.
16
NISSAN NORTH AMERICA, INC., a
17
Delaware Corporation; and DOES 1
18 through 10, inclusive,
19 Defendants.
20
21 1. A. PURPOSES AND LIMITATIONS
22 Discovery in this action is likely to involve production of confidential,
23 proprietary or private information for which special protection from public disclosure
24 and from use for any purpose other than prosecuting this litigation may be warranted.
25 Accordingly, the parties hereby stipulate to and petition the Court to enter the
26
27
1 This Stipulated Protective Order is substantially based on the model protective
order provided under Magistrate Judge Rozella A. Oliver’s Procedures.
1 following Stipulated Protective Order. The parties acknowledge that this Order does
2 not confer blanket protections on all disclosures or responses to discovery and that
3 the protection it affords from public disclosure and use extends only to the limited
4 information or items that are entitled to confidential treatment under the applicable
5 legal principles.
6
7 B. GOOD CAUSE STATEMENT
8 This action is likely to involve trade secrets, customer and pricing lists and
9 other valuable research, development, commercial, financial, technical and/or
10 proprietary information for which special protection from public disclosure and from
11 use for any purpose other than prosecution of this action is warranted. Such
12 confidential and proprietary materials and information consist of, among other things,
13 confidential business or financial information, information regarding confidential
14 business practices, or other confidential research, development, or commercial
15 information (including information implicating privacy rights of third parties),
16 information otherwise generally unavailable to the public, or which may be privileged
17 or otherwise protected from disclosure under state or federal statutes, court rules, case
18 decisions, or common law. Accordingly, to expedite the flow of information, to
19 facilitate the prompt resolution of disputes over confidentiality of discovery materials,
20 to adequately protect information the parties are entitled to keep confidential, to
21 ensure that the parties are permitted reasonable necessary uses of such material in
22 preparation for and in the conduct of trial, to address their handling at the end of the
23 litigation, and serve the ends of justice, a protective order for such information is
24 justified in this matter. It is the intent of the parties that information will not be
25 designated as confidential for tactical reasons and that nothing be so designated
26 without a good faith belief that it has been maintained in a confidential, non-public
27
1 manner, and there is good cause why it should not be part of the public record of this
2 case.
3
4 C. ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF PROCEDURE FOR FILING UNDER SEAL
5 The parties further acknowledge, as set forth in Section 12.3, below, that this
6 Stipulated Protective Order does not entitle them to file confidential information
7 under seal; Local Civil Rule 79-5 sets forth the procedures that must be followed and
8 the standards that will be applied when a party seeks permission from the court to file
9 material under seal.
10 There is a strong presumption that the public has a right of access to judicial
11 proceedings and records in civil cases. In connection with non-dispositive motions,
12 good cause must be shown to support a filing under seal. See Kamakana v. City and
13 County of Honolulu, 447 F.3d 1172, 1176 (9th Cir. 2006); Phillips v. Gen. Motors
14 Corp., 307 F.3d 1206, 1210-11 (9th Cir. 2002); Makar-Welbon v. Sony Electrics, Inc.,
15 187 F.R.D. 576, 577 (E.D. Wis. 1999) (even stipulated protective orders require good
16 cause showing), and a specific showing of good cause or compelling reasons with
17 proper evidentiary support and legal justification, must be made with respect to
18 Protected Material that a party seeks to file under seal. The parties’ mere designation
19 of Disclosure or Discovery Material as CONFIDENTIAL does not—without the
20 submission of competent evidence by declaration, establishing that the material
21 sought to be filed under seal qualifies as confidential, privileged, or otherwise
22 protectable—constitute good cause.
23 Further, if a party requests sealing related to a dispositive motion or trial, then
24 compelling reasons, not only good cause, for the sealing must be shown, and the relief
25 sought shall be narrowly tailored to serve the specific interest to be protected. See
26 Pintos v. Pacific Creditors Ass’n, 605 F.3d 665, 677-79 (9th Cir. 2010). For each
27 item or type of information, document, or thing sought to be filed or introduced under
1 seal in connection with a dispositive motion or trial, the party seeking protection must
2 articulate compelling reasons, supported by specific facts and legal justification, for
3 the requested sealing order. Again, competent evidence supporting the application to
4 file documents under seal must be provided by declaration.
5 Any document that is not confidential, privileged, or otherwise protectable in
6 its entirety will not be filed under seal if the confidential portions can be redacted. If
7 documents can be redacted, then a redacted version for public viewing, omitting only
8 the confidential, privileged, or otherwise protectable portions of the document shall
9 be filed. Any application that seeks to file documents under seal in their entirety
10 should include an explanation of why redaction is not feasible.
11
12 2. DEFINITIONS
13 2.1 Action: This pending federal lawsuit, Case No. 2:25-cv-04152-RAO.
14 2.2 Challenging Party: a Party or Non-Party that challenges the designation
15 of information or items under this Order.
16 2.3 “CONFIDENTIAL” Information or Items: information (regardless of
17 how it is generated, stored or maintained) or tangible things that qualify for protection
18 under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(c), and as specified above in the Good
19 Cause Statement.
20 2.4 Counsel: Outside Counsel of Record and House Counsel (as well as their
21 support staff).
22 2.5 Designating Party: a Party or Non-Party that designates information or
23 items that it produces in disclosures or in responses to discovery as
24 “CONFIDENTIAL.”
25 2.6 Disclosure or Discovery Material: all items or information, regardless
26 of the medium or manner in which it is generated, stored, or maintained (including,
27 among other things, testimony, transcripts, and tangible things) that are produced or
1 generated in disclosures or responses to discovery in this matter.
2 2.7 Expert: a person with specialized knowledge or experience in a matter
3 pertinent to the litigation who has been retained by a Party or its counsel to serve as
4 an expert witness or as a consultant in this Action.
5 2.8 House Counsel: attorneys who are employees of a party to this Action.
6 House Counsel does not include Outside Counsel of Record or any other outside
7 counsel.
8 2.9 Non-Party: any natural person, partnership, corporation, association or
9 other legal entity not named as a Party to this action.
10 2.10 Outside Counsel of Record: attorneys who are not employees of a party
11 to this Action but are retained to represent or advise a party to this Action and have
12 appeared in this Action on behalf of that party or are affiliated with a law firm that
13 has appeared on behalf of that party, and includes support staff.
14 2.11 Party: any party to this Action, including all of its officers, directors,
15 employees, consultants, retained experts, and Outside Counsel of Record (and their
16 support staffs).
17 2.12 Producing Party: a Party or Non-Party that produces Disclosure or
18 Discovery Material in this Action.
19 2.13 Professional Vendors: persons or entities that provide litigation support
20 services (e.g., photocopying, videotaping, translating, preparing exhibits or
21 demonstrations, and organizing, storing, or retrieving data in any form or medium)
22 and their employees and subcontractors.
23 2.14 Protected Material: any Disclosure or Discovery Material that is
24 designated as “CONFIDENTIAL.”
25 2.15 Receiving Party: a Party that receives Disclosure or Discovery Material
26 from a Producing Party.
27
1 3. SCOPE
2 The protections conferred by this Stipulation and Order cover not only
3 Protected Material (as defined above), but also (1) any information copied or extracted
4 from Protected Material; (2) all copies, excerpts, summaries, or compilations of
5 Protected Material; and (3) any testimony, conversations, or presentations by Parties
6 or their Counsel that might reveal Protected Material.
7 Any use of Protected Material at trial shall be governed by the orders of the
8 trial judge. This Order does not govern the use of Protected Material at trial.
9
10 4. DURATION
11 Once a case proceeds to trial, information that was designated as
12 CONFIDENTIAL or maintained pursuant to this protective order used or introduced
13 as an exhibit at trial becomes public and will be presumptively available to all
14 members of the public, including the press, unless compelling reasons supported by
15 specific factual findings to proceed otherwise are made to the trial judge in advance
16 of the trial. See Kamakana, 447 F.3d at 1180-81 (distinguishing “good cause”
17 showing for sealing documents produced in discovery from “compelling reasons”
18 standard when merits-related documents are part of court record). Accordingly, the
19 terms of this protective order do not extend beyond the commencement of the trial.
20
21 5. DESIGNATING PROTECTED MATERIAL
22 5.1 Exercise of Restraint and Care in Designating Material for Protection.
23 Each Party or Non-Party that designates information or items for protection under this
24 Order must take care to limit any such designation to specific material that qualifies
25 under the appropriate standards. The Designating Party must designate for protection
26 only those parts of material, documents, items or oral or written communications that
27 qualify so that other portions of the material, documents, items or communications
1 for which protection is not warranted are not swept unjustifiably within the ambit of
2 this Order.
3 Mass, indiscriminate or routinized designations are prohibited. Designations
4 that are shown to be clearly unjustified or that have been made for an improper
5 purpose (e.g., to unnecessarily encumber the case development process or to impose
6 unnecessary expenses and burdens on other parties) may expose the Designating Party
7 to sanctions.
8 If it comes to a Designating Party’s attention that information or items that it
9 designated for protection do not qualify for protection, that Designating Party must
10 promptly notify all other Parties that it is withdrawing the inapplicable designation.
11 5.2 Manner and Timing of Designations. Except as otherwise provided in
12 this Order (see, e.g., second paragraph of section 5.2(a) below), or as otherwise
13 stipulated or ordered, Disclosure or Discovery Material that qualifies for protection
14 under this Order must be clearly so designated before the material is disclosed or
15 produced.
16 Designation in conformity with this Order requires:
17 (a) for information in documentary form (e.g., paper or electronic
18 documents, but excluding transcripts of depositions or other pretrial or trial
19 proceedings), that the Producing Party affix at a minimum, the legend
20 “CONFIDENTIAL” (hereinafter “CONFIDENTIAL legend”), to each page that
21 contains protected material. If only a portion of the material on a page qualifies for
22 protection, the Producing Party also must clearly identify the protected portion(s)
23 (e.g., by making appropriate markings in the margins).
24 A Party or Non-Party that makes original documents available for inspection
25 need not designate them for protection until after the inspecting Party has indicated
26 which documents it would like copied and produced. During the inspection and
27 before the designation, all of the material made available for inspection shall be
1 deemed “CONFIDENTIAL.” After the inspecting Party has identified the documents
2 it wants copied and produced, the Producing Party must determine which documents,
3 or portions thereof, qualify for protection under this Order. Then, before producing
4 the specified documents, the Producing Party must affix the “CONFIDENTIAL
5 legend” to each page that contains Protected Material. If only a portion of the material
6 on a page qualifies for protection, the Producing Party also must clearly identify the
7 protected portion(s) (e.g., by making appropriate markings in the margins).
8 (b) for testimony given in depositions that the Designating Party identifies
9 the Disclosure or Discovery Material on the record, before the close of the deposition
10 all protected testimony.
11 (c) for information produced in some form other than documentary and for
12 any other tangible items, that the Producing Party affix in a prominent place on the
13 exterior of the container or containers in which the information is stored the legend
14 “CONFIDENTIAL.” If only a portion or portions of the information warrants
15 protection, the Producing Party, to the extent practicable, shall identify the protected
16 portion(s).
17 5.3 Inadvertent Failures to Designate. If timely corrected, an inadvertent
18 failure to designate qualified information or items does not, standing alone, waive the
19 Designating Party’s right to secure protection under this Order for such material.
20 Upon timely correction of a designation, the Receiving Party must make reasonable
21 efforts to assure that the material is treated in accordance with the provisions of this
22 Order.
23
24 6. CHALLENGING CONFIDENTIALITY DESIGNATIONS
25 6.1 Timing of Challenges. Any Party or Non-Party may challenge a
26 designation of confidentiality at any time that is consistent with the Court’s
27 Scheduling Order.
1 6.2 Meet and Confer. The Challenging Party shall initiate the dispute
2 resolution process under Local Rule 37.1 et seq.
3 6.3 The burden of persuasion in any such challenge proceeding shall be on
4 the Designating Party. Frivolous challenges, and those made for an improper purpose
5 (e.g., to harass or impose unnecessary expenses and burdens on other parties) may
6 expose the Challenging Party to sanctions. Unless the Designating Party has waived
7 or withdrawn the confidentiality designation, all parties shall continue to afford the
8 material in question the level of protection to which it is entitled under the Producing
9 Party’s designation until the Court rules on the challenge.
10
11 7. ACCESS TO AND USE OF PROTECTED MATERIAL
12 7.1 Basic Principles. A Receiving Party may use Protected Material that is
13 disclosed or produced by another Party or by a Non-Party in connection with this
14 Action only for prosecuting, defending or attempting to settle this Action. Such
15 Protected Material may be disclosed only to the categories of persons and under the
16 conditions described in this Order. When the Action has been terminated, a Receiving
17 Party must comply with the provisions of section 13 below (FINAL DISPOSITION).
18 Protected Material must be stored and maintained by a Receiving Party at a
19 location and in a secure manner that ensures that access is limited to the persons
20 authorized under this Order.
21 7.2 Disclosure of “CONFIDENTIAL” Information or Items. Unless
22 otherwise ordered by the court or permitted in writing by the Designating Party, a
23 Receiving Party may disclose any information or item designated
24 “CONFIDENTIAL” only to:
25 (a) the Receiving Party’s Outside Counsel of Record in this Action, as well
26 as employees of said Outside Counsel of Record to whom it is reasonably necessary
27 to disclose the information for this Action;
1 (b) the officers, directors, and employees (including House Counsel) of the
2 Receiving Party to whom disclosure is reasonably necessary for this Action;
3 (c) Experts (as defined in this Order) of the Receiving Party to whom
4 disclosure is reasonably necessary for this Action and who have signed the
5 “Acknowledgment and Agreement to Be Bound” (Exhibit A);
6 (d) the court and its personnel;
7 (e) court reporters and their staff;
8 (f) professional jury or trial consultants, mock jurors, and Professional
9 Vendors to whom disclosure is reasonably necessary for this Action and who have
10 signed the “Acknowledgment and Agreement to Be Bound” (Exhibit A);
11 (g) the author or recipient of a document containing the information or a
12 custodian or other person who otherwise possessed or knew the information;
13 (h) during their depositions, witnesses, and attorneys for witnesses, in the
14 Action to whom disclosure is reasonably necessary provided: (1) the deposing party
15 requests that the witness sign the form attached as Exhibit A hereto; and (2) they will
16 not be permitted to keep any confidential information unless they sign the
17 “Acknowledgment and Agreement to Be Bound” (Exhibit A), unless otherwise
18 agreed by the Designating Party or ordered by the court. Pages of transcribed
19 deposition testimony or exhibits to depositions that reveal Protected Material may be
20 separately bound by the court reporter and may not be disclosed to anyone except as
21 permitted under this Stipulated Protective Order; and
22 (i) any mediator or settlement officer, and their supporting personnel,
23 mutually agreed upon by any of the parties engaged in settlement discussions.
24
25 8. PROTECTED MATERIAL SUBPOENAED OR ORDERED PRODUCED IN
26 OTHER LITIGATION
27 If a Party is served with a subpoena or a court order issued in other litigation
1 that compels disclosure of any information or items designated in this Action as
2 “CONFIDENTIAL,” that Party must:
3 (a) promptly notify in writing the Designating Party. Such notification shall
4 include a copy of the subpoena or court order;
5 (b) promptly notify in writing the party who caused the subpoena or order
6 to issue in the other litigation that some or all of the material covered by the subpoena
7 or order is subject to this Protective Order. Such notification shall include a copy of
8 this Stipulated Protective Order; and
9 (c) cooperate with respect to all reasonable procedures sought to be pursued
10 by the Designating Party whose Protected Material may be affected.
11 If the Designating Party timely seeks a protective order, the Party served with
12 the subpoena or court order shall not produce any information designated in this action
13 as “CONFIDENTIAL” before a determination by the court from which the subpoena
14 or order issued, unless the Party has obtained the Designating Party’s permission. The
15 Designating Party shall bear the burden and expense of seeking protection in that court
16 of its confidential material and nothing in these provisions should be construed as
17 authorizing or encouraging a Receiving Party in this Action to disobey a lawful
18 directive from another court.
19
20 9. A NON-PARTY’S PROTECTED MATERIAL SOUGHT TO BE
21 PRODUCED IN THIS LITIGATION
22 (a) The terms of this Order are applicable to information produced by a
23 Non-Party in this Action and designated as “CONFIDENTIAL.” Such information
24 produced by Non-Parties in connection with this litigation is protected by the
25 remedies and relief provided by this Order. Nothing in these provisions should be
26 construed as prohibiting a Non-Party from seeking additional protections.
27 (b) In the event that a Party is required, by a valid discovery request, to
1 produce a Non-Party’s confidential information in its possession, and the Party is
2 subject to an agreement with the Non-Party not to produce the Non-Party’s
3 confidential information, then the Party shall:
4 (1) promptly notify in writing the Requesting Party and the Non-Party
5 that some or all of the information requested is subject to a confidentiality agreement
6 with a Non-Party;
7 (2) promptly provide the Non-Party with a copy of the Stipulated
8 Protective Order in this Action, the relevant discovery request(s), and a reasonably
9 specific description of the information requested; and
10 (3) make the information requested available for inspection by the Non-
11 Party, if requested.
12 (c) If the Non-Party fails to seek a protective order from this court within
13 14 days of receiving the notice and accompanying information, the Receiving Party
14 may produce the Non-Party’s confidential information responsive to the discovery
15 request. If the Non-Party timely seeks a protective order, the Receiving Party shall
16 not produce any information in its possession or control that is subject to the
17 confidentiality agreement with the Non-Party before a determination by the court.
18 Absent a court order to the contrary, the Non-Party shall bear the burden and expense
19 of seeking protection in this court of its Protected Material.
20
21 10. UNAUTHORIZED DISCLOSURE OF PROTECTED MATERIAL
22 If a Receiving Party learns that, by inadvertence or otherwise, it has disclosed
23 Protected Material to any person or in any circumstance not authorized under this
24 Stipulated Protective Order, the Receiving Party must immediately (a) notify in
25 writing the Designating Party of the unauthorized disclosures, (b) use its best efforts
26 to retrieve all unauthorized copies of the Protected Material, (c) inform the person or
27 persons to whom unauthorized disclosures were made of all the terms of this Order,
1 and (d) request such person or persons to execute the “Acknowledgment and
2 Agreement to Be Bound” that is attached hereto as Exhibit A.
3
4 11. INADVERTENT PRODUCTION OF PRIVILEGED OR OTHERWISE
5 PROTECTED MATERIAL
6 When a Producing Party gives notice to Receiving Parties that certain
7 inadvertently produced material is subject to a claim of privilege or other protection,
8 the obligations of the Receiving Parties are those set forth in Federal Rule of Civil
9 Procedure 26(b)(5)(B). This provision is not intended to modify whatever procedure
10 may be established in an e-discovery order that provides for production without prior
11 privilege review. Pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 502(d) and (e), insofar as the
12 parties reach an agreement on the effect of disclosure of a communication or
13 information covered by the attorney-client privilege or work product protection, the
14 parties may incorporate their agreement in the stipulated protective order submitted
15 to the court.
16
17 12. MISCELLANEOUS
18 12.1 Right to Further Relief. Nothing in this Order abridges the right of any
19 person to seek its modification by the Court in the future.
20 12.2 Right to Assert Other Objections. By stipulating to the entry of this
21 Protective Order, no Party waives any right it otherwise would have to object to
22 disclosing or producing any information or item on any ground not addressed in this
23 Stipulated Protective Order. Similarly, no Party waives any right to object on any
24 ground to use in evidence of any of the material covered by this Protective Order.
25 12.3 Filing Protected Material. A Party that seeks to file under seal any
26 Protected Material must comply with Local Civil Rule 79-5. Protected Material may
27 only be filed under seal pursuant to a court order authorizing the sealing of the specific
1 Protected Material at issue. If a Party’s request to file Protected Material under seal
2 is denied by the court, then the Receiving Party may file the information in the public
3 record unless otherwise instructed by the court.
4
5 13. FINAL DISPOSITION
6 After the final disposition of this Action, as defined in paragraph 4, within 60
7 days of a written request by the Designating Party, each Receiving Party must return
8 all Protected Material to the Producing Party or destroy such material. As used in this
9 subdivision, “all Protected Material” includes all copies, abstracts, compilations,
10 summaries, and any other format reproducing or capturing any of the Protected
11 Material. Whether the Protected Material is returned or destroyed, the Receiving
12 Party must submit a written certification to the Producing Party (and, if not the same
13 person or entity, to the Designating Party) by the 60 day deadline that (1) identifies
14 (by category, where appropriate) all the Protected Material that was returned or
15 destroyed and (2) affirms that the Receiving Party has not retained any copies,
16 abstracts, compilations, summaries or any other format reproducing or capturing any
17 of the Protected Material. Notwithstanding this provision, Counsel are entitled to
18 retain an archival copy of all pleadings, motion papers, trial, deposition, and hearing
19 transcripts, legal memoranda, correspondence, deposition and trial exhibits, expert
20 reports, attorney work product, and consultant and expert work product, even if such
21 materials contain Protected Material. Any such archival copies that contain or
22 constitute Protected Material remain subject to this Protective Order as set forth in
23 Section 4 (DURATION).
24
25 14. VIOLATION
26 Any violation of this Order may be punished by appropriate measures
27 including, without limitation, contempt proceedings and/or monetary sanctions.
1
2 || ITIS SO STIPULATED, THROUGH COUNSEL OF RECORD.
3
4 || DATED October 14, 2025
5
6 /s/ Long Cao
QUILL & ARROW, LLP
7 || KEVIN Y. JACOBSON
BRYAN C. ALTMAN
8 || DANJA STOCCA
9 LONG CAO
Attorneys for Plaintiffs
10 || HANY AYAD AND MARK AYAD
1]
DATED: October 8, 2025
12
14 || SHOOK, HARDY, & BACON L.L.P
AMIR NASSIHI
|) RODRIGO E. SALAS
CASEY DOUGLAS
16 |) KEITH W. STAFFORD
17 || Attorneys for Defendant
ig NISSAN NORTH AMERICA, INC.
19
FOR GOOD CAUSE SHOWN, IT IS SO ORDERED.
20
21
DATED: 10/14/2025
22
24 || HONSROZELLA A. OLIVER
35 United States Magistrate Judge
26
27
28 15
STIPULATED PROTECTIVE ORDER
1 EXHIBIT A
2 ACKNOWLEDGMENT AND AGREEMENT TO BE BOUND
3 I, _____________________________ [print or type full name], of
4 _____________________________ [print or type full address], declare under penalty
5 of perjury that I have read in its entirety and understand the Stipulated Protective
6 Order that was issued by the United States District Court for the Central District of
7 California on [date] _________________ in the case of Hany Ayad, et al., v. Nissan
8 North America, Inc., Case No. 2:25-cv-04152-RAO. I agree to comply with and to
9 be bound by all the terms of this Stipulated Protective Order and I understand and
10 acknowledge that failure to so comply could expose me to sanctions and punishment
11 in the nature of contempt. I solemnly promise that I will not disclose in any manner
12 any information or item that is subject to this Stipulated Protective Order to any
13 person or entity except in strict compliance with the provisions of this Order.
14 I further agree to submit to the jurisdiction of the United States District Court for the
15 Central District of California for enforcing the terms of this Stipulated Protective
16 Order, even if such enforcement proceedings occur after termination of this action. I
17 hereby appoint __________________________ [print or type full name] of
18 _______________________________________ [print or type full address and
19 telephone number] as my California agent for service of process in connection with
20 this action or any proceedings related to enforcement of this Stipulated Protective
21 Order.
22
23 Date: ______________________________________
24 City and State where sworn and signed: _________________________________
25 Printed name: _______________________________
26 Signature: __________________________________
27