State v. Judd

An unpublished opinion of the North Carolina Court of Appeals does not constitute

controlling legal authority. Citation is disfavored, but may be permitted in accordance with

the provisions of Rule 30(e)(3) of the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure.

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

No. COA24-190

Filed 15 October 2025

Wake County, Nos. 21CR210767-910, 21CR210768-910, 21CR210770-910,

22CR000230-910

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA

v.

DWIGHT JUDD JR., Defendant.

Appeal by Defendant from judgment entered 7 March 2023 by Judge A.

Graham Shirley in Wake County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 14

January 2025.

Attorney General Jeff Jackson, by Special Deputy Attorney General John R.

Green, Jr., for the State.

Thomas, Ferguson & Baskind, LLP, by Olivia Warren, for Defendant-

Appellant.

CARPENTER, Judge.

Dwight Judd Jr. (“Defendant”) appeals from judgment entered after a jury

found him guilty of one count each of: attempted first-degree murder; assault with a

deadly weapon with intent to kill inflicting serious injury (“AWDWIKISI”); possession

of a firearm by a felon; and assault on a female. On appeal, Defendant argues the

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Opinion of the Court

trial court erred by: (1) entering judgment for attempted first-degree murder because

the indictment did not sufficiently allege attempted first-degree murder; (2)

instructing the jury on attempted first-degree murder; (3) denying Defendant’s

motion to dismiss the indictment for assault on a female of Rickia Lee; (4) instructing

the jury that it could convict Defendant of assault on a female for grabbing Rhonni

Lyons by the hair; and (5) admitting certain Rule 404(b) evidence. After careful

review, we discern no prejudicial error in part and no plain error in part.

I. Factual & Procedural Background

Following an incident that occurred in the early morning hours of 10 July 2021,

a Wake County grand jury indicted Defendant for several offenses, including:

AWDWIKISI against Lee; possession of a firearm by a felon; assault on a female

against Lee; and unlawfully, willfully, and feloniously attempting to kill Lee. The

trial court joined the offenses, and Defendant’s case proceeded to trial on 27 February

2023. The evidence tended to show the following.

In late 2020, Defendant and Rickia Lee began a non-exclusive, sexual

relationship. In early 2021, Lee “cut things off” with Defendant when he was

incarcerated, but the two “talked [on the phone] a couple times” during Defendant’s

incarceration. On 9 July 2021, Defendant was released from custody and went to a

bar with friends where he consumed alcohol. After leaving the bar, Defendant

traveled to a club in Durham, North Carolina, where he encountered Lee and her two

friends, Rhonni Lyons and Amber Thompson. At approximately 2:30 a.m., Lee,

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Lyons, and Thompson left the club in Lyons’ car and drove to a nearby gas station to

meet Defendant and his friend, Willie Hayes. Defendant and Hayes got into Lyons’

car, and the group traveled to Lee’s apartment.

At the time, Lee was living at an apartment complex located on Glenwood

Avenue in Raleigh, North Carolina. The individual apartments are located within a

“closed-in building,” meaning Lee accessed her apartment through an interior

hallway rather than directly from the outside. Lee’s apartment was a two-bedroom

corner apartment on the fourth floor beside an exit door. Lee lived in the apartment

with her one-year-old son, who was not home at the time of these events.

The group arrived at Lee’s apartment at approximately 3:30 a.m. At first, the

group was together in the living room “drinking, taking shots . . . smoking weed . . .

chilling . . . playing music, just like cooling in the house, really.” As the night

progressed, the group separated into different areas of Lee’s apartment. Later on,

Defendant and Lee were alone together in Lee’s bedroom while Lee packed for an

upcoming trip. As she packed, Lee made several trips in and out of her bedroom.

When Lee returned to the living room, Defendant followed and started spontaneously

punching Lee. Thompson “jumped in and tried to [] grab [Defendant] off of [Lee]” and

screamed “[g]et off my friend.” In response to the attack, Lee punched Defendant,

pushed him away, and exited her apartment. Lee initially fled down the interior

hallway, but returned to her apartment because she was barefoot and did not have

any of her personal belongings.

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When Lee re-entered her apartment, she observed Defendant punching Lyons,

so Lee fled the apartment again. Defendant chased Lee into the hallway then

dragged her by her hair to the stairwell entrance. Defendant then kicked Lee down

the stairwell. Lee got up and “ran through an exit door [and] out of the front of the

building.” Without breaking stride, Lee glanced back to see if Defendant was still

chasing her. Lee observed Defendant pointing a gun in her direction and heard

Defendant say that he was going to kill her. A moment later, Lee heard “like, six

shots go off,” felt something hit her, and fell to the ground. Lee got up, continued

running, and climbed over a neighbor’s first-floor balcony. She pounded on the

balcony door and yelled out for the someone to call 9-1-1. Lee saw blood on her but

was not sure where it was coming from. The occupants of the apartment called 9-1-

1 and informed Lee that she had been shot in the back of both of her legs.

Lee remained on the balcony while she waited for officers to arrive. Upon

arrival, officers informed Lee that she needed to be transported to the hospital. As

officers escorted Lee to an ambulance, Lee saw Defendant exiting the back of the

apartment building and ducked behind some bushes. When officers asked Lee,

“[w]hat are you running for?” she responded, “[t]hat’s him. That’s who just shot me.”

Officers detained Defendant. Defendant told officers that he did not know what was

going on and claimed he had only just arrived at the apartment complex to meet Lee

after leaving a nightclub.

At the scene, officers located Sellier and Bellot (“S&B”) 10mm shell casings in

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the stairwell. Officers also observed blood and several bullet holes in the stairwell.

Months later, a landscaper discovered a 10mm pistol with a 15-round magazine in a

bush at Lee’s apartment complex. Officer Kenny Resaul, formerly with the Raleigh

Police Department, testified that a 10mm round is “not a very common round” and

that a 9mm round “is by far the most common,” followed by .40 caliber, .45 caliber,

and .22 caliber. Dinnah Angel Moses, a firearm examiner admitted as an expert in

firearms and ballistics, testified that the S&B 10mm shell casings collected from the

scene matched the 10mm pistol found by the landscaper.

During a pretrial Rule 404(b) hearing, Detective M.D. Larsen with the Raleigh

Police Department, testified regarding Defendant’s alleged involvement in a 2020

shooting at a Denny’s in Raleigh. Detective Larsen explained that on 6 July 2020, at

approximately 4:26 a.m., he received a call about shots being fired at Denny’s. Upon

arrival, Detective Larsen observed multiple shell casings in different groupings

outside of the restaurant. Larsen saw .40 caliber rounds by the front door, a mixture

of .40 caliber and 10mm rounds on the staircase where the building meets the parking

lot, a mixture of .40 caliber rounds and 10mm rounds on the stairwell towards the

road, and rifle rounds on the road. In total, officers recovered more than forty shell

casings from the scene. At the close of the hearing, the trial court allowed the

evidence of Defendant’s participation in the Denny’s shooting for the limited purpose

of establishing identity.

At trial, Detective Larsen testified that when he arrived at the Denny’s on 9

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July 2020, he observed “basically four different areas where the [shell] casings were

. . . .” The areas included: on the road, on the sidewalk below a stairwell connecting

the road to the Denny’s parking lot, at the top of the stairwell in the Denny’s parking

lot, and right outside the front door of the Denny’s. Detective Larson identified

Defendant from a Denny’s surveillance video and testified that Defendant appeared

to be holding “a firearm with some type of extended magazine.”

On 7 March 2023, the jury found Defendant guilty on all counts. The trial

court sentenced Defendant to: 258 months minimum and 322 months maximum in

the custody of the Department of Adult Correction for attempted murder; 77 months

minimum and 105 months maximum in the custody of the Department of Adult

Correction for AWDWIKISI; 21 months minimum and 38 months maximum in the

custody of the Department of Adult Correction for possession of a firearm by a felon;

and 150 days in the custody of the Department of Adult Correction for assault on a

female. The trial court ordered the sentences to run consecutively. Defendant gave

oral notice of appeal in open court.

II. Jurisdiction

This Court has jurisdiction under N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 7A-27(b)(1) and 15A-

1444(a) (2023).

III. Issues

The issues are whether: (1) the indictment sufficiently alleged attempted first-

degree murder; (2) the trial court plainly erred by instructing the jury on attempted

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Opinion of the Court

first-degree murder; (3) the trial court erred by denying Defendant’s motion to

dismiss the indictment for assault on a female; (4) the trial court plainly erred by

instructing the jury that it could convict Defendant of assault on a female for grabbing

Lyons by the hair; and (5) the trial court plainly erred by admitting the 404(b)

evidence.

IV. Analysis

A. Attempted Murder Indictment

First, Defendant asserts the trial court erred by entering judgment for

attempted first-degree murder because the indictment was statutorily and

constitutionally defective. Specifically, Defendant argues the indictment was

defective because it failed to allege malice aforethought or any facts from which

malice could be inferred. Although we agree with Defendant that the indictment was

statutorily defective for failing to allege an essential element of attempted first-

degree murder, Defendant was not prejudiced by this non-jurisdictional defect.

Accordingly, we discern no prejudicial error.

1. Preservation & Standard of Review

“[I]ssues related to alleged indictment defects, jurisdictional or otherwise,

remain automatically preserved despite a defendant’s failure to object to the

indictment at trial.” State v. Singleton, 386 N.C. 183, 210, 900 S.E.2d 802, 821 (2024).

We review the sufficiency of an indictment de novo. State v. Davis, 287 N.C. App.

456, 461, 883 S.E.2d 98, 103 (2023). “‘Under a de novo review, [this Court] considers

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the matter anew and freely substitutes its own judgment’ for that of the lower

tribunal.” State v. Williams, 362 N.C. 628, 632–33, 669 S.E.2d 290, 294 (2008)

(quoting In re Greens of Pine Glen Ltd. P’ship, 356 N.C. 642, 647, 576 S.E.2d 316, 319

(2003)).

2. Indictments Generally

“An indictment is a formal accusation against a defendant which serves to

charge him with committing a criminal offense.” State v. Horton, 294 N.C. App. 614,

616, 903 S.E.2d 870, 873 (2024) (citing State v. Abbott, 217 N.C. App. 614, 617, 720

S.E.2d 437, 439 (2011)). While an “indictment need not conform to any technical rules

of pleading . . . [it] must satisfy both the statutory strictures of [N.C. Gen. Stat.] §

15A-924 and the constitutional purposes which indictments are designed to satisfy .

. . .” State v. Oldroyd, 380 N.C. 613, 617, 869 S.E.2d 193, 196 (2022) (internal

quotation marks and citations omitted); see N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-924 (2023). “The

purpose of an indictment is to ‘identify clearly the crime being charged, thereby

putting the [defendant] on reasonable notice to defend against it and prepare for trial,

and to protect the [defendant] from being jeopardized by the State more than once for

the same crime.” Horton, 294 N.C. App. at 616, 617 S.E.2d at 873 (alterations in

original) (quoting State v. White, 372 N.C. 248, 250, 827 S.E.2d 80, 82 (2019)). Under

section 15A-924, a criminal indictment must include:

A plain and concise factual statement in each count which,

without allegations of an evidentiary nature, asserts facts

supporting every element of a criminal offense and the

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defendant’s commission thereof with sufficient precision

clearly to apprise the defendant [] of the conduct which is

the subject of the accusation.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-924(a)(5).

If a defendant has any doubt as to the factual basis for an offense included in

an indictment, he may move for a bill of particulars and request “factual information

. . . pertain[ing] to the charge [that is] not recited in the pleading.” State v. Garcia,

358 N.C. 382, 389, 597 S.E.2d 724, 732 (2004) (cleaned up); see N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-

925 (2023); State v. Wadford, 194 N.C. 336, 336, 139 S.E. 608, 609 (1927) (explaining

a bill of particulars may cure indictment ambiguity). Although a bill of particulars

“is not a part of the indictment, nor a substitute therefor, nor an amendment thereto,”

it enables the defendant to properly prepare his defense. Wadford, 194 N.C. at 336,

139 S.E. at 609.

3. Indictment Sufficiency

An indictment charging a defendant with murder or attempted murder is

sufficient if it alleges “that the accused person feloniously, willfully, and of his malice

aforethought, did kill and murder [victim] . . . .” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15-144 (2023); see

State v. Tart, 372 N.C. 73, 76, 824 S.E.2d 837, 839 (2019) (explaining that section 15-

144 “sets out the appropriate phrasing which can be utilized in indictments for the

criminal offenses of murder . . . .”). Murder is defined as the “ ‘killing of a human

being with malice aforethought . . . .’ ” Tart, 372 N.C. at 78–79, 824 S.E.2d at 841

(quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 19th ed. 2014). Typically, indictments lacking the

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essential element of malice aforethought are insufficient to allege murder or

attempted murder as “the legal element [of] ‘malice aforethought’ . . . substantively

and constitutionally distinguishes [murder] from an alleged manslaughter offense . .

. .” See id. at 79, 824 S.E.2d at 841.

In Singleton, the North Carolina Supreme Court clarified that indictment

defects fall into two distinct categories: jurisdictional and non-jurisdictional. 386

N.C. at 209, 900 S.E.2d at 820. Jurisdictional defects are exceedingly rare and only

arise “where [the indictment] wholly fails to allege a crime against the laws or people

of this State.” Id. at 215, 900 S.E.2d at 824. If an indictment contains a jurisdictional

defect, “[c]ourts lack the ability to act.” Id. at 184, 900 S.E.2d at 805. For example,

the trial court lacks jurisdiction if the indictment charges a defendant with “wearing

a pink shirt on a Wednesday—conduct that [is not] a criminal offense . . . .” Id. at

205, 900 S.E.2d at 818. Conversely, a mere “pleading deficiency” is a non-

jurisdictional defect, id. at 215, 900 S.E.2d at 824, and the indictment “will not be

quashed or cast aside by reason of any informality when [it] express[es] the crime

charged in a plain, intelligible, and explicit manner such that the defendant has

notice sufficient to prepare a defense and to protect against double jeopardy[,]” id. at

185, 900 S.E.2d at 805 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

In State v. Stewart, released the same day as Singleton, the North Carolina

Supreme Court applied the indictment rules clarified in Singleton and concluded the

indictment at issue was facially valid because it “sufficiently alleged facts to place

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[the] defendant on notice of the charge against him.” 386 N.C. 237, 242, 900 S.E.2d

652, 656 (2024). In Stewart, the defendant argued the indictment charging him with

sexual battery was fatally defective “because it failed to expressly allege that [he]

engaged in sexual contact with another person ‘by force.’” Id. at 237, 900 S.E.2d at

653. Although the indictment did not specify that the defendant acted “by force,”

instead alleging the defendant engaged in sexual contact with the victim “without

her consent,” the North Carolina Supreme Court determined the “element of force

[was] inferable from the language of the indictment . . . .” Id. at 242, 900 S.E.2d at

656.

In other words, although the indictment contained a non-jurisdictional defect,

it remained valid because it “stat[ed] the charge against defendant in a plain

intelligible, and explicit manner, citing the statute under which defendant was

charged.” Id. at 242, 900 S.E.2d at 656. Ultimately, the indictment fulfilled its

purpose of providing the defendant with notice of the charges against him and

protecting him from double jeopardy. Id. at 242, 900 S.E.2d at 656. In reaching its

conclusion, the North Carolina Supreme Court explained that the defendant’s

argument, “represents a regression to the era of technical pleading rules from which

this State’s jurisprudence has long since departed. As this Court has written time

and time again, such rules tend to emphasize form over substance, undermining

justice.” Id. at 242, 900 S.E.2d at 656.

4. Discussion

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In the instant case, Defendant argues the trial court should not have entered

judgment for attempted first-degree murder because the indictment was statutorily

and constitutionally defective. Relying on two pre-Singleton cases, State v. Bullock

154 N.C. App. 234, 574 S.E.2d 17 (2002), and Tart, 372 N.C. 73, 824 S.E.2d 837 (2019),

Defendant requests this Court arrest judgment for attempted first-degree murder

and remand for entry of judgment on attempted voluntary manslaughter. In doing

so, Defendant contends that “[n]othing about the North Carolina Supreme Court’s

recent opinion in Singleton changes this required remedy . . . .” Contrary to

Defendant’s assertion, Singleton and Stewart are directly applicable to Defendant’s

challenge.

In Bullock, this Court held that an indictment stating the defendant

“unlawfully, willfully and feloniously did attempt to kill and murder [victim]” was

insufficient to allege attempted first-degree murder because the indictment did not

explicitly state the essential element of malice aforethought. 154 N.C. App. at 244–

45, 574 S.E.2d at 23–24. Even though “murder” appeared in the indictment, which

implied malice aforethought, we concluded the trial court lacked jurisdiction. Id. at

244–45, 574 S.E.2d at 23–24. In Tart, we held that the indictment was sufficient

because it alleged malice aforethought, despite deviating from the language “kill and

murder” provided by section 15-144. 372 N.C. at 77, 824 S.E.2d at 840 (quoting N.C.

Gen. Stat. § 15-144 (2017)). We emphasized that the “critical and dispositive

difference between short-form indictments for murder offenses and manslaughter

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offenses is the substantive allegation of the element of ‘malice aforethought’ . . . .” Id.

at 78, 824 S.E.2d at 841.

Defendant is correct that Singleton and Stewart did not disrupt the well-

established rule that indictments must be drafted “in a manner that ‘satisf[ies] both

statutory strictures and . . . constitutional purposes.’” Singleton, 396 N.C. at 210, 900

S.E.2d at 820 (alterations in original) (quoting State v. Lancaster, 385 N.C. 459, 462,

895 S.E.2d 337, 340 (2023)); see Stewart, 386 N.C. at 240, 900 S.E.2d at 655. Indeed,

an indictment “fail[s] to satisfy constitutional purposes,” Singleton, 396 N.C. at 210,

900 S.E.2d at 821, if it does not provide “ ‘notice sufficient to prepare a defense’ ” or

fails to “ ‘protect against double jeopardy,’ ” id. at 210, 900 S.E.2d at 821 (quoting

Lancaster, 385 N.C. at 462, 895 S.E.2d at 340). Similarly, an indictment “might fail

to satisfy relevant statutory strictures” if it does not “ ‘assert[] facts supporting every

element of a criminal offense.’ ” Id. at 210, 900 S.E.2d at 821 (alteration in original)

(quoting N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-924(a)(5) (2023)).

Although Singleton and Stewart did not alter these rules, they clarified that

not all indictment defects are created equal. Instead, non-jurisdictional defects which

cause the indictment to fail in it its essential purpose may render the indictment

invalid. Singleton, 386 N.C. at 215, 900 S.E.2d at 824. Where a defendant

demonstrates a non-jurisdictional defect of this magnitude, he must overcome the

additional hurdle of showing that the non-jurisdictional defect was prejudicial. Id. at

210, 900 S.E.2d at 821.

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In determining whether an [indictment] error was

prejudicial, the prejudicial error tests provided in section

15A-1443 are applicable. Subsection 15A-1443(a) is the

appropriate test for indictment errors that fail to satisfy

statutory strictures, and subsection 15A-1443(b) is the

appropriate test for indictment errors that fail to satisfy

the constitutional purposes of indictments. However, it

would appear that the longer a defendant waits to raise

issues related to deficient criminal pleadings, the more

difficult it would be to establish prejudice.

Id. at 211, 900 S.E.2d at 821 (cleaned up).

Here, the indictment purporting to charge Defendant with attempted first-

degree murder states:

The jurors for the State upon their oath presented that on

or about July 10, 2021, in Wake County, the defendant

named above unlawfully, willfully, and feloniously did

attempt to kill Rikia Lee. The defendant’s actions were in

violation of N.C. [Gen. Stat. §] 14-17.

The indictment contains a defect in that it omits an essential element of the crime of

attempted first-degree murder—malice aforethought. Nevertheless, because the

indictment alleges a crime against the laws of North Carolina, the defect is non-

jurisdictional. See id. at 210, 900 S.E.2d at 821; Tart, 372 N.C. at 79, 824 S.E.2d at

841. Having established the indictment defect is non-jurisdictional, we analyze the

indictment’s constitutional and statutory sufficiency in light of the defect. See State

v. Cornwell, ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 918 S.E.2d 903, 909 (2025).

Defendant has not shown that the indictment failed to satisfy constitutional

purposes. See Singleton, 396 N.C. at 210, 900 S.E.2d at 821. It is clear from the

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record and transcript that Defendant had notice of the charges against him.

Defendant vigorously advocated against the attempted first-degree murder charge,

including asserting the affirmative defenses of voluntary intoxication and diminished

capacity. If successful, these defenses may have undermined the State’s contention

that Defendant possessed the specific intent to kill.1 Additionally, defense counsel

acknowledged the first-degree attempted murder charge during: his opening

statement, Defendant’s case-in-chief, the charge conference, his closing argument,

and sentencing. Moreover, Defendant did not move for a bill of particulars, object to

the indictment, or express confusion as to the charges against him. Thus, Defendant’s

argument that the indictment was constitutionally defective because it did not

provide him with sufficient notice of the attempted first-degree murder charge and

failed to protect him from double jeopardy is not supported by the record.

The indictment is, however, statutorily defective in that it fails to explicitly

allege that Defendant acted with “malice aforethought” and does not otherwise

include any facts from which malice could be inferred. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15-144.

Although the indictment specifically stated Defendant’s actions were in violation of

section 14-17 of our General Statutes—the murder statute—the indictment omits an

1 Attempted first-degree murder requires evidence that the defendant possessed the specific intent to

kill. State v. Coble, 351 N.C. 448, 450, 527 S.E.2d 45, 47 (2000). Diminished capacity and voluntary

intoxication are only available to negate the mens rea element of specific intent crimes. See State v.

Arnett, 276 N.C. App. 106, 113, 856 S.E.2d 123, 127 (2021); State v. Roache, 358 N.C. 243, 284, 595

S.E.2d 381, 407 (2004). Although the specific intent to kill is an element of attempted voluntary

manslaughter, Defendant did not produce any “heat of passion” or “provocation” evidence at trial, nor

does he contend on appeal that this was a crime of passion.

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essential element of the crime of attempted first-degree murder. See id. Without

such language, the indictment does not “distinguish[] [the] charge from an alleged

manslaughter offense.” See Tart, 372 N.C. at 79, 824 S.E.2d at 841.

Notwithstanding the defect, Defendant has not carried his burden of

establishing prejudice under section 15A-1443(a). See Singleton, 396 N.C. at 211, 900

S.E.2d at 821; N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1443(a) (2023). To demonstrate prejudice, a

defendant must show “there is a reasonable possibility that, had the error in question

not been committed, a different result would have been reached at the trial out of

which the appeal arises.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1443(a). Considering the

overwhelming evidence of Defendant’s guilt—including Lee’s identification of

Defendant as the perpetrator at the scene, Lee’s testimony that Defendant said he

was going to kill Lee, and Defendant’s conduct of attacking, chasing, and shooting

Lee in the back of the legs—we cannot say that if the indictment properly alleged

malice aforethought, the jury would not have convicted Defendant. See Cornwell, ___

N.C. App. at ___, 918 S.E.2d at 910 (“[The] defendant’s burden is to establish a

reasonable possibility that if the error had not been committed—i.e., if the indictment

had properly alleged the underlying acts comprising the [continuing criminal

enterprise charge]—the jury would not have convicted him of that charge.”).

Moreover, Defendant waited until the filing of this appeal to raise the issue. See

Singleton, 386 N.C. at 211, 900 S.E.2d at 821. Accordingly, we conclude Defendant

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has not established prejudice and is therefore not entitled to relief based on the non-

jurisdictional indictment defect.

B. Attempted Murder Jury Instructions

Next, Defendant argues the trial court plainly erred by instructing the jury on

attempted first-degree murder because the indictment did not properly allege

attempted first-degree murder. We disagree.

In a criminal case, “this Court may elect to review [certain] unpreserved issues

for plain error, if specifically and distinctly contended to amount to plain error . . . .”

State v. Gregory, 342 N.C. 580, 584, 467 S.E.2d 28, 31 (1996) (explaining plain-error

review is available for alleged errors “in the judge’s instructions to the jury, or []

rulings on the admissibility of evidence”). Defendant concedes this issue is

unpreserved and “specifically and distinctly” asserts the trial court plainly erred by

instructing the jury on attempted first-degree murder. See id. at 584, 467 S.E.2d at

31. Accordingly, we review for plain error.

To establish plain error, a defendant must pass a three-part test:

First, the defendant must show that a fundamental error

occurred at trial. Second, the defendant must show that

the error had a probable impact on the outcome, meaning

that absent the error, the jury probably would have

returned a different verdict. Finally, the defendant must

show that the error is an exceptional case that warrants

plain error review, typically by showing that the error

seriously affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation

of judicial proceedings.

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State v. Reber, 386 N.C. 153, 158, 900 S.E.2d 781, 786 (2024) (citations and quotation

marks omitted).

Where an instructional challenge is preserved, “it is error, generally

prejudicial, for the trial judge to permit a jury to convict upon a theory not supported

by the bill of indictment.” State v. Brown, 312 N.C. 237, 248, 321 S.E.2d 856, 863

(1984) (citing State v. Taylor, 301 N.C. 164, 170, 270 S.E.2d 409, 413 (1980)).

Nevertheless, by dispensing with strict common law pleading requirements for

indictments in favor of a “common sense approach to the law,” Singleton, 386 N.C. at

185, 900 S.E.2d at 805, our Supreme Court recently clarified that “technicalities

should not carry the day for defendants who argue form over substance in our

indictment jurisprudence, because defendants are seldom prejudiced by mistakes in

pleadings,” see id. at 214–15, 900 S.E.2d at 824; see State v. Little, 296 N.C. App. 424,

435–36, 909 S.E.2d 363, 371 (2024) (Carpenter J., concurring) (explaining the “thrust

of Singleton and Stewart seems to be, indictment-related arguments which unduly

elevate form over substance . . . will not stand provided the defendant was sufficiently

noticed of charges to prepare a defense”).

Defendant’s argument concerning “instructional overreach based on the

explicit inclusion or omission of indictment language” is a variation of the type of

argument Singleton cautioned against. See Little, 296 N.C. App. at 436, 909 S.E.2d

at 371 (Carpenter J., concurring) (explaining indictment-related arguments such as

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the one presented in this case are “the flip side of the same coin”); Singleton, 386 N.C.

at 184, 900 S.E.2d at 184.

Here, the indictment contained a non-jurisdictional defect. But, for the same

reasons articulated above, Defendant cannot establish prejudice. See Reber, 386 N.C.

at 158, 900 S.E.2d at 786; State v. Hines, 166 N.C. App. 202, 207, 600 S.E.2d 891, 896

(2004) (explaining a defendant is prejudiced by a variance between the indictment

and the jury instruction if his ability to prepare a defense is “substantially affected”).

Because the evidence of Defendant’s guilt was overwhelming and his ability to

prepare a defense was not “substantially affected,” the trial court did not plainly err

by instructing the jury on attempted first-degree murder. See Hines, 166 N.C. App.

at 207, 600 S.E.2d at 896.

C. Motion to Dismiss

Additionally, Defendant contends his motion to dismiss the indictment for

assault on a female against Lee should have been granted because a fatal variance

existed between the offense charged and the State’s evidence. Specifically, Defendant

asserts that the trial court erred because the indictment alleged he committed assault

on a female by punching Lee, whereas the State’s evidence, contrary to the

indictment, focused on Defendant’s conduct of pulling Lyons’ hair. We disagree.

This Court reviews motions to dismiss and issues regarding fatal variances de

novo. State v. Juran, 294 N.C. App. 81, 85, 901 S.E.2d 872, 877 (2024). “’Under a de

novo review, [this Court] considers the matter anew and freely substitutes its own

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judgment’ for that of the lower tribunal.” Williams, 263 N.C. at 632–33, 669 S.E.2d

at 294 (quoting In re Greens of Pine Glen Ltd. P’ship, 356 N.C. at 647, 576 S.E.2d at

319). In reviewing a motion to dismiss, we evaluate whether “in the light most

favorable to the State, ‘there was substantial evidence (1) of each essential element

of the offense charged, and (2) that [the] defendant is the perpetrator of the offense.’”

Juran, 294 N.C. at 85, 901 S.E.2d at 877 (alteration in original) (quoting State v.

Collins, 283 N.C. App. 458, 465, 874 S.E.2d 210, 215 (2022)). “ ‘Substantial evidence

is relevant evidence that a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a

conclusion.’ ” Id. at 85–86, 910 S.E.2d at 877 (quoting State v. Turnage, 362 N.C. 491,

493, 666 S.E.2d 753, 755 (2008)).

“When the State fails to offer sufficient evidence to establish the defendant

committed the criminal offense charged, a motion to dismiss is in order.” Id. at 86,

910 S.E.2d at 877. “For this reason, ‘a variance between the criminal offense charged

and the offense established by the evidence’ also warrants a motion to dismiss as the

variance ‘is in essence a failure of the State to establish the offense charged.’” Id. at

86, 910 S.E.2d at 877 (quoting State v. Barnett, 368 N.C. 710, 713, 782 S.E.2d 885,

888 (2016)). “[T]o prevail on such a motion, the defendant must show there existed

‘a fatal variance between the offense charged and the proof as to the gist of the

offense.’” Id. at 86, 901 S.E.2d at 877 (quoting Barnett, 368 N.C. at 713, 782 S.E.2d

at 888).

Here, the indictment alleged Defendant “unlawfully and willfully did assault

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Opinion of the Court

and strike [] Lee, a female person, by punching her in the face.” Although the State

presented evidence that Defendant grabbed Lyons by the hair, the State also

presented substantial evidence that Defendant punched Lee in the face as alleged in

the indictment—a point Defendant does not dispute. Indeed, Lee testified that while

she was standing in the living room of her apartment, Defendant attacked her and

hit her “upside [the] head.” Thus, because the indictment named Lee as the victim

and the State offered substantial evidence that Defendant struck Lee, Defendant’s

motion to dismiss was properly denied. See id. at 86, 910 S.E.2d at 877. Accordingly,

the trial court did not err by denying Defendant’s motion to dismiss.

D. Assault on a Female Jury Instruction

Defendant also asserts the trial court plainly erred by instructing the jury that

it could convict Defendant of assault on a female for grabbing Lyons by the hair

because the indictment only alleged assault on a female for punching Lee. Although

we agree with Defendant that the trial court erred because the instruction did not

align with the indictment, we conclude Defendant cannot establish prejudice. See

Reber, 386 N.C. at 158, 900 S.E.2d at 786.

“We review a defendant’s issue for plain error where, as here, the defendant

failed to object to the jury instruction at trial on the basis of the existence of a fatal

variance between the indictment and the instruction.” Juran, 294 N.C. App. at 87,

901 S.E.2d at 878. Defendant concedes this issue is unpreserved and “specifically

and distinctly” argues the trial court’s instructions constituted plain error because

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Opinion of the Court

without the instructional error, the jury could not have found him guilty of the

uncharged crime of assault on a female against Lyons. See Gregory, 342 N.C. at 584,

467 S.E.2d at 31.

Here, the trial court did not instruct the jury in accordance with the

indictment. The indictment alleged Defendant committed assault on a female

against Lee, but the trial court instructed the jury it could convict Defendant for

assault on a female against Lyons. This was error, as conceded by the State. See

State v. Wilson, 297 N.C. App. 535, 540, 910 S.E.2d 407, 411 (2024) (concluding “the

trial court erred in instructing the jury as to a theory not alleged in the indictment”).

To establish prejudice under Reber, a defendant “must show that absent the

error [in question], the jury probably would have returned a different verdict.” 386

N.C. at 158, 900 S.E.2d at 786. The jury heard evidence that Defendant committed

an assault on both victims, Lee and Lyons. Lee testified that Defendant pulled her

by her hair, punched her, beat her, and kicked her down her apartment stairwell.

Thus, had the trial court instructed the jury on assault on a female against Lee—as

alleged in the indictment—the outcome of Defendant’s trial would have been the

same. Lee also testified that when she returned to her apartment after initially

fleeing, she observed Defendant “fighting” and “punching” Lyons. Additionally,

Hayes testified that approximately five minutes before the police arrived, he observed

Defendant “grab [Lyons] by the hair.” Thus, we cannot say it is “almost certain” that

absent the erroneous instruction, Defendant would not have been convicted for

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Opinion of the Court

assault on a female as the evidence tended to show Defendant assaulted both Lee and

Lyons. See id. at 159, 900 S.E.2d at 787 (explaining “probably would have reached a

different result” means a different outcome was “almost certain[]”) (emphasis

omitted). Therefore, Defendant cannot establish prejudice under Reber. See id. at

386 N.C. at 158, 900 S.E.2d at 786. Accordingly, we discern no plain error in the trial

court’s instructions.

E. Rule 404(b)

Finally, Defendant argues the trial court plainly erred by admitting evidence

of his involvement in the Denny’s shooting for the purpose of establishing identity.

Defendant concedes this issue is unpreserved. Because Defendant “specifically and

distinctly” argues the admission of the 404(b) evidence constituted plain error, we

review for plain error. See Gregory, 342 N.C. at 584, 467 S.E.2d at 31 (explaining

unpreserved evidentiary challenges may be reviewed for plain error).

“Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts . . . may [] be admissible for other

purposes, such as proof of . . . identity . . . .” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 404(b)

(2023). “ ‘[B]efore evidence of other distinct crimes may be admitted under the

[identity] exception, two requirements must be met. First, the identity of the

defendant must be an issue in the case.’ ” State v. Mack, 277 N.C. App. 505, 513, 860

S.E.2d 271, 277 (2021) (alterations in original) (quoting State v. Thomas, 310 N.C.

369, 373, 312 S.E.2d 458, 460–61 (1984)). Second, “the circumstances of the two

crimes [must] be such as to tend to show that the crime charged and another offense

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Opinion of the Court

were committed by the same person.” Thomas, 310 N.C. at 373, 312 S.E.2d at 460–

61. The identity of a perpetrator of a criminal offense is always a “material fact.”

Mack, 277 N.C. App. at 513–14, 869 S.E.2d at 277 (quoting State v. Jeter, 326 N.C.

457, 458, 389 S.E.2d 805, 806 (1990)). But “ ‘identity is not always an issue.’ ” See

id. at 513–14, 869 S.E.2d at 277 (quoting State v. White, 101 N.C. App. 593, 600, 401

S.E.2d 106, 110 (1991)).

Indeed, identity evidence under Rule 404(b) should generally not be admitted

“unless the defendant presents alibi evidence . . . .” State v. Williams, 82 N.C. App.

281, 284, 346 S.E.2d 315, 316 (1986).

Here, the State introduced evidence of Defendant’s alleged involvement in the

Denny’s shooting for the permissible purpose of establishing identity. Even assuming

the evidence was improperly admitted, Defendant has not established prejudice. The

evidence of Defendant’s guilt—including Lee’s identification of Defendant as her

assailant at the scene and her testimony recounting Defendant’s attack—was

overwhelming. Therefore, we cannot say that absent the 404(b) evidence, the jury

“almost certainly” would have reached a different outcome. See Reber, 386 N.C. at

159, 900 S.E.2d 787. Accordingly, we discern no plain error.

V. Conclusion

Defendant was not prejudiced by the non-jurisdictional indictment defect. The

trial court did not plainly err by instructing the jury on attempted murder or assault

on a female. The trial court did not err by denying Defendant’s motion to dismiss.

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Opinion of the Court

Finally, the trial court did not err by admitting the 404(b) evidence.

NO PREJUDICIAL ERROR IN PART; NO PLAIN ERROR IN PART.

Judges STROUD and GRIFFIN concur.

Report per Rule 30(e).

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