The opinion
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 23-12479
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________
SOUND AROUND, INC.,
a New York corporation,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
DOUGLAS O'DONNELL,
an individual,
Defendant-Appellee.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
D.C. Docket No. 1:22-cv-23395-RNS
____________________
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2 Opinion of the Court 23-12479
____________________
No. 25-10754
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________
SOUND AROUND, INC.,
a New York corporation,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
HIALEAH LAST MILE FUND VII LLC,
Defendant-Appellee,
HIALEAH LAST MILE LLC,
Defendant.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
D.C. Docket No. 1:22-cv-20652-RNS
____________________
Before JILL PRYOR, NEWSOM, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
These consolidated appeals arise out of a failed real estate
transaction involving Sound Around, Inc.; Hialeah Last Mile
Fund VII LLC (“Fund VII”); and Hialeah Last Mile LLC (“HLM”).
The parties’ dispute, so far, has spawned abundant litigation, in-
cluding two federal court actions and three appeals to this Court.
In the first federal lawsuit, which we refer to as Sound
Around I, Sound Around sued Fund VII and HLM, seeking specific
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23-12479 Opinion of the Court 3
performance of the parties’ purchase agreement. While Sound
Around I was pending, Sound Around filed a second federal lawsuit,
which we call Sound Around II, against Douglas O’Donnell, who
signed the purchase agreement on behalf of Fund VII. The district
court dismissed Sound Around II, concluding that Sound Around
had engaged in improper claim splitting. Sound Around appealed
the dismissal of Sound Around II.
While that appeal was pending, the parties continued to liti-
gate Sound Around I. The district court granted summary judgment
to Sound Around, ordering specific performance of the purchase
agreement. Fund VII and HLM appealed. In their appeal, we iden-
tified a potential jurisdictional defect and ordered a limited remand
for the district court to determine whether there was diversity ju-
risdiction. On remand, the district court determined that complete
diversity did not exist and dismissed the lawsuit. Sound Around ap-
pealed the dismissal.
The parties’ dispute is presently before us on Sound
Around’s two appeals: In 25-10754, it challenges the district court’s
dismissal of Sound Around I for lack of subject matter jurisdiction,
and in 23-12479, it challenges the district court’s dismissal of Sound
Around II based on improper claim splitting. After careful consider-
ation, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of Sound Around I for
lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Because the district court never
had jurisdiction in Sound Around I, it follows that the district court
erred in dismissing Sound Around II for improper claim splitting.
Thus, in Sound Around II, we vacate the district court’s dismissal
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4 Opinion of the Court 23-12479
and remand for consideration of the other issues raised in O’Don-
nell’s motion to dismiss.
I.
Although the procedural history of Sound Around’s two fed-
eral lawsuits and the parties’ three appeals is convoluted, the un-
derlying facts of the parties’ dispute are relatively straightforward.
In 2021, Sound Around signed an agreement to buy a building in
Miami that was owned by Fund VII and HLM. The agreement,
which was signed by Sound Around and Fund VII, provided that
the sellers would renovate the property, Sound Around would pay
approximately $11 million for the renovated property, and the
transaction would close after Miami-Dade County issued a certifi-
cate of completion for the building. O’Donnell, who signed the
purchase agreement for Fund VII, allegedly had the authority to
act on behalf of and bind both Fund VII and HLM.
Several months after the parties signed the purchase agree-
ment, the sellers informed Sound Around that they were not mov-
ing forward with the transaction because of unanticipated prob-
lems that increased the cost of the renovation and made the trans-
action “commercially impractical.” Doc. 65-11 at 2. 1 They stated
that they would sell the property only if Sound Around paid mil-
lions of dollars more. Litigation followed.
1 “Doc.” numbers refer to the district court’s docket entries in Sound Around I.
“11th Cir. Doc.” numbers refer to our Court’s docket entries in appeal 23-
12830.
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23-12479 Opinion of the Court 5
In 2022, Sound Around sued Fund VII and HLM in the
Southern District of Florida, alleging that they breached the pur-
chase agreement. Even though HLM had not signed the purchase
agreement, Sound Around asserted that HLM should be treated as
a party to the agreement because it was left out of the agreement
by mistake and O’Donnell had represented that HLM intended to
be bound by the purchase agreement. Sound Around sought spe-
cific performance of the purchase agreement—to have Fund VII
and HLM complete the renovations and convey the property.
In its complaint, Sound Around alleged that there was diver-
sity jurisdiction because the parties were citizens of different states
and the amount in controversy exceeded $75,000. The complaint
alleged that Sound Around, a corporation, was a citizen of New
York because it was incorporated and had its principal place of busi-
ness there. And the complaint alleged that Fund VII and HLM,
which were limited liability companies, were citizens of Delaware,
where each entity was incorporated, and California, where each
entity had its principal place of business. The complaint included
no allegations about the citizenship of the members of Fund VII or
HLM. Neither the defendants nor the district court in Sound
Around I questioned whether these allegations were sufficient to es-
tablish subject matter jurisdiction. Instead, the case proceeded
through discovery and to summary judgment.
Several months after filing the first lawsuit against Fund VII
and HLM, Sound Around filed a second lawsuit against O’Donnell
in the Southern District of Florida, bringing claims for fraud and
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6 Opinion of the Court 23-12479
breach of warranty arising out of the failed real estate transaction.
According to Sound Around, it learned for the first time that
O’Donnell had engaged in fraud when Fund VII filed its summary
judgment papers in Sound Around I. Sound Around II was assigned to
the same district court judge as Sound Around I.
O’Donnell moved to dismiss in Sound Around II. He primar-
ily argued that the action should be dismissed because Sound
Around engaged in improper claim splitting by filing a separate
lawsuit against him rather than raising all its claims in Sound
Around I. He also asserted that the complaint should be dismissed
because Sound Around failed to state a claim for relief and its claims
were barred by Florida’s litigation privilege.
The district court granted the motion to dismiss, addressing
only the claim-splitting issue. It found that Sound Around II involved
the same parties or their privies as Sound Around I and the two cases
arose from the same nucleus of operative facts. Based on these find-
ings, the court concluded that Sound Around had engaged in claim
splitting and exercised its discretion to dismiss Sound Around II with
prejudice. Sound Around filed a motion for reconsideration, which
the district court denied. Sound Around appealed; its appeal was
assigned case number 23-12479 in our Court.
While this appeal was pending, the parties continued to liti-
gate Sound Around I. The court granted summary judgment to
Sound Around. It concluded that HLM was a party to the purchase
agreement and Fund VII and HLM had breached the agreement.
The court then ordered Fund VII and HLM to perform their
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23-12479 Opinion of the Court 7
obligations under the agreement. Fund VII and HLM appealed;
their appeal was assigned case number 23-12830 in our Court.
In Fund VII and HLM’s appeal, we issued a jurisdictional
question. We observed that the complaint’s allegations in Sound
Around I appeared to be insufficient to establish diversity jurisdic-
tion because Fund VII and HLM are limited liability companies, yet
the complaint lacked any allegations about the citizenship of their
members. We asked the parties to address whether the pleadings
sufficiently alleged diversity jurisdiction. And, if the allegations
were inadequate, we directed the parties to address whether the
complaint should be amended on appeal or the record should be
supplemented with additional evidence to demonstrate the parties’
citizenship.
After we issued the jurisdictional question, the proceedings
in the appeal multiplied. In its initial response, Sound Around ar-
gued that the complaint was sufficient to establish diversity juris-
diction because it alleged that the parties were citizens of different
states. Sound Around also pointed out that Fund VII and HLM had
agreed in their answers and in a pretrial stipulation that there was
diversity jurisdiction. 2
In their response, Fund VII and HLM asserted that the com-
plaint failed to establish diversity jurisdiction because it lacked
2 In its response, Sound Around moved for permission to amend its complaint
to add allegations that neither Fund VII nor HLM had any members who were
citizens of New York. It later withdrew this motion.
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8 Opinion of the Court 23-12479
allegations about the citizenship of their members. Because Sound
Around had failed to carry its burden, Fund VII and HLM re-
quested that we vacate the district court’s summary judgment or-
der and instruct the district court to dismiss the action for lack of
subject matter jurisdiction.
In the alternative, Fund VII and HLM filed a motion to sub-
mit evidence regarding jurisdiction. The evidence they sought to
submit included a declaration from Jose Rojas, who was a member
of HLM since 2019. In the declaration, Rojas stated that he was
originally from New York, currently resided in New York, and was
living in New York when Sound Around I was filed. He further
stated that he was a legal resident of New York and that New York
was where he was at home, where he returned after travel, and
where he intended to remain permanently. Rojas also said that he
owned personal and real property in New York, paid taxes in New
York, had a New York driver’s license, and registered his car in
New York. Along with Rojas’s declaration, Fund VII and HLM sub-
mitted a copy of the W-9 form Rojas submitted when he became a
member of HLM, in which he listed a New York address.
Sound Around filed a reply to Fund VII and HLM’s re-
sponse. It complained about Fund VII and HLM’s “eleventh-hour
revelation” about HLM’s citizenship, accusing Fund VII and HLM
of having “lied to all parties involved (including the district court)”
about HLM’s citizenship and saying they engaged in “deception”
and a “pattern of misconduct.” 11th Cir. Doc. 20 at 4, 13.
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23-12479 Opinion of the Court 9
In a separate response, Sound Around opposed Fund VII and
HLM’s motion to supplement. It argued that rather than allow
them to supplement the record on appeal, we should remand the
case to the district court for jurisdictional factfinding. Fund VII and
HLM moved to strike Sound Around’s reply and sought sanctions
against Sound Around and its attorneys. Sound Around opposed
these motions.
Confronted with the parties’ many filings, a panel of this
Court issued a short order remanding the case to the district court
and disposing of all pending motions. We concluded that the alle-
gations in Sound Around’s complaint were insufficient to establish
the citizenship of Fund VII or HLM. We nevertheless rejected
Fund VII and HLM’s request that we vacate the district court’s or-
der and direct the district court to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction.
Instead, we remanded to the district court “for the limited purpose
of determining the citizenship of the parties and whether diversity
jurisdiction existed.” 11th Cir. Doc. 36 at 4. We considered
Fund VII and HLM’s motion to supplement the record with mate-
rials including Rojas’s declaration and other evidence, but we
noted that Sound Around opposed the motion and was seeking ju-
risdiction-related discovery. We denied all pending motions, in-
cluding the motion to supplement, “without prejudice to the par-
ties seeking such relief on remand.” Id.
After the case was remanded, Sound Around filed a third
lawsuit arising out of the failed real estate transaction. This time, it
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10 Opinion of the Court 23-12479
sued Fund VII and HLM in Florida state court. That case remains
pending.
Upon remand, the district court in Sound Around I ordered
the parties to conduct jurisdictional discovery about the citizenship
of Fund VII and HLM. As it turns out, HLM had more than
45 members and some of those members were unincorporated en-
tities. Fund VII had just one member—O’Donnell Last Mile Indus-
trial Fund VII, LP. But that entity was itself a limited partnership
with more than 85 partners, some of which were unincorporated
entities.
As part of jurisdictional discovery, Sound Around sought
both documents and depositions. It served document requests on
Fund VII and HLM, seeking more than 30 categories of docu-
ments. Although Fund VII and HLM objected to many of the re-
quests, they produced some documents, including operating agree-
ments, partnership agreements, and registers of partners for
Fund VII and HLM. They also turned over business records, tax
records, and other documents related to the citizenship of eight
members of HLM (including Rojas) who they asserted were New
York citizens. According to Sound Around, Fund VII and HLM
provided inadequate discovery responses and unnecessarily pro-
longed the conferral process. In contrast, Fund VII and HLM say
that they produced documents sufficient to establish there was no
jurisdiction and Sound Around used jurisdictional discovery as a
fishing expedition to prolong the litigation.
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23-12479 Opinion of the Court 11
About three months after the court ordered jurisdictional
discovery, Fund VII and HLM moved to dismiss based on a lack of
subject matter jurisdiction. They argued that there was not com-
plete diversity because Sound Around was a citizen of New York
and at least one member of HLM, Rojas, was a citizen of New York.
HLM and Fund VII relied on the Rojas declaration and W-9 form
that they had filed with this Court in response to our jurisdictional
question. They also submitted new evidence, including a complete
copy of the subscription agreement Rojas signed when he became
a member of HLM in 2019. In the agreement, Rojas represented
that he was a resident of New York and made the decision to invest
in HLM while living in New York. And, when he signed this docu-
ment, Rojas provided a New York address. Fund VII and HLM also
argued that because the undisputed evidence already in Sound
Around’s possession established that complete diversity was lack-
ing, there was no need for further discovery.
Sound Around opposed the motion to dismiss. It argued that
Rojas’s declaration was self-serving and thus unreliable. It asserted
that under the mandate of the limited remand order, the district
court could not decide whether it had subject matter jurisdiction
until Fund VII and HLM provided discovery sufficient for the court
to make findings about the citizenship of both Fund VII and HLM.
The district court granted the motion to dismiss. It deter-
mined that Rojas’s declaration established that he was a citizen of
New York at the time the complaint in Sound Around I was filed.
Because HLM was a citizen of New York, the court concluded that
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12 Opinion of the Court 23-12479
complete diversity was lacking. It rejected Sound Around’s argu-
ment that it needed additional discovery to test the statements in
Rojas’s declaration. The court found that the assertions in the dec-
laration were corroborated by other documents Fund VII and
HLM had submitted. The court noted that Sound Around had “not
presented a single fact or piece of evidence to contradict Mr. Rojas’s
assertion that he is domiciled in New York” and had not moved to
compel his deposition. Doc. 164 at 5. Because there was not com-
plete diversity, the district court concluded that it lacked subject
matter jurisdiction and dismissed the case.
Sound Around moved for reconsideration. It argued that the
limited remand order required the district court to determine the
citizenship of Fund VII’s member, which it had failed to do. It also
asserted, for the first time, that to save the district court’s order
granting specific performance, the district court should dismiss the
non-diverse defendant, HLM, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 21. Sound Around also sought sanctions against
Fund VII and HLM because of their failure to comply with the
court’s order on jurisdictional discovery and demanded that the
court order expedited discovery.
The district court denied the motion for reconsideration. It
rejected Sound Around’s argument that the limited remand order
required the court to determine the citizenship of Fund VII even if
HLM was non-diverse. The court refused to consider Sound
Around’s argument about Rule 21 because it was improper for
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Sound Around to raise the argument for the first time in a motion
for reconsideration.
The court also rejected Sound Around’s request for sanc-
tions or further discovery. Even though Fund VII and HLM “did
not engage in jurisdictional discovery to the extent that [Sound
Around] would have preferred,” the court found that “they did
enough to comply with [its] order.” Doc. 170 at 4. The court also
determined that Fund VII and HLM had not acted in bad faith in
raising the jurisdictional issue at a late stage in the case, noting that
we had flagged it. Sound Around appealed. This appeal was as-
signed case number 25-10754 in our Court.
After the district court dismissed Sound Around I, we, in turn,
dismissed Fund VII and HLM’s appeal in 23-12830. We explained
that their appeal was moot because there was no longer a merits
decision in Sound Around I to appeal. See Sound Around, Inc. v. Hia-
leah Last Mile Fund VII LLC, No. 23-12830, 2025 WL 1009435 at *1
(11th Cir. Apr. 4, 2025) (unpublished). We then consolidated the
two appeals from Sound Around that remain pending. Those ap-
peals are now fully briefed and ripe for resolution.
II.
We review de novo a district court’s dismissal of a lawsuit for
lack of subject matter jurisdiction. See Travaglio v. Am. Exp. Co.,
735 F.3d 1266, 1268 (11th Cir. 2013). “Where, as here, a district
court has made jurisdictional factfindings of the parties’ citizen-
ships, we review them for clear error.” Id. at 1269. Whether a dis-
trict court “complied with a mandate is an issue of law” that we
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14 Opinion of the Court 23-12479
review de novo. Weidner v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 81 F.4th 1341, 1344
(11th Cir. 2023).
We review for abuse of discretion a dismissal based on im-
proper claim splitting. Vanover v. NCO Fin. Servs., Inc., 857 F.3d 833,
837 (11th Cir. 2017).
III.
In these appeals, Sound Around raises two issues. First, it
challenges the district court’s dismissal of Sound Around I based on
lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Second, it challenges the dismis-
sal of Sound Around II based on improper claim splitting. We ad-
dress each issue in turn.
A.
Federal courts may exercise diversity jurisdiction in cases be-
tween citizens of different states when the amount in controversy
exceeds $75,000. 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a). “[T]he party invoking the
court’s jurisdiction bears the burden of proving, by a preponder-
ance of the evidence, facts supporting the existence of federal juris-
diction.” McCormick v. Aderholt, 293 F.3d 1254, 1257 (11th Cir.
2002).
“Diversity jurisdiction, as a general rule, requires complete
diversity—every plaintiff must be diverse from every defendant.”
Palmer v. Hosp. Auth. of Randolph Cnty., 22 F.3d 1559, 1564 (11th Cir.
1994). When determining citizenship for diversity jurisdiction pur-
poses, “a limited liability company, like a partnership, is a citizen of
any state of which a member of the company is a citizen.” Mallory
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23-12479 Opinion of the Court 15
& Evans Contractors & Eng’rs, LLC v. Tuskegee Univ., 663 F.3d 1304,
1305 (11th Cir. 2011) (citation modified). Because it is “common for
[a limited liability company] to be a member of another” limited
liability company, the “citizenship of [limited liability companies]
often ends up looking like a factor tree that exponentially expands
every time a member turns out to be another” partnership or lim-
ited liability company. Purchasing Power, LLC v. Bluestem Brands,
Inc., 851 F.3d 1218, 1220 (11th Cir. 2017).
Here, the district court correctly concluded that there was
not complete diversity in Sound Around I. Sound Around, the plain-
tiff, was a citizen of New York. HLM, one of the defendants, was a
limited liability company. The district court found that Rojas, one
of HLM’s members, was a citizen of New York, and this determi-
nation was not clearly erroneous. It follows that HLM, too, was a
citizen of New York.
On appeal, Sound Around does not dispute that if one of
HLM’s members was a citizen of New York, then there would not
be complete diversity, and the district court lacked subject matter
jurisdiction. It nevertheless argues that the district court erred in
dismissing the case. It says that under this Court’s limited remand
order the district court needed to determine the citizenship of both
HLM and Fund VII. Sound Around reasons that because the dis-
trict court granted the motion to dismiss without making any de-
termination about Fund VII’s citizenship, it violated this Court’s
mandate.
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16 Opinion of the Court 23-12479
The district court’s order dismissing the case did not violate
the mandate of our limited remand order. The law of the case doc-
trine generally “bars relitigation of issues that were decided, either
explicitly or by necessary implication, in an earlier appeal of the
same case.” United States v. Jordan, 429 F.3d 1032, 1035 (11th Cir.
2005). The mandate rule is “an application of the law of the case
doctrine to a specific set of facts.” Litman v. Mass. Mut. Life Ins.,
825 F.2d 1506, 1511 (11th Cir. 1987) (en banc). When a district court
acts under an appellate court’s mandate, the court “cannot vary
[the mandate], or examine it for any other purpose than execution;
or give any other or further relief; or review it, even for apparent
error, upon a matter decided on appeal; or intermeddle with it, fur-
ther than to settle so much as has been remanded.” Id. at 1510–11
(citation modified). A district court “must implement both the let-
ter and the spirit of the mandate, taking into account the appellate
court’s opinion, and the circumstances it embraces.” Piambino v.
Bailey, 757 F.2d 1112, 1119 (11th Cir. 1985) (citation modified). Un-
der the mandate rule, “an appellate decision on an issue must be
followed in all subsequent trial court proceedings unless the
presentation of new evidence or an intervening change in the con-
trolling law dictates a different result, or the appellate decision is
clearly erroneous and, if implemented, would work a manifest in-
justice.” Id. at 1120.
Here, the district court did not violate the mandate rule
when it granted the motion to dismiss without evaluating
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23-12479 Opinion of the Court 17
Fund VII’s citizenship.3 We ordered a limited remand for the dis-
trict court to determine “whether diversity jurisdiction existed.”
11th Cir. Doc. 36 at 4. The district court followed this order when
it evaluated Rojas’s citizenship, found that he was a citizen of New
York, and concluded that there was no complete diversity. After
making this determination, the district court was not required to
press on and determine the citizenship of each of HLM’s more
than 44 other members or each of the more than 85 partners of
Fund VII’s sole member.
Sound Around resists this reasoning, arguing that our lim-
ited remand order barred the district court from finding that Ro-
jas’s declaration established that he was a citizen of New York. Ac-
cording to Sound Around, because Fund VII and HLM sought to
introduce the Rojas declaration on appeal in their motion to sup-
plement and we did not dismiss the case at that point for lack of
jurisdiction, our remand order meant that the Rojas declaration did
not establish his citizenship and required the district court to rely
on “more than the Rojas declaration to determine the parties’ citi-
zenship.” Appellant’s Br. 29.
To begin, Sound Around reads too much into our remand
order. Our order stated that we denied without prejudice the parties’
various motions, including Fund VII and HLM’s motion to
3 Sound Around’s argument on appeal rests on the premise that the mandate
rule applies when a motions panel of this Court orders a limited remand for
the district court to determine whether there is complete diversity. We as-
sume, without deciding, that the mandate rule applies in this circumstance.
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18 Opinion of the Court 23-12479
supplement the record with Rojas’s declaration. Importantly, we
expressly directed that the parties could raise the motions again
upon remand. Accordingly, nothing in our remand order barred
the district court from concluding based on Rojas’s declaration that
there was no complete diversity.
Sound Around’s argument is flawed for a second reason. It
overlooks that Fund VII and HLM submitted additional materials
to the district court about Rojas’s citizenship that they had not pre-
viously submitted to us. The new materials included the complete
subscription agreement that Rojas signed when he became a mem-
ber of HLM in 2019, in which he provided a New York address,
swore that he was a resident of New York, and affirmed that he
made the decision to invest while residing in New York. In its order
dismissing the action in Sound Around I, the district court found that
this document, completed well before there was any question as to
Rojas’s citizenship, and other documents corroborated the state-
ments in Rojas’s declaration and supported a finding that he was a
New York citizen. Especially given this additional evidence that
was before the district court, we cannot say that its decision vio-
lated the mandate of our earlier remand order.
As a final argument, Sound Around asserts that the district
court erred in deciding the jurisdictional issue before “meaningful
jurisdictional discovery had taken place.” Id. at 31. It is true that
“parties have a qualified right to jurisdictional discovery,” and a dis-
trict court “abuses its discretion if it completely denies a party ju-
risdictional discovery.” ACLU of Fla., Inc. v. City of Sarasota, 859 F.3d
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23-12479 Opinion of the Court 19
1337, 1341 (11th Cir. 2017) (citation modified). But the record re-
flects that Sound Around received some jurisdictional discovery
from Fund VII and HLM in response to its document requests,
meaning there was no complete denial of jurisdictional discovery.
And with the evidence that Rojas was a New York citizen, we can-
not say that the district court abused its discretion when it con-
cluded that additional jurisdictional discovery was unnecessary.
We affirm the district court’s dismissal of the action in Sound
Around I for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.4
B.
We now turn to the second issue before us: whether the dis-
trict court erred in dismissing Sound Around II based on the rule
against claim splitting.
The claim-splitting doctrine generally “requires a plaintiff to
assert all of its causes of action arising from a common set of facts
in one lawsuit.” Vanover, 857 F.3d at 841 (citation modified). Under
the doctrine, when a plaintiff files a second action asserting claims
arising out of the same set of facts as its first action “before the first
suit has reached a final judgment,” a district court may dismiss the
second action. Kennedy v. Floridian Hotel, Inc., 998 F.3d 1221, 1236
(11th Cir. 2021). “The doctrine serves to promote judicial economy
and shield parties from vexatious and duplicative litigation while
4 To the extent that Sound Around raises other arguments on appeal challeng-
ing the dismissal of Sound Around I or the court’s denial of its motion for re-
consideration in that case, we conclude that those challenges lack merit.
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20 Opinion of the Court 23-12479
empowering the district court to manage its docket.” Id. (citation
modified).
Here, the district court in Sound Around II applied the claim-
splitting doctrine to dismiss that action after finding that Sound
Around II involved the same parties and their privies as Sound
Around I and the two cases arose from the same nucleus of opera-
tive facts. But because the district court in Sound Around I lacked
subject matter jurisdiction,5 the rule against claim splitting could
not have barred the action in Sound Around II. See Borrero v. United
Healthcare of N.Y., Inc., 610 F.3d 1296, 1307 (11th Cir. 2010) (“It is
well-established that the general rule against splitting causes of ac-
tion does not apply when suit is brought in a court that does not
have jurisdiction over all of a plaintiff’s claims.” (citation modi-
fied)). The district court therefore erred in concluding that Sound
Around engaged in improper claim splitting here.
O’Donnell urges us to affirm the district court’s judgment
on the alternative grounds that Sound Around failed to state a
claim for relief against him or its claims are barred by Florida’s
5 We acknowledge that, as an appellate court, we generally are limited to con-
sidering the “evidence that was part of the record before the district court.”
Stephens v. Tolbert, 471 F.3d 1173, 1177 (11th Cir. 2006) (citation modified). But
we are “free to take judicial notice of subsequent developments in cases that
are a matter of public record and are relevant to the appeal.” Rothenberg v. Sec.
Mgmt. Co., 667 F.2d 958, 961 n.8 (11th Cir. 1982). We thus consider the district
court’s order dismissing Sound Around I based on lack of subject matter juris-
diction, even though it was issued after the notice of appeal was filed in Sound
Around II.
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23-12479 Opinion of the Court 21
litigation privilege. Because the district court never reached these
issues, the better course is to return the case to the district court so
that it may address them in the first instance. See United States ex rel.
Sedona Partners LLC v. Able Moving & Storage Inc., 146 F.4th 1032,
1046 (11th Cir. 2025). Accordingly, we vacate the district court’s
dismissal of the action in Sound Around II.
IV.
In sum, when Sound Around filed its complaint in Sound
Around I, its allegations were insufficient to establish the citizenship
of Fund VII or HLM, which were limited liability companies. Be-
cause neither the parties nor the district court noticed this error,
they proceeded to litigate Sound Around I with the district court
eventually ordering that Sound Around was entitled to specific per-
formance. And when Sound Around filed a second action against
O’Donnell in Sound Around II, the district court relied on Sound
Around I to conclude that the claim-splitting doctrine barred the ac-
tion.
As it turns out, all this was error. These cases once again il-
lustrate that “[i]t is in everyone’s best interest, both the litigants’
and the courts’, to verify that diversity jurisdiction exists before
proceeding with the case.” Purchasing Power, 851 F.3d at 1220.
When the parties fail to take this basic step, they run the risk, as
happened here, that after much litigation it will be discovered that
there was no subject matter jurisdiction.
In 25-10754, we affirm the district court’s dismissal in Sound
Around I for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. And in 23-12479, we
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22 Opinion of the Court 23-12479
vacate the district court’s dismissal in Sound Around II and remand
for further proceedings.
For 25-10745, AFFIRMED. For 23-12479, VACATED and
REMANDED.