The opinion
[This decision has been published in Ohio Official Reports at 92 Ohio St.3d 92.]
CINCINNATI BAR ASSOCIATION v. KATHMAN.
[Cite as Cincinnati Bar Assn. v. Kathman, 2001-Ohio-157.]
Attorneys at law—Misconduct—Six-month suspension—Practicing under a trade
name—Assisting nonattorneys to market or sell living trusts.
(No. 00-1865—Submitted January 9, 2001—Decided June 13, 2001.)
ON CERTIFIED REPORT by the Board of Commissioners on Grievances and
Discipline of the Supreme Court, No. 00-15.
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MOYER, C.J.
{¶ 1} Relator, Cincinnati Bar Association, filed a complaint charging
respondent, Edward T. Kathman of Cincinnati, Ohio, Attorney Registration No.
0055446, with violating DR 2-102(B) (practicing under a trade name), DR 3-
101(A) (aiding a nonattorney in the unauthorized practice of law), DR 3-102(A)
(sharing legal fees with a nonattorney), and DR 5-107(B) (permitting a person who
recommends, employs, or pays an attorney to render legal services for another to
direct or regulate the attorney’s professional judgment in rendering such legal
services). All of the charges against respondent arose out of a professional
relationship he had with the Estate Preservation Group (“EPG”), an Ohio
corporation engaged in the marketing and selling of living trusts prepared by the
Estate Plan, a corporation headquartered in Nevada.
{¶ 2} At a hearing before the Board of Commissioners on Grievances and
Discipline of the Supreme Court, the board heard testimony from respondent and
Ronald A. Fox, an agent of EPG, an insurance salesman, and a lifelong friend of
respondent. The board’s findings of fact, which are undisputed, follow.
{¶ 3} Respondent was admitted to the practice of law in Ohio in 1991, and
is currently a sole practitioner in Cincinnati, Ohio. After being contacted by Fox
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in February 1999, respondent agreed to serve as a “review attorney” for EPG. EPG
sold insurance products including life insurance and annuities and engaged in the
marketing and selling of living trusts prepared by the Estate Plan. EPG prepared
letterhead that read:
“The Estate Preservation Group
“An Affiliate of The Estate Plan
“Edward T, Kathman, Attorney”
{¶ 4} Respondent, however, is not the attorney for EPG. EPG referred
individuals to several attorneys.
{¶ 5} Respondent participated in the selling of living trusts as follows.
First, an agent of EPG would contact individuals interested in a living trust. The
agent would have the individual sign a Client Service Agreement, a Client Asset
Revelation Agreement, and a Retainer for Legal Services. The agent assisted the
individuals in filling out a financial workbook that contained the clients’ financial
circumstances and distribution directives. The agent then obtained a check,
typically for $1,995. That check was the fee for the preparation of the Estate Plan
documents, for attorney’s review, and for services performed by the agent. The full
fee was made payable to respondent and was obtained prior to any contact by
respondent with the client. When the check was sent to respondent, he would
deduct $200 for his legal fee, with the remaining money being split between EPG
for financial consultation and the Estate Plan for document preparation.
{¶ 6} Respondent, after receiving a completed workbook containing the
clients’ personal information, beneficiary designation, and bequest, would
telephone the client and explain his role in the process. During this conversation,
respondent would advise the client on his entitlement to a fee and how the total fee
would be split among the various entities. After speaking with the client on the
telephone, respondent would then direct The Estate Plan to prepare the living trust.
The final living trust documents were sent directly to EPG or to an employee of
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EPG. Respondent would receive only a summary of any changes made to the trust
document, but would not receive the completed trust document. The agent then
took the final documents to the client, at which time the agent assisted in the
execution of the documents.
{¶ 7} After being contacted by a representative of relator’s grievance
committee, respondent removed his name from the letterhead. Respondent,
however, has continued to assist in the preparation of living trusts through EPG
(now known as The Senior Group) and The Estate Plan since the spring of the year
2000. In the year 2000, respondent issued checks to Ronald Fox for paralegal
services even though respondent does not direct or supervise the actions of Fox.
{¶ 8} In disciplinary cases, this court renders the final determination of facts
and conclusions of law. Ohio State Bar Assn. v. Reid (1999), 85 Ohio St.3d 327,
708 N.E.2d 193, paragraph one of the syllabus. After a thorough review of the
record in this case, we adopt the findings of fact of the board. We do not, however,
adopt all of its conclusions of law. Specifically, we adopt the board’s conclusions
of law with regard to DR 2-102(B) (practicing under a trade name), DR 3-102(A)
(sharing legal fees with a nonattorney), and DR 5-107(B) (permitting a person who
recommends, employs, or pays an attorney to render legal services for another to
direct or regulate the attorney’s professional judgment in rendering such legal
services). We reject, however, the board’s conclusion that respondent has not
violated DR 3-101(A) (aiding a nonattorney in the unauthorized practice of law).
Each of these Disciplinary Code violations is addressed separately.
DR 2-102(B)
{¶ 9} DR 2-102(B) provides, “A lawyer in private practice shall not practice
under a trade name.” The board concluded that respondent had violated DR 2-
102(B) because his name was listed on the letterhead of The Estate Preservation
Group. Respondent admitted to this fact, and, upon learning that it was a violation
of the Disciplinary Rules, immediately caused his name to be removed from the
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letterhead. Based on his admission and subsequent actions, the board found that
there was clear and convincing evidence that respondent had been practicing under
the trade name “The Estate Planning Group” and “The Estate Plan” in violation of
DR 2-102(B). We adopt the board’s conclusion that respondent violated this rule.
DR 3-102(A)
{¶ 10} DR 3-102(A) states that a “lawyer * * * shall not share legal fees
with a non-lawyer” subject to several exceptions, none of which is applicable here.
After reviewing the evidence presented to the board, we adopt its conclusion that
respondent violated DR 3-102(A).
{¶ 11} Respondent testified that when he received the $1,995 check from a
client, $200 of that check was deposited into his trust account, and the remainder
was distributed to The Estate Plan and The Estate Preservation Group and its
representatives. Upon learning that this was a violation of DR 3-102(A),
respondent began calling Ron Fox, the representative of EPG, his paralegal.
Respondent further testified that there is a fixed fee he pays for the preparation of
documents by The Estate Plan and that he pays a representative of EPG $600 as a
paralegal fee. Respondent stated at the hearing that the complete fee is gross
income to him and that he deducts the fees paid to The Estate Plan and the $600
paralegal fee paid to Fox as expenses. The respondent further admitted that Mr.
Fox is an independent contractor and acts as a paralegal only when estate planning
services are rendered in connection with EPG and The Estate Plan.
{¶ 12} At the hearing, respondent indicated that in the future, any check
received from a client would be deposited into his general account and not his
escrow account. Additionally, respondent testified that he would issue a 1099 to
Fox because the fee paid by respondent would be income to Fox.
{¶ 13} Based on the foregoing, the board concluded that calling Fox a
paralegal did not alter the true nature of the relationship between the two. It further
concluded that the fee arrangement involving respondent, EPG, and The Estate Plan
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constituted a fee-sharing agreement between an attorney and a nonattorney in
violation of DR 3-102(A). The board’s conclusion is supported by clear and
convincing evidence and is hereby adopted.
DR 5-107(B)
{¶ 14} DR 5-107(B) provides, “A lawyer shall not permit a person who
recommends, employs, or pays him to render legal services for another to direct or
regulate his professional judgment in rendering such legal services.” The board
concluded that there is not clear and convincing evidence to prove that respondent
had violated DR 5-107(B), and relator, in its brief, has waived any objection to this
finding. Therefore, we adopt the board’s conclusion that respondent has not
violated DR 5-107(B).
DR 3-101(A)
{¶ 15} DR 3-101(A) states that a “lawyer shall not aid a non-lawyer in the
unauthorized practice of law.” The board concluded that the arrangement between
respondent, EPG, and The Estate Plan did not constitute a violation of DR 3-
101(A). While this court has repeatedly stated that the marketing of living trusts
by nonattorneys is the unauthorized practice of law, see, e.g., Trumbull Cty. Bar
Assn. v. Hanna (1997), 80 Ohio St.3d 58, 60, 684 N.E.2d 329, 331, we have not
clearly defined whether an attorney, licensed to practice law in the state of Ohio,
aids in the unauthorized practice of law when he or she assists nonattorneys to
market or sell living trusts. We hold that an attorney violates DR 3-101(A) when
the attorney assists a nonattorney, as respondent assisted the nonattorneys, in the
marketing and selling of living trusts.
{¶ 16} In Land Title Abstract & Trust Co. v. Dworken (1934), 129 Ohio St.
23, 28, 1 O.O. 313, 315, 193 N.E. 650, 652, we held that the practice of law
“includes legal advice and counsel, and the preparation of legal instruments and
contracts by which legal rights are secured.” This broad standard later led us to the
conclusion that, in the field of estate planning, when a “bank or trust company
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which provides specific legal information in relation to the specific facts of a
particular person’s estate,” the bank is engaging in the practice of law. Green v.
Huntington Natl. Bank (1965), 4 Ohio St.2d 78, 33 O.O.2d 442, 212 N.E.2d 585,
paragraph one of the syllabus. The pronouncement in Hanna that nonattorneys
engage in the unauthorized practice of law when they market and sell living trusts,
therefore, represents the logical extension of Green.
{¶ 17} Just as problems arise when nonattorneys market and sell trusts,
potential problems arise when attorneys aid nonattorneys in the marketing and sale
of these legal instruments. Whether an attorney works in-house or accepts referrals
from a trust marketing company, the question of whether the client is receiving
carefully considered, independent advice is present. An attorney is required to act
in the best interest of the attorney’s client. See EC 5-1. When the attorney affiliates
himself or herself with nonattorneys who sell trusts, the attorney’s interests are
divided between working for or receiving referrals from the nonattorney, and
attempting to represent the nonattorney’s clients. See Iowa State Bar Assn. Commt.
on Professional Ethics & Conduct v. Baker (Iowa 1992), 492 N.W.2d 695, 703;
People v. Volk (Colo.1991), 805 P.2d 1116, 1117. Although this is the first time
we address the issue of attorneys aiding nonattorneys in the sale or marketing of
living trusts, the issue is not new to this state or to other states.
{¶ 18} In In re Mid-America Living Trust Assoc., Inc. (Mo.1996), 927
S.W.2d 855, the Supreme Court of Missouri carefully explained that attorneys aid
in the unauthorized practice of law when they assist nonattorneys who market or
sell trust documents. The court observed that preparation of trust documents and
advising and counseling clients on which type of trust is appropriate are solely a
function of an attorney. Id. at 860-861. The principal reason courts have restricted
the rendering of legal services to licensed attorneys is for the protection of the
public. Id. at 862 (citing Florida Bar v. Schramek [Fla.1993], 616 So.2d 979, 987;
People ex rel. MacFarlane v. Boyls [1979], 197 Colo. 242, 591 P.2d 1315); see,
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also, People v. Macy (Colo.1990), 789 P.2d 188. These concerns for public
protection, the Missouri high court noted, led many state ethical advisory boards to
bar attorneys from aiding or participating in such schemes.1 927 S.W.2d at 863-
864.
{¶ 19} The facts in Mid-America are similar to those before us. A “review
attorney” reviewed trust documents prepared by nonattorneys. The court offered
several reasons why this does not cure and, in fact, aids the unauthorized practice
of law by the nonattorney. First, the review attorney enters the relationship too
late—the nonattorney has already given legal advice to the client regarding the
client’s legal matters, has gathered important information, and has recommended
and sold a trust instrument. 927 S.W.2d at 867. In the eyes of the public, the review
attorney lends credibility and a facade of legality to the product the nonattorney
offers, but the attorney does not make the critical decisions necessary for the
creation of the trust or provide disinterested advice. See People v. Cassidy
(Colo.1994), 884 P.2d 309, 311. “ ‘[T]he mere perfunctory approval of supposedly
disinterested counsel’ does not cure the fact that interested non-lawyers had
prepared trust documents.” Mid-America, 927 S.W.2d at 867 (quoting State ex rel.
Miller v. St. Louis Union Trust Co. [1934], 335 Mo. 845, 870, 74 S.W.2d 348, 360).
By the time the attorney enters the transaction, the unauthorized practice of law has
already occurred and anything the attorney does thereafter aids the prohibited
conduct.
{¶ 20} Second, participation by review attorneys violates rules of ethical
conduct and, accordingly, cannot cure the unauthorized practice of law. Id. By
1. In its opinion, the Supreme Court of Missouri cites the following ethics opinions: Michigan
Informal Ethics Opinion RI-191 (Feb. 14, 1994); Ohio Supreme Court Bd. of Commrs. on
Grievances and Discipline Ethics Opinion 92-15 (Aug. 14, 1992); Maryland Ethics Opinion 92-48
(July 22, 1992); West Virginia Ethics Opinion 92-03 (undated); Illinois Ethics Opinion 91-10 (Oct.
25, 1991); Oregon Ethics Opinion 1991-87 (July, 1991); Connecticut Ethics Opinion 91-12 (June
25, 1991); Colorado Ethics Opinion 87 (July 14, 1990); South Dakota Ethics Opinion 88-4 (May 3,
1988).
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working for nonattorneys who market and sell trusts to review the documents the
nonattorney has created, the attorney is acting with a conflict of interest, places his
or her independent professional judgment at risk, and “rubber stamps” the
unauthorized practice of law engaged in by nonattorneys. 927 S.W.2d at 867-869.
When an attorney is positioned between two clients whose interests may be
different, the attorney cannot serve both clients properly, or ethically.
{¶ 21} The practice of an attorney reviewing trust documents marketed and
prepared by nonattorneys is similar to the situation this court examined in Wayne
Cty. Bar Assn. v. Naumoff (1996), 74 Ohio St.3d 637, 660 N.E.2d 1177. In
Naumoff, we examined an arrangement in which an attorney accepted referrals from
a nonattorney tax specialist to prepare estate planning documents. The tax
specialist prepared worksheets and forwarded legally relevant data to the attorney.
The attorney created the legal documents, sometimes with no client contact, and
split a fee with the tax specialist. We concluded that the attorney aided the
nonattorney in the unauthorized practice of law. Id. at 639, 660 N.E.2d at 1178.
{¶ 22} Just as the attorney in Naumoff aided in the unauthorized practice of
law, so too did respondent violate DR 3-101(A). Respondent became affiliated
with a group of nonattorneys who marketed and sold trusts to the public, and did
little more than summarily approve of the product they were selling. “Unlike a
salesperson, the good lawyer’s counsel is not directed to the sale of a product but
to the best interests of the client. A lawyer’s counseling is more than informing
‘his client about the legal consequences of pursuing a particular objective that the
client has already identified and chosen. * * * [R]esponsibilities to a client go
beyond the preliminary clarification of his goals and include helping him to make
a deliberately wise choice among them.’ ” Akron Bar Assn. v. Miller (1997), 80
Ohio St.3d 6, 9, 684 N.E.2d 288, 291 (quoting Kronman, The Lost Attorney [1993]
128-129). When an attorney abandons these responsibilities in favor of assisting
nonattorneys to market and sell legal documents, the attorney compromises the best
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interests of the client. For the reasons stated, an attorney aids in the unauthorized
practice of law in violation of DR 3-101(A) where the attorney engages in a
relationship with a nonattorney to market or sell legal trust documents to the public
and does nothing more than summarily approve documents created by the
nonattorney.
{¶ 23} Based on the record before us, we conclude that respondent aided in
the unauthorized practice of law in violation of DR 3-101(A) through his
relationship with EPG, The Estate Plan, and Fox. Respondent did little more than
advise clients that he was entitled to a fee and then direct The Estate Plan to draft
the living trust documents. Respondent did not see the final trust documents, did
not execute the documents with the client, and certainly did not render the type of
advice or counsel that a lawyer is ethically bound to render.
Sanction
{¶ 24} We have considered respondent’s misconduct, the aggravating and
mitigating circumstances described by the board, and our rejection of one of the
board’s findings of a Disciplinary Rule violation, and we conclude that a six-month
suspension is an appropriate sanction. Respondent is hereby suspended from the
practice of law for six months. Costs taxed to respondent.
Judgment accordingly.
DOUGLAS, RESNICK, COOK and LUNDBERG STRATTON, JJ., concur.
F.E. SWEENEY, J., dissents and would stay a six-month suspension.
PFEIFER, J., concurs in part and dissents in part.
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PFEIFER, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part.
{¶ 25} Among other things, the majority concludes that Kathman violated
DR 3-101(A), which prohibits a lawyer from aiding “a non-lawyer in the
unauthorized practice of law.” I concur with that judgment.
{¶ 26} However, Kathman did not violate the rule accidentally or
incidentally. He was part of a scheme designed to advance the unauthorized
practice of law. That scheme, according to the record, continues to this day. That
his lifelong friend is the principal instigator behind the scheme does not obviate
Kathman’s responsibilities as an attorney. I would indefinitely suspend Kathman
from the practice of law.
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Keating, Muething & Klekamp and Richard L. Creighton, Jr.; Robert J.
Gehring Co., L.P.A., and Robert J. Gehring, for relator.
Robert G. Kelly, for respondent.
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