The opinion
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF NORTH CAROLINA
DARREN S. BELTON, )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) 1:23-CV-169
)
RONNIE FIELDS, et al., )
)
Defendants. )
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Catherine C. Eagles Chief District Judge.
In this § 1983 action, the plaintiff, Darren Belton, brings a series of claims against
officials at the Moore County Detention Center based on incidents that occurred in
September 2022 and December 2022 while he was a pretrial detainee. The remaining
defendants, Sergeant Seth Danley, Officer Jacqueline Workman, and Corporal Haley
Hoover, have moved for summary judgment. The Magistrate Judge recommended that
the motion be granted in part and denied in part, and the defendants objected to the extent
the Magistrate Judge recommended summary judgment be denied.
The Magistrate Judge carefully and thoroughly detailed the parties’ evidence and
arguments in his recommendation. The Court agrees with the Magistrate Judge to the
extent he recommended summary judgment in favor of the defendants. No party objected
to these aspects of the recommendation. As to the defendants’ objections, the Court will
sustain those objections in part and dismiss Mr. Belton’s claims to the extent he contends
his constitutional rights were violated by the attempted use of a pepper gun, by placing
him in a restraint chair, or by moving him to a cool-down room and then a safety
observation cell, as set forth in more detail herein. Otherwise, the Court agrees with the
Magistrate Judge.
I. Undisputed Background Facts
There are many disputed facts. But the general outline of events at issue is not
disputed.
In 2022, Mr. Belton was awaiting trial and was in custody at the Moore County
Detention Center. He was housed in “Green Block,” the cell block where the most
dangerous detainees were held. Doc. 38-2 ¶ 4; Doc. 38-4 ¶ 4. He had a lengthy history
of assaulting detention staff, of which at least Sergeant Danley was aware. Doc. 38-1
¶ 20.
On September 2, 2022, Mr. Belton was in the shower area taking a shower. The
process for overseeing showers by detainees from Green Block is labor-intensive and
highly orchestrated in order to accomplish showers efficiently with appropriate
safeguards for detainee and officer safety. Doc. 61 at 40–41. Officer Workman
instructed him to come out of the shower and then at some point attempted
unsuccessfully to deploy a pepper gun. What happened next is disputed, but eventually,
and without allowing him to decontaminate, Sergeant Danley and Officer Workman
returned Mr. Belton to his cell.
On December 10, 2022, Sergeant Danley and Officer Workman came to Mr.
Belton’s cell. Mr. Belton refused to follow orders to “cuff up” so Sergeant Danley and
Officer Workman could come into his cell, and he threatened the officers. Eventually,
Sergeant Danley deployed a pepper spray device in Mr. Belton’s cell. Mr. Belton
remained belligerent.
Sergeant Danley and Officer Workman left, returning later to remove Mr. Belton
from his cell. It is undisputed that Sergeant Danley and Officer Workman used some
force in this endeavor, though the degree and circumstances of that force are disputed.
Ultimately, they took Mr. Belton to a “cool-down” room and left him there.
After a time, Corporal Hoover and Officer Workman came to the cool-down room
to escort Mr. Belton back to his cell. Mr. Belton “continued to talk shit to them,” all the
way to the cell block. Id. at 68 (cleaned up). At some point, Mr. Belton ended up on the
ground, after which Corporal Hoover and Sergeant Danley took Mr. Belton back to the
cool-down room and then later confined him in a safety control room.
More detail will be provided in the course of discussing specific claims. Each of
Mr. Belton’s claims will be discussed in turn. Going forward, the Court recites the
evidence in the light most favorable to Mr. Belton. This includes reciting the defendants’
evidence that Mr. Belton has not disputed.
II. September 2, 2022, Claims
A. Excessive Force Claims Against Officer Workman (Shower)
Mr. Belton asserts that Officer Workman’s attempted use of a pepper gun while
Mr. Belton was in the shower constitutes excessive force in violation of his due process
rights. Id. at 24–27. He also asserts that Officer Workman thereafter used pepper spray
on him while he was in the shower, and that this also constitutes excessive force in
violation of his due process rights.
Mr. Belton acknowledges that the pepper gun misfired several times, projecting
only dust. He offers no evidence that the dust had any effect on him or that it harmed
him in any way. To the extent his claim is based on the vague assertion of some “dust”
coming out during one of the misfires, this is insufficient to show excessive force
amounting to punishment under the due process clause. The defendants’ motion for
summary judgment will be granted as to this claim regarding the use of the pepper gun.
Mr. Belton’s evidence is that after the pepper gun misfired, he did not get out of
the shower and instead asked Officer Workman to allow him more time in the shower.
Officer Workman then used another device to successfully pepper spray Mr. Belton.
Detention officers are not required to convince a prisoner that their commands are
reasonable before the prisoner must obey. The evidence is undisputed that the jail had a
significant interest in maintaining control over the timing of inmate showers for inmates
in Green Block. The defendants’ evidence is that Mr. Belton refused to comply with the
directive to leave the shower and instead argued with Officer Workman.
But Mr. Belton’s evidence is that the attempted use of the pepper gun occurred
before he had time to comply with Officer Workman’s demand to leave the shower, that
the successful use of the pepper spray was very soon thereafter, and that Officer
Workman accompanied her demands with name-calling and a lack of privacy. Given Mr.
Belton’s testimony, Doc. 56-1 at 2, and as explained by the Magistrate Judge, Doc. 61 at
24–27, a reasonable fact-finder could conclude that Officer Workman used excessive
force. The defendants’ motion for summary judgment will be denied as to this claim
regarding the pepper spray.
B. Privacy Violation Claim Against Officer Workman (Shower)
The Magistrate Judge clearly explained why Mr. Belton is entitled to a trial on this
claim. See id. at 28–31. The Court agrees. Nothing in the defendants’ objections
undermines the Magistrate Judge’s analysis, and Officer Workman’s arguments are more
appropriately addressed to a jury. The defendants’ motion for summary judgment will be
denied as to this claim.
C. Deliberate Indifference Claim
After being sprayed, Mr. Belton left the shower and Sergeant Danley and Officer
Workman took him back to his cell without allowing him to decontaminate from the
pepper spray. The Magistrate Judge explained why Mr. Belton is not entitled to a trial on
this claim. Id. at 32–42. Mr. Belton did not object. The Court agrees with the Magistrate
Judge. The defendants’ motion for summary judgment will be granted as to this claim.
III. December 10–11, 2022, Claims
As noted supra, on December 10, 2022, Corporal Hoover and Sergeant Danley
came to Mr. Belton’s cell. They instructed him to cooperate in the handcuffing process.
A. Pepper Spray Claim
Mr. Belton alleged and testified that when Corporal Hoover and Sergeant Danley
came to his cell, they pepper sprayed him for no reason. The defendants’ testimony and
video evidence, however, show that Mr. Belton was uncooperative, belligerent, and
threatening; that he was given many opportunities to comply but he did not; and that he
was warned that pepper spray would be used if he did not comply. As the Magistrate
Judge noted, no reasonable jury would believe Mr. Belton’s version in the face of the
video. Doc. 61 at 48 (quoting Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380 (2007)). As the
Magistrate Judge concluded, the use of pepper spray in an effort to obtain compliance
with appropriate directions was not a constitutional violation. The Magistrate Judge
recommended summary judgment be granted as to this claim. See id at 43–54. Mr.
Belton did not object, and the Court agrees with the Magistrate Judge. The defendants’
motion for summary judgment will be granted as to this claim.
B. Improper Punishment – Confinement After Pepper Spray
The evidence is undisputed that after Mr. Belton was pepper-sprayed, Corporal
Hoover and Sergeant Danley left him in his cell and did not take him elsewhere to be
decontaminated. The video evidence shows that after being pepper-sprayed Mr. Belton
remained combative and again refused to cooperate in being handcuffed. Id. at 55. The
Magistrate Judge clearly explained why Mr. Belton is not entitled to a trial on his claim
that this violated his constitutional rights. Id. at 54–58. Mr. Belton did not object to this
recommendation. The Court agrees with the Magistrate Judge. The defendants’ motion
for summary judgment will be granted as to this claim.
C. First Excessive Force Claim Against Corporal Hoover and Sergeant
Danley
When Mr. Belton remained uncooperative even after use of pepper spray, the
officers left for a time. Corporal Hoover and Sergeant Danley later returned, and this
time Mr. Belton cooperated to the extent that the officers were able to place him in
handcuffs and ankle restraints. The Magistrate Judge carefully reviewed the conflicts in
the evidence over whether Mr. Belton was cooperative as they left the cell or whether he
remained combative and over whether Corporal Hoover and Sergeant Danley used any
force against Mr. Belton after they removed him from his cell, and the Magistrate Judge
recommended that summary judgment be denied on this claim. Id. at 59–64.
The defendants objected “to the portions of the Recommendation which
recommend that they be denied summary judgment,” Doc. 64 at 1, but they made no
specific argument directed to this aspect of the Magistrate Judge’s recommendation. The
court agrees with the Magistrate Judge. The defendants’ motion for summary judgment
will be denied as to this claim.
D. Improper Punishment Claims Against Corporal Hoover and Sergeant
Danley for Placement in Restraint Device and Cool-Down Room
Corporal Hoover and Sergeant Danley then placed Mr. Belton in a restraint chair,
also called a WRAP restraint device, and rolled the chair to another room that Mr. Belton
calls a “cool-down room.” The Court will use that term for convenience. The
defendants’ evidence establishes that Mr. Belton continued to make threatening and
obscene comments during this process, Doc. 38-1 at ¶ 15; Doc. 38-3 at ¶ 11; Doc. 38-4 at
¶ 23–24, which Mr. Belton does not deny. Corporal Hoover and Sergeant Danley left Mr.
Belton in the room, which was excessively cold, for a period of time, which Mr. Belton
says was two hours.1
The Magistrate Judge did not identify any constitutional issues with placing Mr.
Belton in the WRAP device. To the extent the complaint asserts a claim for that action, it
1 There is no constitutional violation associated with using the restraint chair under these
circumstances, and Mr. Belton has not contended otherwise.
will be dismissed. The undisputed evidence is that Mr. Belton was resisting and cursing
Corporal Hoover and Sergeant Danley and this restraint was reasonable and not punitive.
The Magistrate Judge recommended denying summary judgment on Mr. Belton’s
improper punishment claim to the extent it was based on being placed in the cool-down
room. Doc. 61 at 64–68. The defendants object, contending that no reasonable juror
could find in favor of Mr. Belton. But as the Magistrate Judge explained, a rational
factfinder could find an intent to punish if they accept Mr. Belton’s testimony that
Corporal Hoover and Sergeant Danley assaulted him before putting him in the restraint
chair, cussed at him, and used racist language, and that the room was so cold that his legs
went numb. Doc. 56-1 at 5–6. The defendants dispute this evidence and have offered
non-punitive reasons for their actions, but that simply creates disputed questions of
material fact.
The defendants’ objections do not undermine the Magistrate Judge’s analysis. Mr.
Belton is entitled to a trial on this claim, and the defendants’ motion for summary
judgment will be denied as to this claim.
E. Second Excessive Force Claim Against Corporal Hoover and Officer
Workman
Corporal Hoover and Officer Workman removed Mr. Belton from the cool-down
room. Leaving him in full restraints, they walked him back to the cell block. Mr. Belton
continued to insult and curse at officers. The defendants’ evidence shows that Mr. Belton
continued to threaten the officers and that he was physically resistant, and Mr. Belton
offered no evidence to the contrary. But as the Magistrate Judge pointed out, there are
material conflicts in the evidence. Mr. Belton says that Corporal Hoover violently
tripped him, catapulting him to the floor and causing him to hit his head. The defendants’
evidence shows that when Mr. Belton continued to physically resist, they used a
controlled maneuver to get him to the floor without any significant force.
The defendants objected “to the portions of the Recommendation which
recommend that they be denied summary judgment,” Doc. 64 at 1, but they made no
specific argument directed to this aspect of the Magistrate Judge’s recommendation. The
court agrees with the Magistrate Judge, see Doc. 61 at 68–73, and the defendants’ motion
for summary judgment will be denied as to this claim.
F. December 10–11, 2022, Improper Punishment Claims Against Corporal
Hoover and Sergeant Danley for Placement in Cool-Down Room Again
and then in Suicide-Risk Room
After Mr. Belton continued to physically resist the officers, Corporal Hoover and
Sergeant Danley put him back in the restraint chair in the face of his ongoing resistance.
Corporal Hoover then returned him to the cool-down room and left him. About two
hours later, Corporal Hoover and Officer Workman removed him from the restraint chair,
but Mr. Belton remained aggressive and noncompliant. They then took him to a safety
observation cell, which Mr. Belton calls a “suicide risk room,” so that he would not
continue to disturb and incite other inmates and where he could be regularly observed.
There, Corporal Hoover cut off his clothes around the various restraints, leaving him
naked for a time until he was given a “safety smock.”
Mr. Belton contends that this second round in the cool-down room and the later
transfer to what he characterizes as “suicide watch” constituted unconstitutional
punishment.2 The Magistrate Judge recommended denying the defendants’ summary
judgment motion on this point, identifying several disputed questions of fact. Doc. 61 at
73–78. The Court appreciates those disputes but finds they are not material in light of the
undisputed evidence and the entire course of events. Even if they are material, the
defendants are entitled to qualified immunity on this claim.
In order to violate the Fourteenth Amendment, the plaintiff must show that these
actions were “(1) imposed with an expressed intent to punish or (2) not reasonably related
to a legitimate nonpunitive governmental objective.” Williamson v. Stirling, 912 F.3d
154, 178 (4th Cir. 2018). Here, there is clear and undisputed evidence that the reasons for
placing Mr. Belton in the cool-down room the second time and then in a safety-
observation cell were not punitive.
Mr. Belton was housed in the Green Block, the jail’s high security unit with many
restrictions. Doc. 38-2 at ¶ 4; Doc. 38-3 at ¶ 3; Doc. 56-1 at 4. He was known to
Sergeant Danley to have a history of assaulting officers and of being disruptive in the cell
block. Consistent with this history, on December 10, Mr. Belton was uncooperative,
obstreperous, and disobeyed repeated commands. See, e.g., Doc. 61 at 49. He actively
blocked access to his cell and threatened to fight the officers. Id. at 53. After he allowed
himself to be restrained, he continued to insult, resist, and harass the detention officers,
often physically resisting them. This continued over the course of the next several hours,
even after he had time to calm down in the “cool down room.”
2 There is no constitutional violation associated with using the restraint chair under these
circumstances, and Mr. Belton has not contended otherwise.
When, at this point, Mr. Belton again physically resisted and threatened the
officers, it was not an unconstitutional punishment to place him back in the cool-down
room. The reasons not to return him to the cell block were obvious, and Mr. Belton does
not testify that the cool-down room remained at an unreasonably cold temperature during
this time. Nor does he allege that the defendants continued their racist or abusive
language.
Similarly, it was not an unconstitutional punishment to then move Mr. Belton to a
security cell after the time in the cool-down room proved ineffective and he remained
agitated, belligerent, and threatening. The defendants, at least one of whom knew of Mr.
Belton’s history of assaulting detention officers, testified that they placed Mr. Belton in
the safety observation room as an alternative to taking him back to the Green Block,
where they believed he would create a disturbance and wake up the other inmates in that
unit. Doc. 38-3 at ¶ 18. There is no evidence that this belief was unreasonable or that the
cell had different conditions than the Green Block cell except that Mr. Belton was
stripped so he could wear a suicide smock and that he was monitored more frequently.
Id. at ¶ 19; Doc. 56-1 at 6–7. To the extent Mr. Belton points to the forced removal of his
clothes here as punishment, there is no evidence it was imposed as punishment. The
undisputed evidence is that the safety smock is required in these safety cells. Doc. 38-1
at ¶ 21; Doc. 38-3 at ¶ 19.
The Magistrate Judge suggested that a jury could find that returning Mr. Belton to
the cool-down room for a second stint and then moving him to a security cell where he
was required to wear a safety smock were excessive in relation to their asserted non-
punitive purpose. Doc. 61 at 78. Even assuming that is so, the defendants are entitled to
qualified immunity on this claim.
“[Q]ualified immunity protects a government official from civil liability and suit
‘insofar as [his] conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional
rights of which a reasonable person would have known.’” Williamson, 912 F.3d at 186
quoting Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982). A reasonable person in the
defendants’ position could easily have failed to appreciate that their conduct would
violate Mr. Belton’s rights. See Williamson, 912 F.3d at 186. Whatever the defendants’
internal motivations, there is no evidence of other less punitive options available to the
defendants to manage a disruptive, belligerent, and aggressive detainee that would
address the legitimate security and safety issues posed by Mr. Belton. Under these facts,
it was not clearly established that these forms of managing Mr. Belton’s custody violated
his constitutional rights. See Williamson, 912 F.3d at 186. The defendants’ motion for
summary judgment will be granted as to this claim.
G. December 10–11, 2022, Privacy Violation Claim Against Corporal Hoover
and Sergeant Danley (Suicide-Risk Room)
The Magistrate Judge recommended denying summary judgment on Mr. Belton’s
privacy violation claim associated with Corporal Hoover cutting off his clothes in the
suicide-risk cell. The evidence is undisputed that it is the practice to place inmates in
those cells in these smocks for their safety and that Corporal Hoover was trained to
remove Mr. Belton’s clothing. Mr. Belton could not be allowed the opportunity to
undress himself, because he was continuing to resist and threaten officers. Even if a
reasonable jury could conclude that the use of the smock was excessive under the
circumstances, the defendants are entitled to qualified immunity, because the
constitutional right at issue was not “clearly established at the time of the challenged
conduct.” See id. The defendants’ motion for summary judgment will be granted as to
this claim.
IV. Going Forward
The Court’s trial docket is full for the remainder of 2025. The Clerk shall set the
case for trial during the March 2026 civil term of court. The case can be called for trial to
begin at any time between March 2 and March 30, 2026.
It is ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that the defendants’ motion for summary
judgment, Doc. 37, is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part as follows:
1. The motion is DENIED in part and the following claims will proceed to trial:
a. Mr. Belton’s due process claim against Officer Workman that successful
use of a pepper-spray device in the shower area on September 2, 2022,
constituted excessive force that amounts to punishment;
b. Mr. Belton’s due process claim against Officer Workman based on the
involuntary and forced exposure of his genitals to a member of the
opposite sex in the shower area on September 2, 2022;
c. Mr. Belton’s due process claim against Corporal Hoover and Sergeant
Danley based on alleged use of excessive force amounting to
punishment during the first trip out of the cell block on December 10–
11, 2022;
d. Mr. Belton’s due process claim against Corporal Hoover and Sergeant
Danley based on alleged punishment by placing him in in the
excessively cold cool-down room for two hours on December 10–11;
and
e. Mr. Belton’s excessive force claim against Corporal Hoover and
Sergeant Danley during the aborted attempt to return him to the cell
block on December 10–11, 2022.
2. The motion is GRANTED in part and all other claims, including but not
limited to the following claims, are DISMISSED:
a. Mr. Belton’s excessive force claim against Officer Workman based on
the attempted use of a pepper gun on September 2, 2022;
b. Mr. Belton’s deliberate indifference claim against Sergeant Danley and
Officer Workman based on denial of pepper spray decontamination in
the shower area on September 2, 2022;
c. Mr. Belton’s excessive force claim against Sergeant Danley for
deploying pepper spray into his cell on December 10, 2022;
d. Mr. Belton’s deliberate indifference claim against Sergeant Danley and
Corporal Hoover based on confining him to his cell after Sergeant
Danley pepper-sprayed into his cell on December 10, 2022;
e. Mr. Belton’s improper punishment claim based on placing him in a
WRAP device on December 10–11, 2022; and
f. Mr. Belton’s improper punishment claims and privacy claim based on
placing him in the WRAP device and cool-down room a second time
and then in a safety cell on December 10-11, 2022.
3. The Clerk SHALL set the case for trial during the March 2026 civil term of
court.
This the 18th day of September, 2025.
UNITED STATES a JUDGE
15