Hubbard v. Chime Financial, Inc.

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO

WESTERN DIVISION

KAYLA HUBBARD, Case No. 1:25-cv-632

Plaintiff, Cole, J.

Bowman, M.J.

v.

CHIME FINANCIAL, INC. et al.,

Defendants.

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION

On August 29, 2025, Plaintiff, proceeding pro se, filed an application seeking to

proceed in forma pauperis, together with a complaint that alleges a violation of the

Electronic Fund Transfer Act and breach of contract against two entities. For the reasons

that follow, the undersigned recommends the sua sponte dismissal of Plaintiff’s complaint.

I. General Screening Authority

By separate Order issued this date, Plaintiff has been granted leave to proceed in

forma pauperis pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915. As a result, the complaint is now before the

Court for a sua sponte review to determine whether the complaint, or any portion of it,

should be dismissed because it is frivolous, malicious, fails to state a claim upon which

relief may be granted or seeks monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such

relief. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B).

Congress has authorized federal courts to dismiss an in forma pauperis complaint

if satisfied that the action is frivolous or malicious. Denton v. Hernandez, 504 U.S. 25, 31

(1992); see also 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i). A complaint may be dismissed as frivolous

when the plaintiff cannot make any claim with a rational or arguable basis in fact or law.

Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 328-29 (1989); see also Lawler v. Marshall, 898 F.2d

1196, 1198 (6th Cir. 1990). An action has no arguable legal basis when the defendant is

immune from suit or when plaintiff claims a violation of a legal interest which clearly does

not exist. Neitzke, 490 U.S. at 327.

Congress has also authorized the sua sponte dismissal of complaints which fail to

state a claim upon which relief may be granted. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii).

Although a plaintiff’s pro se complaint must be “liberally construed” and “held to less

stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers,” the complaint must “give

the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.”

Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93 (2007) (per curiam) (quoting Estelle v. Gamble, 429

U.S. 97, 106 (1976), and Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)

(internal citation and quotation omitted)). The complaint “must contain sufficient factual

matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft

v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570); see also Hill v.

Lappin, 630 F.3d 468, 470-71 (6th Cir. 2010) (“dismissal standard articulated in Iqbal and

Twombly governs dismissals for failure to state a claim” under §§ 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) and

1915A(b)(1)).

“A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows

the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct

alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). The Court must accept

all well-pleaded factual allegations as true, but need not “accept as true a legal conclusion

couched as a factual allegation.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (quoting Papasan v. Allain,

478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986)). Although a complaint need not contain “detailed factual

allegations,” it must provide “more than an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-

me accusation.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). A pleading

that offers “labels and conclusions” or “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause

of action will not do.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. Nor does a complaint suffice if it tenders

“naked assertion[s]” devoid of “further factual enhancement.” Id. at 557.

II. Analysis

Plaintiff’s complaint fails to contain sufficient factual content to state a plausible

claim against either Defendant under the Electronic Fund Transfer Act (“EFTA”). In

addition to recommending dismissal of the EFTA claims, the undersigned recommends

that the Court decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the state law breach of

contract claims.

A. Summary of Allegations

Plaintiff’s complaint alleges that she is a resident of Ohio. She alleges that

Defendant Chime Financial, Inc. (“Chime”) is a financial technology (“fintech”) company

incorporated in Delaware with a principal place of business in San Francisco, California,

and that Defendant The Bancorp Bank, N.A. (“Bancorp”) is a national bank with a principal

charter location in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. (Doc. 1-1, ¶¶ 3-5.) Although the parties are

diverse, Plaintiff alleges that the amount in controversy is only $4,500 – well below the

threshold required for diversity jurisdiction. But because Plaintiff asserts that the

Defendants violated federal law, she asserts the existence of federal question jurisdiction

under 28 U.S.C. § 1331.

Plaintiff alleges that on February 26, 2025, she initiated an electronic fund transfer

(“EFT”) “through Chime in the amount of $ 4,500,” but that the funds were never credited

to the intended recipient or returned to her account. (Id., ¶¶ 6-7.) Plaintiff does not identify

the intended recipient. Nor does Plaintiff identify which “account” the EFT was initiated

from, leaving it unclear whether the funds were transferred by Chime from a Chime

account or from a Bancorp account.

In any event, Plaintiff alleges that she “promptly notified Chime” through

“correspondence and calls” in an attempt to resolve the issue “but received no adequate

explanation or resolution.” (Id., ¶ 8.) She does not separately allege that she notified

Defendant Bancorp. Nevertheless, she alleges that both Defendants “failed to investigate

or resolve Plaintiff’s dispute within the time required” under 15 U.S.C. § 1693f. (Id., ¶ 9.)

And she alleges that both Defendants “engaged in prolonged delay, misleading

communication, and failed to recredit Plaintiff’s account.” (Id., ¶ 10.)

The complaint ends with two specific claims asserted against each of the two

Defendants (four claims in all). In Count 1, Plaintiff alleges that both Defendants violated

the EFTA by failing to conduct a timely good-faith investigation of her dispute, by failing

to provide a written explanation of the outcome of any investigation, and by failing to

recredit her account pending resolution. (Id., ¶ 13.) In Count 2, Plaintiff alleges that she

and both “Defendants had a contractual relationship via the Chime banking agreement,”

and that both Defendants “breached their obligations under that contract by failing to

process the transfer properly or return Plaintiff’s funds.” (Id., ¶ 16.)

B. Plaintiff’s Allegations Fail to State a Plausible EFTA Claim

Plaintiff’s allegations against both Defendants are filled with legal conclusions but

are so strikingly devoid of factual allegations to support those conclusions that they fail to

state any plausible claim under the EFTA. The recent case of Lumbus v. Huntington Bank,

No. 1:25-cv-190-PAB, 2025 WL 2391456 (N.D. Ohio Aug. 18, 2025), provides persuasive

guidance in evaluating the adequacy of Plaintiff’s allegations in this case. In Lumbus, a

pro se plaintiff alleged that he had notified his bank of unauthorized and fraudulent Zelle

transactions. He ultimately sued his bank as well as Early Warning Services, LLC

(“EWS”), a fintech company that operates the Zelle platform.

The court first dismissed the plaintiff’s claims against EWS on grounds that the

plaintiff had failed to plausibly allege that the fintech company was a “financial institution”

subject to the EFTA. Lumbus, 2025 WL 2391456, at *5. In the case presented, Plaintiff

alleges that Chime is a “financial technology company” but does not allege that it qualifies

as a “financial institution” that is subject to the EFTA.

The Lumbus court also pointed out that the plaintiff had failed to allege that he held

an “account” with the fintech company as that term is used in the EFTA, which is a

necessary predicate for any claim. Id. Similarly in this case, despite implying a relationship

with the Defendant Chime, Plaintiff never specifically alleges that she had an account with

either Defendant. To the contrary, in forma pauperis she application denies the existence

of a current account with either Defendant.1 And with respect to Defendant Bancorp, her

1Plaintiff’s in forma pauperis application declares under penalty of perjury that she does not have any

accounts with any “financial institution” other than a checking account with “Discover” that contains 78

cents. (Doc. 1, PageID 2.) In other words, as of August 29, 2025, Plaintiff affirmatively represents that she

does not have an account either with Chime or at Bancorp.

complaint alleges only that the bank “provides banking services to Chime customers.”

(Id., ¶ 5.)

Plaintiff alleges that she initiated an ETF transaction through Chime but offers no

other details, such as whether the transaction was to a third party or to Bancorp.2 She

alleges that she “promptly” notified Chime of a problem with the February transaction. But

other than a vague reference to “correspondence and calls,” she does not provide details

of the dates of such notice(s) or to whom notice was directed. And she fails to allege what

type- if any - notice she provided to Bancorp, or when.

Plaintiff’s conclusory allegations are insufficient to allege that she complied with

the EFTA notice provisions. In Lumbus, the court summarized those provisions.

“[T]he EFTA and its implementing regulation [Regulation E] contain specific

notice requirements with which the consumer must comply before the

financial institution is required to take action.” Ghalchi v. U.S. Bank, N.A.,

2015 WL 12655402 at *8 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 8, 2015). “Under the EFTA, a

financial institution has a duty to investigate alleged errors after the

consumer has given the institution notice of the error.” Hernandez v.

Rodriquez, 2014 WL 11515008 at *3 (D. Ariz. Apr. 30, 2014). “A complaint

that doesn't allege that a consumer provided timely notice doesn't state a

claim under the EFTA.” Beaman v. Bank of Am., N.A., 2024 WL 3219224

at *12 (D.N.J. June 28, 2024) (quoting In re Bank of Am. California

Unemployment Benefits Litig., 674 F. Supp. 3d 884, 906 (S.D. Cal. 2023)).

Thus, to state a claim under the EFTA for a failure to investigate an error

with a consumer's account, a plaintiff must plead facts indicating that he

complied with the EFTA's error resolution process under the EFTA and

Regulation E. See Savage v. Chase Bank, 2019 WL 4413053 at *2-3 (S.D.

Ohio Sept. 16, 2019) (citing Cifaldo v. BNY Mellon Inv. Serv. Trust Co., 2017

WL 6513342 at *1-2 (D. Nev. Dec. 19, 2017)) (“The EFTA contains an error

resolution process which obligates consumers to report transfer errors to

financial institutions within 60 days after having been transmitted the written

documentation containing the error.”). Additionally, under § 1693m(g) “any

action under this section may be brought in any United States district court,

2In the in forma pauperis application, Plaintiff provides additional context about the transaction. She states

in her application that she has been unable to work “[b]ecause Chime failed to return my $ 4,500 I was

unable to fix my vehicle and had to junk because City was going to tow it.” (Doc. 1 at PageID 5.) The

undersigned infers from that statement that the intended recipient may have been a third party automobile

repair shop. But it is equally possible that the ETF transfer was between Chime and Bancorp.

or in any other court of competent jurisdiction, within one year from the date

of the occurrence of the violation.” 15 U.S.C. § 1693m(g).

Lumbus, 2025 WL 2391456, at *7. In that case, the court granted the bank’s motion to

dismiss the plaintiff’s EFTA claim based on Lumbus’s failure to plead “sufficient facts

showing that he complied with the EFTA’s error resolution process or that Huntington

failed to investigate or credit his account.” Id., at *8.

Notably, the plaintiff in Lumbus provided far more factual support for his allegation

of notice to the bank than Plaintiff here. By attaching the bank’s communication, he

showed that he had provided notice within 60 days of the disputed transaction, and

confirmed that the bank was able to identify his name and account number. Id. Here, by

contrast, Plaintiff does not include any facts that her allegedly “prompt[]” oral or written

notice was in fact timely or adequate for each defendant to identify the disputed

transaction, including Plaintiff’s name and account number – even assuming that she held

accounts with each Defendant.

Despite his inclusion of allegations to support the inference that he had notified the

bank within the requisite 60 day period, the Lumbus court still dismissed the plaintiff’s

EFTA claims because Lumbus had failed to allege “which investigatory obligation under

12 C.F.R. § 1005.11(c) Huntington violated.” Lumbus, 2025 WL 2391456, at *9. As that

court explained, such factual details are important to provide fair notice to the bank of the

nature of the plaintiff’s claims beyond a mere “failure to investigate” under the EFTA.

[E]ach of those obligations depends on the financial institution's failure to

act within a certain timeframe. Without any pleading regarding the

timeliness of Huntington's investigations and reports after Lumbus provided

notice, the Complaint is devoid of facts showing that Huntington failed to

“investigate promptly[,]” “determine whether an error occurred within 10

business days of receiving a notice of error[,]” “report the results to the

consumer within three business days after completing its investigation,” or

“correct the error within one business day after determining that an error

occurred.” Id. § 1005.11(c)(1) (emphasis added).

Additionally, Lumbus's allegations do not support his conclusion that

Huntington failed to “adequately investigate the unauthorized Zelle

transactions[.]” …) Because the errors alleged by Lumbus were transfers to

third-parties (i.e., Woods, Elisha Harrison, Bernard Holcombe, and “Troy

jones”), and because the Complaint does not show that there was an

agreement between Huntington and any of those individuals regarding the

“type of electronic fund transfer involved,” Huntington's “review of its own

records” satisfied its obligations under 12 C.F.R. §§ 1005.11(c)(4)(i)-(ii) to

investigate the fraudulent transactions.

Id. (internal citations to the record and footnote omitted).

The Lumbus court also dismissed the plaintiff’s separate claim that the bank had

failed to credit his account based on the inadequacy of supporting factual allegations.

Lumbus also faults Huntington for its “refusal to credit Plaintiff's account[,]”

but Huntington's obligation to “correct the error” by crediting his account

under § 1005.11(c)(1) would only have arisen “after determining that an

error occurred[,]” yet Lumbus alleges that Huntington found that an error did

not occur, and he merely disputes the accuracy of Huntington's conclusion.

…Additionally, Huntington's obligation to extend provisional credit to

Lumbus under § 1005.11(c)(2) would only have been triggered “if the

financial institution is unable to complete its investigation within 10 business

days” after it received notice, but as noted above, Lumbus has not alleged

that Huntington took longer than ten (10) days to investigate or otherwise

failed to timely investigate an alleged error. Id. § 1005.11(c)(1)-(2).

Id., 2025 WL 2391456, at *10.

In the instant case, Plaintiff provides far less information and factual support for

her EFTA claims against either Defendant than did the plaintiff in Lumbus. She alleges

only that she “received no adequate explanation or resolution” from Chime after notifying

Chime of her dispute, and that both Defendants “failed to investigate or resolve” her

dispute “within the time required” under the EFTA. *Doc. 1-1, ¶¶ 8-9). And she generally

charges – without including any factual details - that both Defendants “engaged in

prolonged delay, misleading communication, and failed to recredit” her unspecified

“account.” (Id., ¶ 10). In short, Plaintiff’s complaint consists of little more than “a formulaic

recitation of the elements of a cause of action” under EFTA, and therefore fails to state a

plausible claim. See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555.

C. The Court Should Decline Supplemental Jurisdiction Over State Law

Claim

At least arguably, Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim against both Defendants is

equally devoid of factual support. But even assuming that Plaintiff’s sparse allegations

are sufficient to state a breach of contract claim against each of the two Defendants, such

claims would arise only under state law.

As previously discussed, the Court lacks diversity jurisdiction because the amount

in controversy is only $4,500.00. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332. In light of the recommended

dismissal of the sole federal claim on which jurisdiction is based under 28 U.S.C. § 1331,

the undersigned recommends that the Court decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction

over any related breach of contract claims. See, generally, 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3). In the

interests of justice, dismissal of Plaintiff’s state law claims should be without prejudice.

III. Conclusion and Recommendation

Plaintiff’s complaint fails to state a claim. Accordingly, IT IS RECOMMENDED

THAT Plaintiff's EFTA claim(s) be dismissed with prejudice pursuant to 28 U.S.C.

§1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. IT IS

FURTHER RECOMMENDED THAT Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim(s) be dismissed

without prejudice for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

s/Stephanie K. Bowman _________

Stephanie K. Bowman

United States Chief Magistrate Judge

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO

WESTERN DIVISION

KAYLA HUBBARD, Case No. 1:25-cv-632

Plaintiff, Cole, J.

Bowman, M.J.

v.

CHIME FINANCIAL, INC. et al.,

Defendants.

NOTICE

Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b), any party may serve and file specific, written

objections to this Report & Recommendation (“R&R”) within FOURTEEN (14) DAYS of

the filing date of this R&R. That period may be extended further by the Court on timely

motion by either side for an extension of time. All objections shall specify the portion(s)

of the R&R objected to, and shall be accompanied by a memorandum of law in support

of the objections. A party shall respond to an opponent’s objections within FOURTEEN

(14) DAYS after being served with a copy of those objections. Failure to make objections

in accordance with this procedure may forfeit rights on appeal. See Thomas v. Arn, 474

U.S. 140 (1985); United States v. Walters, 638 F.2d 947 (6th Cir. 1981).