Marrow v. E. R. Carpenter Company, Inc. d/b/a Carpenter Co.

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA

TAMPA DIVISION

SAROYA MARROW, individually and

on behalf of all others similarly situated,

Plaintiff,

v. Case No. 8:23-cv-02959-KKM-LSG

E.R. CARPENTER COMPANY, INC.,

d/b/a CARPENTER CO.,

Defendant.

___________________________________

ORDER

Saroya Marrow alleges that E.R. Carpenter Co., her former employer, failed

to provide a sufficient notice of continuing healthcare coverage, in violation of the

Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), as amended by the

Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 (COBRA). Am. Compl.

(Doc. 14). Marrow moves to certify this case as a class action. Mot. for Class

Certification (MCC) (Doc. 48). For the below reasons, I deny Marrow’s motion.

I. BACKGROUND

Marrow was employed by Carpenter until March 9, 2022, when she was

terminated for reasons other than gross misconduct. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 24–25. While

she was employed, Marrow obtained medical insurance for herself under Carpenter’s

health plan. ¶ 24; (Doc. 53-3) at 2.1 Because Carpenter sponsors and administers

a health plan for its more than twenty employees, Am. Compl ¶ 7, it must, under

COBRA, provide “each qualified beneficiary who would lose coverage under the

plan as a result of a qualifying event,” which includes termination for reasons other

than gross misconduct, with the choice “to elect, within the election period,

continuation coverage under the plan,” 29 U.S.C. §§ 1161(a), 1163(2). This notice

must be issued in “accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary [of

Labor].” § 1166(a); 29 C.F.R. § 2590.606-4.

Carpenter mailed Marrow a COBRA notice about a week after her

termination, Am. Compl. ¶ 27; Notice (Doc. 14-1), but Marrow alleges that

Carpenter failed, for more than one reason, to comply with the governing

1 Marrow alleges that she obtained medical insurance for “herself and dependents.” Am.

Compl. ¶ 24. She states the same in her declaration. Marrow Decl. (Doc. 48-5) ¶ 3.

But in her application form, Marrow elected coverage only for herself. (Doc. 53-3) at

2.

regulations, , Am. Compl. ¶¶ 19, 38–56. As a result of Carpenter’s non-

compliance, Marrow alleges that she did not elect COBRA coverage and suffered

both economic and informational injuries. ¶¶ 20–23, 31–33.

So Marrow sued. Am. Compl. After I denied a motion to dismiss premised

on lack of standing and failure to state a claim for relief, MTD Order (Doc. 30),

Marrow now moves to certify this case as a class action, MCC. Carpenter responds

in opposition. Resp. (Doc. 52).

II. LEGAL STANDARD

“Before a district court may grant a motion for class certification, a plaintiff

seeking to represent a proposed class must establish that the proposed class is

‘adequately defined and clearly ascertainable.’ ” , 691

F.3d 1302, 1304 (11th Cir. 2012) (quoting , 433 F.2d 733,

734 (5th Cir. 1970)). A district court must also find that the named plaintiffs have

standing. , 73 F.4th 883, 888 (11th Cir.

2023) (“We start from the basic principle that at the class certification stage only the

named plaintiffs need have standing.”).

If a plaintiff satisfies these prerequisites, she must then “must affirmatively

demonstrate [her] compliance with” Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23.

, 564 U.S. 338, 350 (2011). First, she must satisfy Rule 23(a)’s

requirements: “numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequate representation.”

at 349. “Second, the proposed class must satisfy at least one of the three

requirements listed in Rule 23(b).” at 345.

III. ANALYSIS

Standing issues prevent certification of a class action in this case.

A. Marrow May Lack Standing

To satisfy Article III, only the named plaintiff needs standing.

, 942 F.3d 1259, 1264 (11th Cir. 2019). To have standing, a

“plaintiff must show (1) an injury in fact, (2) fairly traceable to the challenged

conduct of the defendant, (3) that is likely to be redressed by the requested relief.”

, 596 U.S. 289, 296 (2022). I previously concluded,

based on the allegations in her amended complaint, that Marrow adequately alleges

all three elements. MTD Order at 9–13; , 504 U.S.

555, 561 (1992) (“At the pleading stage, general factual allegations of injury resulting

from the defendant’s conduct may suffice, for on a motion to dismiss we presume

that general allegations embrace those specific facts that are necessary to support the

claim.” (alteration adopted) (quotation omitted)).

At the class certification stage, though, “ ‘it may be necessary for the court to

probe behind the pleadings’ to assess standing.” , 73 F.4th at 891

(quoting , 457 U.S. 147, 160 (1982)); , 564

U.S. at 350 (explaining that a “party seeking class certification” must “prove” her

compliance with Rule 23). For example, when “the facts developed in discovery

firmly contradict the allegation[s] in the complaint,” the district court cannot “rely

on the complaint’s factual allegation[s].” , 73 F.4th at 891. Here,

some of the facts developed in discovery contradict Marrow’s allegations.

In her amended complaint, Marrow alleges both informational and economic

injuries. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 21–23, 31, 32–36. Precedent makes clear that

informational injury alone is insufficient to convey standing.

, 594 U.S. 413, 442 (2021) (“An ‘asserted informational injury that causes

no adverse effects cannot satisfy Article III.’ ” (quoting

, 964 F.3d 990, 1004 (11th Cir. 2020));

, 595 F. Supp. 3d 1183, 1192 (M.D. Fla. 2022) (“To establish a concrete harm

under an informational injury theory, a party asserting federal jurisdiction must show

both that the plaintiff’s injury was ‘real’ (that there were ‘downstream consequences’)

and that Congress made it ‘legally cognizable’ by seeking to ameliorate the plaintiff’s

harm through a statute.” (quotation omitted)).

Marrow, though, also alleges some downstream consequences, namely loss of

insurance and resulting medical bills. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 22–23, 31–36. These

allegations sufficed at the pleadings stage, MTD Order at 10 (“This alleged

pocketbook injury qualifies as an injury-in-fact.”), but evidence revealed during

discovery has called them into question.

First, Marrow testified that she was on Medicaid after Carpenter terminated

her and until she next received employment. Marrow Dep. (Doc. 53-1) at 11:11–

17. Second, although Marrow alleges that at least one of her daughters lost health

insurance as a result of Carpenter’s notice, Am. Compl. ¶ 32, and has since stated

the same in a declaration, Marrow Decl. ¶¶ 11–12, other evidence indicates that

Marrow never “enroll[ed] her daughters in Carpenter’s health coverage in the first

place,” Resp. at 5 n.4; (Doc. 53-3) at 2; (Doc. 53-4) at 2. Third, in her amended

complaint, Marrow alleges that her dentist “cancelled [Marrow] because she had to

request a refund of pre-emptively paid co-pays for upcoming procedures that she

then had to cancel due to not having medical coverage.” Am. Compl. ¶ 36. But

Marrow’s dental records do not demonstrate that she cancelled any procedures after

Carpenter terminated her. (Doc. 53-2) at 5–6.

Finally, beyond a conclusory statement in her declaration, Marrow has failed

to produce any tangible evidence of increased medical expenses. Marrow Decl.

¶ 11 (“As a result [of not electing COBRA], we lost our health insurance coverage.

I incurred out-of-pocket medical expenses due to this loss.”). In her amended

complaint, Marrow alleges that she “incurred significant medicals bills . . . related to

her hospitalization for liver problems,” Am. Compl. ¶ 33, but Carpenter represents

that Marrow has not produced proof of these bills, Resp. at 4. The same appears

to be true concerning other alleged expenses too, such as the cost of her

“hospitalization during the eighteen months following her termination . . . and

treatment for her ongoing chronic condition.” Am. Compl. ¶ 35. Marrow’s

deposition testimony on this subject is not all that clear, Marrow Dep. at 30:14–

31:25, and there is no documentary evidence of these expenses. Marrow also refers

to other hospital visits during her deposition, at 32:1–36:8, but the record

does not include any evidence concerning these visits either.

Even assuming that Marrow was injured in fact, questions remain about

traceability. Marrow claims four problems with the notice. Taken on its own,

Marrow does not demonstrate that any injury-in-fact is traceable to the first issue,

which concerns the notice’s omission of a specific due date for the decision to elect

continuation coverage and the notice’s creation of a shortened election period.

Am. Compl. ¶¶ 42–44.2 Marrow fails to explain, in the light of the fact that she

never attempted to elect continuation coverage, how the notice’s errors in this regard

caused her stated injuries. MTD Order at 12; , 60

F.4th 642, 650 (11th Cir. 2023) (“[W]e have held traceability to be lacking if the

plaintiff ‘would have been injured in precisely the same way’ without the defendant’s

alleged misconduct.” (quoting , 942 F.3d at 1272)).

In the order denying Carpenter’s motion to dismiss, I concluded that Marrow

plausibly alleges traceability because she alleges that her injuries are traceable to the

notice’s misarticulation of the due dates combined with the rest of the alleged issues

with the notice. MTD Order at 12–13. Two of those issues, though—the

notice’s description of the cost of continuation coverage and the notice’s description

of the qualified beneficiaries—are not issues at all. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 52–55; MTD

Order at 14–15 (concluding that these allegations “conflict with the notice itself”).

2 Marrow also alleges that, for the same reasons, the notice was not “written in a manner

calculated to be understood by the average plan participant.” 29 C.F.R. § 2590.606-4(b)(4);

Am. Compl. ¶ 56.

Also, beyond conclusory statements of confusion, Marrow does not explain why

these provisions prevented her from electing COBRA coverage. Marrow Dep. at

19:2–21:9.

Marrow’s final issue with the notice is that it provides conflicting information

as to when, if she wanted to elect continuation coverage, her first payment would be

due. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 49–51. The notice first informs its reader that a check

must be sent with the election form. Notice at 4 (“A check for the first month of

Cobra must be sent with your election form.”). But the notice later provides the

opposite. at 5 (“If you elect continuation coverage, you do not have to send any

payment with the Election Form.”). Marrow testified, though, that she had the

necessary funds to send payment with her election form. Marrow Dep. at 25:24–

26:24. This testimony casts doubt on Marrow’s assertion that the notice’s

contradictory statements caused her not to elect continuation coverage.

Further casting doubt on Marrow’s traceability argument is the fact that she

consulted with counsel about the COBRA notice before Carpenter sent it.

at 16:21–24 (Marrow testifying that she spoke with her lawyers on the day she was

fired). This conversation suggests that Marrow may have already been aware of her

COBRA rights before she received the notice.

In all, some of the facts developed in discovery suggest that Marrow lacks

standing. Although not necessary to decide this motion in the light of Marrow’s

failure to prove predominance, Marrow must prove her standing before this action

may proceed. , 236 F.3d 1292, 1299 (11th Cir. 2001)

(explaining that a court “should itself raise the question of subject matter jurisdiction

at any point in the litigation where a doubt about jurisdiction arises”);

, 254 F. Supp. 2d 1250, 1252 (M.D. Fla. 2003) (“When standing is

challenged on a factual basis, the plaintiff must demonstrate that standing exists by

a preponderance of the evidence.”); , 504 U.S. at 561.

B. Individualized Standing Issues Precludes Certification

Marrow seeks certification of a class under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure

23(b)(3). MCC at 2, 20. Marrow must therefore show, among other things, that

“the questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any

questions affecting only individual members.” FED. R. CIV. P. 23(b)(3). This inquiry

“tests whether proposed classes are sufficiently cohesive to warrant adjudication by

representation.” , 521 U.S. 591, 623 (1997).

Determining predominance requires “a pragmatic assessment of the entire

action and all the issues involved.” , 568 F.3d 1350,

1357 (11th Cir. 2009) (quotation omitted). “Common issues of fact and law

predominate if they ‘have a direct impact on every class member’s effort to establish

liability and on every class member’s entitlement to injunctive and monetary relief.’ ”

, 576 F.3d 1183, 1191 (11th Cir. 2009) (alteration

adopted) (quoting , 382 F.3d 1241, 1255 (11th Cir. 2004)).

Common issues do “not predominate over individual questions if, as a practical

matter, the resolution of an overarching common issue breaks down into an

unmanageable variety of individual legal and factual issues.” (alteration adopted)

(quoting , 95 F.3d 1014, 1023 (11th Cir. 1996)).

“Every class member must have Article III standing in order to recover

individual damages.” , 594 U.S. at 431;

, 577 U.S. 442, 466 (2016) (Roberts, C.J., concurring) (“Article III does

not give federal courts the power to order relief to any uninjured plaintiff, class action

or not.”). This does not mean, under current precedent, “that a court is required to

ensure that the class definition does not include any individuals who do not have

standing before certifying a class.” , 942 F.3d at 1276 (emphasis omitted).

, 605 U.S. 327, 332 (2025)

(Kavanaugh, J., dissenting from dismissal of certiorari as improvidently granted)

(“Federal courts may not certify a damages class under Rule 23 when, as here, the

proposed class includes both injured and uninjured class members.”). But it does

mean that, at least in some cases, a district court must consider individualized

standing issues when considering whether Rule 23(b)(3)’s predominance factor is

satisfied. , 942 F.3d at 1277 (“[I]n this case the district court must

consider under Rule 23(b)(3) before certification whether the individualized issue of

standing will predominate over the common issues in the case, when it appears that

a large portion of the class does not have standing, . . . and making that

determination for these members of the class will require individualized inquiries.”);

, 568 F.3d at 1358 (explaining that a district court must consider, in

conducting a predominance inquiry, “how the class will prove causation and injury

and whether those elements will be subject to class-wide proof”).

Marrow proposes a nationwide class and, in the alternative, a Florida class.

The two classes are defined as:

•

All participants and beneficiaries in the Defendant’s Health Plan

who: (1) were sent a COBRA notice by Defendant, in the form

attached to this Motion as Exhibit C, during the applicable four-

year statute of limitations period as a result of a qualifying event,

as determined by Defendant, and (2) did not elect continuation

coverage.

•

All Florida participants and beneficiaries in the Defendant’s

Health Plan who: (1) were sent a COBRA notice by Defendant,

in the form attached to this Motion as Exhibit C, during the

applicable four-year statute of limitations period as a result of a

qualifying event, as determined by Defendant, and (2) did not

elect continuation coverage.

MCC at 3. There are “thousands of nationwide class members and hundreds of

Florida class members.” at 12. The individualized standing issues within either

proposed class prevents certification under Rule 23(b)(3).

For each class member, I will have to determine whether they suffered an

injury-in-fact as the result of not electing continuation coverage. This will require

review of insurance records and medical expenses for each and every class member.

, 594 U.S. at 442 (“An ‘asserted informational injury that causes no

adverse effects cannot satisfy Article III.’ ” (quoting , 964 F.3d at 1004)). It

is quite possible that, for many class members, the decision not to elect continuation

coverage did not result in any cognizable injury. Resp. at 18 (hypothesizing that

some class members “obtained health insurance through their spouse, new

employment, or the marketplace,” or did not “need new coverage”).

I will also have to determine, assuming some class members suffered an injury-

in-fact, whether the alleged deficiencies in Carpenter’s notice caused the injuries.

, 60 F.4th at 650 (“A plaintiff must at least demonstrate causation

between his injuries and the defendant’s misconduct.” (emphasis in the original)).

This will require inquiry into the reason each class member declined to elect

continuation coverage. Resp. at 19 (“Each class member would have to rely on

individualized proof to establish a causal nexus between the few allegedly deficient

sentences in Carpenter’s notice and any injury the member allegedly suffered.”).

Some class members, may, for example, have not elected continuation coverage

because it was too expensive, not because of any technical deficiency with the notice.

Answering these questions would require each plaintiff to “provide some

individualized proof that they have standing.” , 942 F.3d at 1275. In other

words, before awarding relief, I would have to conduct hundreds, if not thousands,

of individualized mini trials on the first two elements of the standing test. at 1274

(“[A]t some point before it can award relief, the district court will have to

determine whether each member of the class has standing. That is an individualized

issue.”).3 This means that, contrary to Marrow’s contention, issues common to the

3 This is especially true given the lack of evidence suggesting that any class member has

standing. , 737 F. Supp. 3d 1314, 1332

(M.D. Fla. 2024) (“[I]t seems quite likely that few members of the proposed class could

establish standing when all was said and done.”).

class—mainly whether the COBRA notice complied with the governing law—do

not predominate over individual questions. Even after “adjudication of the classwide

issues,” each plaintiff would still have to “introduce a great deal of individualized

proof [and] argue a number of individualized legal points.”

, 564 F.3d 1256, 1270 (11th Cir. 2009) (quoting , 382 F.3d at 1255).

Accordingly, predominance is lacking. It follows that Rule 23(b)(3)’s other factor,

superiority, is also absent. , 382 F.3d at 1269 (“[W]hen there are no

predominant common issues of law or fact, class treatment would be either singularly

inefficient or unjust.” (omission adopted) (quotation omitted)).4

IV. CONCLUSION

Marrow fails to convince, on the current record, that she has Article III

standing. She also fails to demonstrate that issues common to either proposed class

predominate over individualized standing issues.

Accordingly, the following is ORDERED:

1. No later than September 2, 2025, Marrow must submit evidence

proving that she has standing to sue.

4 As a result of this conclusion, I do not need to consider Carpenter’s other arguments in

opposition to Marrow’s motion.

2. Marrow’s Motion for Class Certification (Doc. 48) is DENIED.

ORDERED in Tampa, Florida, August 18, 2025.

pate oe Mizelle

United States District Judge

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