Davis v. Bonner

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE

WESTERN DIVISION

DURRELL JORDAN DAVIS, )

)

Plaintiff,

)

) Civ. No. 2:24-cv-02585-SHM-tmp

v.

)

)

FLOYD BONNER, JR., ET AL.,

)

Defendants. )

O RDER GRANTING MOTION TO AMEND COMPLAINT (ECF NO. 13)

DISMISSING THE CONSOLIDATED COMPLAINT (ECF NOS. 2, 8, 11, 12,

15, 16, 17, 18, 19 & 21) WITHOUT PREJUDICE;

DIRECTING DAVIS TO FILE AN AMENDED COMPLAINT ON THE

OFFICIAL FORM;

DENYING PENDING MOTIONS (ECF NOS. 9 & 10);

AND DIRECTING CLERK TO SEND FORM TO DAVIS

On August 15, 2024, Plaintiff Durrell Jordan Davis (“Davis”) filed: (1) a pro se civil

complaint pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (ECF No. 2); and (2) an Application to Proceed in District

Court Without Prepaying Fees or Costs and a certified trust fund account statement (ECF No. 3

(the “IFP Motion”)). When David filed the complaint, he was confined at the Shelby County Jail

(the “SCJ”), in Memphis, Tennessee, and was assigned Tennessee Department of Correction

prisoner number 20112404. (ECF No. 2 at PageID 3; ECF No. 2-1 at PageID 6.) On October 9,

2024, the Court granted leave to proceed in forma pauperis and assessed the three hundred and

fifty dollar ($350.00) filing fee in accordance with the Prison Litigation Reform Act, 28 U.S.C. §§

1915, et seq. (the “PLRA”). (ECF No. 6.)

The complaint (ECF No. 2), Davis’s proposed amended complaints (ECF Nos. 8, 11, 12,

15, 16, 17, 18, 19 & 21), and Davis’s pending motions (ECF Nos. 9, 10 & 13) are before the Court.

For the purpose of screening Davis’s claims under § 1983 pursuant to the PLRA, the complaint

(ECF No. 2) and the proposed amended complaints (ECF Nos. 8, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 & 21)

are CONSOLIDATED as the Consolidated Complaint. For the reasons explained below: (1) the

Consolidated Complaint (ECF Nos. 2, 8, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 & 21) is DISMISSED

WITHOUT PREJUDICE; (2) the motion for leave to amend (ECF No. 13) is GRANTED; (3)

Davis is DIRECTED to file an amended complaint on the proper form complaint for claims under

§ 1983; and (4) all other pending motions (ECF Nos. 9 & 10) are DENIED WITHOUT

PREJUDICE.

I. BACKGROUND

In the complaint, Davis alleges that he “was made aware by federal tarnished badge

taskforce offices that I was a victim of civil rights violations due to detectives and/or officers

employed by the Shelby County Sheriff’s Office giving my personal information, addresses and

social security number.” (ECF No. 1 at PageID 3.) In the complaint, Davis sues: (1) Sheriff Floyd

Bonner, Jr.; (2) Detective John Doe #1; (3) Detective John Doe #2; and (4) Shelby County,

Tennessee. (Id. at PageID 1-2.) Davis seeks: (1) “disclos[ur]e [of] all information about this to

be disclosed to me”; (2) “reimbursement for the debts due to the detectives giving out my

information”; and (3) “compensat[ion] for the pain and suffering this has caused my family and

I.” (Id. at PageID 4.)

On November 12, 2024, Davis filed: (1) a motion seeking appointment of counsel (ECF

No. 9 at PageID 23-24); and (2) a proposed amended complaint, alleging additional facts about

“detectives and/or officers employed at the Shelby County Sheriff’s Office providing confidential

information concerning me to people who had contracts out to kill me. The information was meant

to aid them in harming me.” (ECF No. 8 at PageID 18.)

On December 2, 2024, Davis filed: (1) a motion for an “order to show cause for a

preliminary injunction and a temporary restraining order […] enjoining the Defendants […] from

moving Plaintiff from Shelby County Criminal Justice Center away from Sheriff Officers to ensure

his safety” (ECF No. 10 at PageID 26); and (2) another proposed amended complaint, alleging

additional facts about “breach of trust [by] public officials” and “identity theft” (ECF No. 11 at

PageID 29-31; ECF No. 12 at PageID 34).

On December 3, 2024, Davis filed a “motion for leave to file an amended complaint.”

(ECF No. 13.) Davis alleges generally that “since the filing of the complaint[,] the Plaintiff has

learned about new relief that can be requested that will help his case move forward in a better

manner.” (Id. at PageID 36.)

On December 4, 2025, Davis filed another proposed amended complaint, seeking to: (1)

add the Shelby County Sheriff’s Office as a Defendant, (2) allege additional facts about Sheriff

Bonner, Detective John Doe #1, and Detective John Doe #2 being “legally responsible for the civil

rights violations” and “breach of trust by public official, negligence, identity theft, physical injury,

and pain and suffering”, and (3) add claims for declaratory relief, injunctive relief, compensatory

damages, punitive damages, and costs of suit. (ECF No. 15 at PageID 40-44.)

On December 5, 2025, Davis filed another proposed amended complaint, “request[ing] to

drop Shelby County Sheriff’s Office as a Defendant and remove the Sheriff’s Office from [the]

Defendant Section in [the] amended complaint.” (ECF No. 16 at PageID 47.)

On January 2, 2025, Davis filed another proposed amended complaint, seeking to (1)

“drop[] […] the Shelby County Sheriff’s Office as a Defendant” and (2) sue Bonner, Detective #1,

Detective #2 and Shelby County in their official and individual capacities. (ECF No. 17 at PageID

49-50.)

On January 24, 2025, Davis submitted two handwritten pages of factual allegations about

the Defendants’ “deliberate indifference,” “failure to properly hire, train, supervise, monitor and

discipline officers of the Shelby County Sheriff’s Office,” and “civil right violations.” (ECF No.

18 at PageID 52; ECF No. 19 at PageID .)

On May 19, 2025, Davis filed another proposed amended complaint, seeking to add a

“supplemental claim” on behalf of Davis and other detainees at the SCJ regarding “several life-

threatening policies and customs that are carried out by the correctional officers.” (ECF No. 21 at

PageID 59 (alleging unconstitutional conditions of confinement due to lockdown, insufficient

shower duration, cell overcapacity, medical care deprivation, and inadequate grievance process).)

II. SCREENING

A. LEGAL STANDARD

The Court must screen prisoner complaints and dismiss any complaint, or any portion of

it, if the complaint —

(1) is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted; or

(2) seeks monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief.

28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b); see also 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B).

In assessing whether the complaint states a claim on which relief may be granted, the Court

applies the standards under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), as stated in Ashcroft v. Iqbal,

556 U.S. 662, 677–79 (2009), in Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555–57 (2007),

and in Hill v. Lappin, 630 F.3d 468, 470–71 (6th Cir. 2010). Applying those standards, the Court

accepts the complaint’s “well-pleaded” factual allegations as true and then determines whether the

allegations “plausibly suggest an entitlement to relief.” Williams v. Curtin, 631 F.3d 380, 383 (6th

Cir. 2011) (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 681). The Court does not assume that conclusory allegations

are true, because they are not “factual,” and all legal conclusions in a complaint “must be supported

by factual allegations.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8 provides

guidance on this issue. Rule 8 requires a complaint to contain “a short and plain statement of the

claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” It also requires factual allegations to make a

“ ‘showing,’ rather than a blanket assertion, of entitlement to relief.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555

n.3.

Courts screening cases accord more deference to pro se complaints than to those drafted

by lawyers. “Pro se complaints are to be held ‘to less stringent standards than formal pleadings

drafted by lawyers,’ and should therefore be liberally construed.” Williams, 631 F.3d at

383 (quoting Martin v. Overton, 391 F.3d 710, 712 (6th Cir. 2004)). Pro se litigants are not exempt

from the requirements of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Wells v. Brown, 891 F.2d 591, 594

(6th Cir. 1989); see also Brown v. Matauszak, 415 F. App’x 608, 612, 613 (6th Cir.

2011) (affirming dismissal of pro se complaint for failure to comply with “unique pleading

requirements” and stating “a court cannot ‘create a claim which [a plaintiff] has not spelled out in

his pleading’ ” (quoting Clark v. Nat’l Travelers Life Ins. Co., 518 F.2d 1167, 1169 (6th Cir.

1975))).

B. REQUIREMENTS TO STATE A CLAIM UNDER 42 U.S.C. § 1983

Davis alleges claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. (ECF No. 2 at PageID 2.) To state a claim

under § 1983, a plaintiff must allege two elements: (1) a deprivation of rights secured by the

“Constitution and laws” of the United States, and (2) that a defendant caused harm while acting

under color of state law. Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 150 (1970).

III. ANALYSIS

The Consolidated Complaint does not set forth coherently the constitutional claims that

Davis alleges against each Defendant. Davis does not identify the injuries that he incurred because

of alleged misconduct by specific Defendants on particular dates. Instead, Davis has submitted

twenty-seven pages of vague generalizations about, for example, “civil rights violations, breach of

trust by public official, and identity theft”; varying lists of Defendants; inconsistent requests for

relief; and proposed joinder of new plaintiffs. (See ECF No. 2 (four pages); ECF No. 8 (six pages);

ECF No. 11 (three pages); ECF No. 12 (one page); ECF No. 15 (six pages); ECF No. 16 (one

page); ECF No. 17 (one page); ECF No. 18 (two pages); ECF No. 19 (one page); ECF No. 21 (two

pages).) From those varying facts, party lists, and requested relief, Davis relies on the Court to

elucidate Davis’s legal claims for him. The Consolidated Complaint is not well taken.

Here, the Consolidated Complaint’s twenty-seven pages of generalizations about “civil

rights violations, breach of trust by public official, and identity theft” are not clear and concise

claims that comply with Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a). The Consolidated Complaint’s disjointed and

inconsistent presentation of claims, Defendants, and requested relief effectively asks the Court to

identify for Davis his legal claims and their supporting facts. The Court cannot do so. See Brown,

415 F. App’x at 612-13.

The Consolidated Complaint fails to comply with Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a) and lacks

sufficiently-alleged claims for the Court to screen pursuant to the PLRA. The Consolidated

Complaint (ECF Nos. 2, 8, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 & 21) is DISMISSED WITHOUT

PREJUDICE. The motion to amend (ECF No. 13) is GRANTED. Davis is DIRECTED to file

an amended complaint on the proper form, pursuant to the conditions set forth below.

IV. THE MOTION FOR COUNSEL

Davis seeks appointment of an attorney because: (1) Davis “is unable to afford counsel”

(ECF No. 9 at PageID 23); and (2) Davis’s “imprisonment will greatly limit his ability to litigate.

The issues involved in this case are complex and will require significant research and investigation.

Plaintiff has extremely limited access to the law library” (id.); and (3) “[a] trial in this case will

likely involve conflicting testimony and counsel would better enable plaintiff to present evidence

and cross-examine witnesses.” (Id. at PageID 24.) The motion does not warrant the relief Davis

seeks.

“The court may request an attorney to represent any person unable to afford counsel,” see

28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(1), but “[t]here is no constitutional or ... statutory right to counsel in federal

civil cases.” Farmer v. Haas, 990 F.2d 319, 323 (7th Cir. 1993); accord Lanier v. Bryant, 332

F.3d 999, 1006 (6th Cir. 2003). The appointment of counsel in a civil proceeding is a privilege

justified only in exceptional circumstances. Lavado v. Keohane, 992 F.2d 601, 605–06 (6th Cir.

1993). Appointment of counsel is not appropriate when a pro se litigant’s claims are frivolous or

when his chances of success are slim. Id.

The decision to appoint counsel for an indigent litigant in a civil case is a matter vested

within the broad discretion of the Court. Childs v. Pellegrin, 822 F.2d 1384 (6th Cir. 1987); see

also Lavado, 992 F.2d at 604-05. To determine whether there are exceptional circumstances, a

court examines the pleadings and documents to assess the merits of the claims, the complexity of

the case, the pro se litigant’s prior efforts to retain counsel, and his ability to present the claims.

Henry v. City of Detroit Manpower Dep’t, 763 F.2d 757, 760 (6th Cir. 1985); see also Kilgo v.

Ricks, 983 F.2d 189, 193 (11th Cir. 1993) (“The key [to determining whether there are exceptional

circumstances] is whether the pro se litigant needs help in presenting the essential merits of his or

her position to the court. Where the facts and issues are simple, he or she usually will not need

such help”).

Davis’s method of pleading his legal claims and the supporting facts fails to comply with

Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a). The Consolidated Complaint nevertheless attempts to assert claims that come

within § 1983, a well-settled area of law.

That Davis has no formal legal education is not an exceptional circumstance that warrants

the appointment of counsel in a civil case. See Howard v. Dougan, No. 99-2232, 2000 WL

876770, at *2 (6th Cir. June 23, 2000) (“The district court had no duty to remedy [Plaintiff’s] lack

of legal training by appointing counsel, as no constitutional right to counsel exists in a civil case”)

(citing Lavado, 992 F.2d at 605-06). Like all prisoners proceeding pro se before the Court, Davis

must familiarize himself with, and follow, the Court’s Local Rules and the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure. See Howard, 2000 WL 876770, at *2.

To the extent Davis seeks appointment of counsel because he is incarcerated, his argument

is unpersuasive. Davis’s “imprisonment” (ECF No. 9 at PageID 23) is typical, not exceptional.

See Murray v. Giarratano, 492 U.S. 1, 7 (1989) (pro se litigant); Richmond v. Settles, 450 F.

App’x 448, 452-53 (6th Cir. 2011) (indigent litigant); Vasser v. Anderson Cnty. Det. Ctr. Doctor,

No. 3:24-cv-257, 2024 WL 3297341, at *1 (E.D. Tenn. July 3, 2024) (“Plaintiff’s allegations

regarding his incarceration, self-representation, and lack of an attorney are typical of prisoner

plaintiffs”); Dalton v. Murfreesboro Police Dep’t, No. 3:18-cv-0402, 2018 WL 3438777, at *1

(M.D. Tenn. July 17, 2018) (inmates are typically indigent and untrained pro se litigants) (citation

omitted).

To the extent Davis seeks appointment of counsel based on his vague statement about

“limited access” to the prison law library (ECF No. 9 at PageID 23), Davis’s argument is

unpersuasive. The complete denial of access to a law library, in the absence of any other form of

legal assistance, would constitute a deprivation of the right of access to the courts. See Simmons

v. United States, 974 F.3d 791, 795 (6th Cir. 2020); see also Lanier, 332 F.3d at

1006 (quoting Archie v. Christian, 812 F.2d 250, 253 (5th Cir. 1987)). Davis does not provide the

facts necessary for the Court to evaluate meaningfully Davis’s claim about “limited access” to the

library. (See ECF No. 9 at PageID 23.) For example, Davis does not allege: (1) when he sought

access to the prison law library; (2) the purpose for which he sought access to the law library; (3)

the identity of the person(s) who denied him access and the reasons given; or (4) whether the jail

provides access to other forms of legal assistance, such as jailhouse lawyers. These factors are

important because prisons may place reasonable restrictions on inmates’ access to a law library.

Prisons may forgo providing a law library entirely in favor of providing other forms of legal

assistance. Walker v. Mintzes, 771 F.2d 920, 931-32 (6th Cir. 1985). Absent answers to the

foregoing questions, the Court cannot determine whether Davis’s alleged “limited access” is: (1)

a constitutional deprivation; (2) merely the product of reasonable restrictions on law library use;

or (3) a choice to replace law library access with other forms of legal assistance.

The motion seeking appointment of counsel (ECF No. 9) is unpersuasive. Davis does not

demonstrate exceptional circumstances warranting appointment of counsel. The motion (ECF No.

9) is DENIED WITHOUT PREJUDICE, subject to Davis’s right to re-file a motion for

appointment of counsel if the case proceeds.

V. CONCLUSION

For these reasons explained above:

A. The Consolidated Complaint (ECF Nos. 2, 8, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 & 21) is

DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE for failure to allege facts stating a claim to relief as

required by Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a).

B. The motion to amend the complaint (ECF No. 13) is GRANTED. The Court

ORDERS Davis to file an amended complaint within THIRTY (30) DAYS of the date of this

Order. In that filing, Davis shall clarify the allegations in the Consolidated Complaint by concisely

alleging in one document all Defendants and all claims within this Court’s jurisdiction. Davis

shall submit the amended complaint on the form for “Complaint for Violation of Civil Rights

Under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.”1 The amended complaint must be complete without reference to a prior

pleading. The amended complaint must be signed, and the text of the amended complaint must

allege sufficient facts to support each claim without reference to any extraneous document such as

exhibits. Any exhibits to the amended complaint must be identified by number in the text of the

amended complaint and must be attached to the complaint. All claims alleged in the amended

complaint must arise from the facts initially alleged in the Consolidated Complaint. Each claim

for relief must be stated in a separate count and must identify each Defendant sued in that count.

If Davis fails to comply with this Order in a timely manner, the Court will dismiss the action

without further notice for failure to prosecute pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b).2

1 See www.tnwd.uscourts.gov/sites/tnwd/files/CivilRightsComplaint.pdf (Complaint For

Violation Of Civil Rights Under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 form) (last accessed August 13, 2025).

2 “If the plaintiff fails to prosecute or to comply with the[] [Federal] [R]ules [of Civil Procedure]

or a court order, a defendant may move to dismiss the action or any claim against it. Unless the

dismissal order states otherwise, a dismissal under this subdivision (b) and any dismissal not under

this rule -- except one for lack of jurisdiction, improper venue, or failure to join a party under Rule

19 -- operates as an adjudication on the merits.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b).

C. To the extent Davis seeks in an amended complaint to allege claims on behalf of

other inmates (the “Other Inmates”) (see ECF No. 21 at PageID 59-60), Davis is reminded that

“[n]o pro se plaintiff may sign pleadings on behalf of another plaintiff.” Powers v. U.S. Dep’t of

Labor, No. 08–2755, 2012 WL 1076301, at *1 (W.D. Tenn. Mar. 29, 2012). Pursuant to Fed. R.

Civ. P. 11(a), “[e]very pleading, written motion, and other paper shall be signed by at least one

attorney of record in the attorney’s name — or by a party personally if the party is unrepresented

by an attorney.” This means that, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11, each plaintiff in

this case must personally sign all documents filed on his behalf in this case. The Court notes the

following about Rule 11.

Rule 11(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure governs representations made to the

Court. That Rule establishes that, when an attorney or unrepresented party signs, files, submits,

or “later advocat[es]” a pleading, written motion, or the like, the attorney or party certifies to the

Court that:

(1) it is not being presented for any improper purpose, such as to harass, cause

unnecessary delay, or needlessly increase the cost of litigation;

(2) the claims, defenses, and other legal contentions are warranted by existing law

or by a nonfrivolous argument for extending, modifying, or reversing existing

law or for establishing new law;

(3) the factual contentions have evidentiary support or, if specifically so identified,

will likely have evidentiary support after a reasonable opportunity for further

investigation or discovery; and

(4) the denials of factual contentions are warranted on the evidence or, if

specifically so identified, are reasonably based on belief or a lack of

information.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(b). In other words, a party’s signature means that he is representing to the Court

that the factual representations within the filing he signed are to be taken as true.

Rule 11(c)(1) grants the Court discretion to “impose an appropriate sanction” on an attorney or

party “[i]f, after notice and a reasonable opportunity to respond, the court determines

that Rule 11(b) has been violated.”

In the instant case, the Other Inmates who intend to pursue the claims alleged in an

amended complaint are each ORDERED to sign the amended complaint and file it with the Clerk

of Court within THIRTY (30) DAYS of the date of this Order. When signing the amended

complaint for filing, each of the Other Inmates SHALL (1) print his name, (2) sign the complaint,

and (3) provide his prisoner identification number. For Other Inmates whose signature is illegible

or otherwise deficient, those Other Inmates will have failed to sign the complaint in compliance

with this Order. Each of the Other Inmates is warned that, if he fails to comply with this directive,

the Court will (1) dismiss that Other Inmate’s claims for failure to prosecute and (2) dismiss with

prejudice that Other Inmate as a party in this case. Each of the Other Inmates is also warned that

failure to comply with this directive does not toll the running of the statute of limitations on his §

1983 claims alleged in an amended complaint. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 28-3-104(a)(1)(B); Edison

v. Tenn. Dep’t of Children’s Servs., 510 F.3d 631, 634-35 (6th Cir. 2007); Roberson v. Tennessee,

399 F.3d 792, 794 (6th Cir. 2005).

D. In this case, only Davis has filed a motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis.

(ECF No. 3; see also ECF No. 6.) Each of the Other Inmates who intends to pursue the claims

alleged in an amended complaint SHALL, within THIRTY (30) DAYS of the date of this Order,

either: (1) pay the full amount of the $350.00 civil filing fee; or (2) file (a) a signed and properly

completed Application To Proceed In District Court Without Prepaying Fees Or Costs (Short

Form) (form AO 240) and (b) a certified copy of his inmate trust account covering the six (6)

months before the complaint was filed. See, e.g., Adkisson v. Welch, No. 3:22-cv-312, 2022 WL

14809099, at *1 (E.D. Tenn. Oct. 25, 2022) (in an action under § 1983, granting seven pro se

prisoner-plaintiffs’ motions for leave to proceed in forma pauperis and assessing the $350 filing

fee against each plaintiff); Montague v. Schofield, No. 2:14-cv-292 (E.D. Tenn. Dec. 10, 2014)

(ECF No. 46) (directing each of one hundred and four pro se prisoner-plaintiffs who signed the §

1983 complaint to pay the $350 filing fee or file motions to proceed in forma pauperis). If any of

the Other Inmates needs additional time to submit his inmate trust account statement, he may,

within THIRTY (30) DAYS of the date of this Order, file a motion for extension of time.

If each of the Other Inmates timely submits the necessary documents and the Court finds

that he is indigent, the Court will grant such Other Inmates leave to proceed in forma pauperis and

assess each of them only a $350.00 filing fee in accordance with the installment procedure of 28

U.S.C. § 1915(b). However, if any of the Other Inmates fails to comply with this Order in a timely

manner, the Court will (1) deny that plaintiff leave to proceed in forma pauperis, (2) assess the

entire $405.00 filing fee from the noncompliant plaintiff’s inmate trust account without regard to

the installment payment procedures, and (3) dismiss that plaintiff’s claims in this case without

further notice for failure to prosecute pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b). McGore

v. Wrigglesworth, 114 F.3d 601, 605 (6th Cir. 1997), partially overruled on other grounds by

LaFountain v. Harry, 716 F.3d 944, 951 (6th Cir. 2013).3

E. The Clerk of Court is DIRECTED to mail to Davis a form Complaint for Violation

of Civil Rights Under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.

F. The motion for appointment of counsel (ECF No. 9) is DENIED WITHOUT

PREJUDICE, subject to Davis’s right to re-file the motion if this case proceeds.

3 Even a voluntary dismissal by a plaintiff will not eliminate the obligation to pay the filing

fee. McGore, 114 F.3d at 607; see also In re Alea, 286 F3d. 378, 381 (6th Cir. 2002).

G. Given that the Consolidated Complaint fails to comply with Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a) and

does not survive screening under the PLRA, the motion for an order to show cause (ECF No. 10)

is DENIED as moot, subject to Davis’s right to re-file the motion if this case proceeds.

IT IS SO ORDERED this 18th day of August, 2025.

/s/ Samuel H. Mays, Jr.

SAMUEL H. MAYS, JR.

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE