The opinion
UNITED STATES JUDICIAL PANEL
on
MULTIDISTRICT LITIGATION
IN RE: GOOGLE DIGITAL ADVERTISING
ANTITRUST LITIGATION MDL No. 3010
TRANSFER ORDER
Before the Panel: Plaintiff in the action listed on Schedule A (Kande) moves under Panel
Rule 7.1 to vacate the order conditionally transferring the action to MDL No. 3010. Defendants
Google LLC and Alphabet, Inc. (together, Google) oppose the motion and support transfer.
After considering the argument of counsel, we find that Kande involves common questions
of fact with the actions transferred to MDL No. 3010, and that transfer under 28 U.S.C. § 1407
will serve the convenience of the parties and witnesses and promote the just and efficient conduct
of the litigation. In our order establishing MDL No. 3010, we explained that “[t]he actions concern
Google’s alleged monopolization and suppression of competition in online display advertising” —
an industry that involves high-speed electronic trading venues called “exchanges” that advertisers
and online publishers use to manage the buying and selling of ad space on web sites and mobile
apps. See In re Digital Advertising Antitrust Litig., 555 F. Supp. 3d 1372, 1373 (J.P.M.L. 2021).
We observed that the actions commonly alleged that Google runs the largest ad exchange (“AdX”)
and has engaged in numerous kinds of unlawful acts to suppress competition, causing injuries to
advertisers and publishers that participate in its exchange by imposing supracompetitive pricing
and depriving them of revenue. See id. at 1373-74. Like the actions in the MDL, Kande alleges
that Google has monopolized and suppressed competition in digital display advertising, including
alleged markets for electronic ad exchanges and certain ad-buying tools. Moreover, the putative
class of advertisers in Kande is completely subsumed by the proposed nationwide class of
advertisers in the MDL. Thus, the action will benefit from common discovery and pretrial
proceedings.
In opposition to transfer, plaintiff principally argues that (1) his request for “public
injunctive relief’ under California law makes Kande meaningfully distinct from the actions in the
MDL and, in particular, distinguishes Kande from a recent arbitrability ruling in the MDL; (2) the
MDL is too advanced to include Kande; and (3) plaintiff's remand motion is most efficiently
resolved in his chosen forum in California. We find these arguments unpersuasive.
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First, the alleged case-specific relief requested in Kande does not weigh against transfer.
Both Kande and the MDL actions allege that Google dominates the digital display advertising
ecosystem and has engaged in unlawful monopolization of the ad exchange and ad-buying tools
markets. The potential involvement of allegedly unique relief issues in Kande is dwarfed by this
common factual core. Moreover, it is well-established that “[t}ransfer does not require a complete
identity of common factual issues, and the presence of additional facts or differing legal theories
is not significant when . . . the actions still arise from a common factual core.” See In re Auto Body
Shop Antitrust Litig., 37 F. Supp. 3d 1388, 1390 (J.P.M.L. 2014).
We also note that the issue of “public injunctive relief’ under California law previously
has been the subject of pretrial motions in the MDL in the context of whether a mandatory
arbitration clause in defendants’ terms of service applies to certain plaintiffs. See In re Google
Digital Advertising Antitrust Litig., 763 F. Supp. 3d 563 (S.D.N.Y. 2025). Transfer of Kande to
the MDL will prevent inconsistent rulings on arbitrability and other common issues.
Second, the advanced status of the MDL does not weigh against transfer. The voluminous
discovery previously produced in the MDL is relevant to the claims in Kande. The transferee court
is in the best position to supervise any discovery sharing and any new discovery requests that
plaintiff may assert. Additionally, the transferee judge has developed an expertise in the complex
ad tech issues presented in this litigation and that expertise likely will lead to efficiencies in
adjudicating Kande. Significant pretrial proceedings remain in progress that will benefit Kande,
including resolution of the pending motion to certify a nationwide advertiser class (which includes
the class proposed in Kande) and motions for summary judgment.
Third, plaintiff's pending remand motion does not prevent transfer. Plaintiff's concern
about the potential need for case-specific jurisdictional discovery is essentially a case management
issue that is appropriate to raise with the transferee judge. His further assertion that the transferee
judge is too burdened to issue a timely ruling on his remand motion is speculative. Transferee
courts routinely manage case-specific remand motions. Moreover, the Panel has held that a
pending motion for remand to state court is not an impediment to transfer as the parties can present
such arguments to the transferee court. See In re Ford Motor Co. DPS6 PowerShift Transmission
Prods. Liab. Litig., 289 F. Supp. 3d 1350, 1352 (J.P.M.L. 2018).
Plaintiff alternatively requests a stay of any transfer until the transferor court decides its
remand motion, but there is no persuasive basis to do so. The Panel’s longstanding practice is to
rule on transfer even though a remand motion is pending, as the transferee court can rule on the
motion to remand if it is not resolved before transfer.
' Plaintiff asserts that the MDL ruling on arbitrability does not apply to Kande. Plaintiff can raise
these arguments before the transferee court.
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IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that the action listed on Schedule A is transferred to the
Southern District of New York and, with the consent of that court, assigned to the Honorable
P. Kevin Castel for inclusion in the coordinated or consolidated pretrial proceedings.
PANEL ON MULTIDISTRICT LITIGATION
sacl Caldwell
Chair
Nathaniel M. Gorton Matthew F. Kennelly
David C. Norton Roger T. Benitez
Dale A. Kimball Madeline Cox Arleo
IN RE: GOOGLE DIGITAL ADVERTISING
ANTITRUST LITIGATION MDL No. 3010
SCHEDULE A
Northern District of California
KANDE v. GOOGLE LLC, C.A. No. 3:25-03733