The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
EASTERN DIVISION
OKWUDILI CHUKWUANI, ) CASE NO.: 1:24-cv-02257
)
Plaintiff, )
) JUDGE BRIDGET MEEHAN BRENNAN
v. )
)
CITY OF SOLON, OHIO, et al., ) OPINION AND ORDER
)
Defendants. )
Before the Court is Defendant City of Solon, Ohio’s Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 7) Plaintiff
Okwudili Chukwuani’s Complaint, which is fully briefed (Docs. 9, 12), and Defendant Vivian
Chukwuani’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings (Doc. 8), which is also fully briefed (Docs.
11, 13). For the reasons stated herein, both motions are GRANTED.
I. BACKGROUND
Pro se Plaintiff Okwudili Chukwuani (“Plaintiff”) brings this action under 42 U.S.C.
§ 1983 against the City of Solon, Ohio (“Solon”) and his former spouse, Vivian Chukwuani.
(Doc. 1.) Plaintiff and Defendant Vivian Chukwuani are divorced and share custody of their
fourteen-year-old son. (Id. at 3, ¶ 1.)1 In May 2024, Vivian Chukwuani purchased an iPhone for
their son as a birthday present. (Id.) Plaintiff alleges he urged her to put parental controls on the
iPhone, but she refused. (Id.) He contends their son’s behavior and academic performance
declined due to inappropriate iPhone use. (Id.)
1 For ease and consistency, record citations are to the electronically stamped CM/ECF document
and PageID# rather than any internal pagination.
Plaintiff asserts the situation worsened in September and October 2024. (Id. at 3, ¶ 2.)
Their son lost interest in attending school. (Id.) Plaintiff contends the only way he could enforce
screen time restrictions was to temporarily confiscate the iPhone. (Id.) He claims this technique
was not applied consistently due to the custody arrangement. (Id.)
On September 30, 2024, Plaintiff’s son went to school from his mother’s house. (Id. at 3,
¶ 3.) The child left school without any authorization to do so, and Plaintiff found him walking
on SOM Center Road. (Id.) The child complained of a headache and immediately went to sleep
when he got to Plaintiff’s home. (Id.) On October 5, 2024, Plaintiff took his son to see his
pediatrician. (Id.) The pediatrician recommended discontinuing his iPhone use if he could not
abide by screen time restrictions. (Id.)
On October 6, 2024, Plaintiff took his son to church. (Id. at 4, ¶ 4.) He contends his son
was disrupting the service by playing video games on his iPhone. (Id.) Plaintiff asked him to
stop using the iPhone, but he refused and ran away from the church. (Id.) Plaintiff found his
son, confiscated the iPhone, and requested that he rejoin the service. (Id.) His son refused,
forcibly removed Plaintiff’s car keys, and ran away. (Id.) Plaintiff called the Summit County
Sheriff to help him retrieve the car keys. (Id.) Due to his son’s disruptive behavior, Plaintiff
kept his son’s iPhone and promised to return it when his behavior improved. (Id.)
On October 7, 2024, the child returned to his mother’s house. (Id. at 4, ¶ 5.) Plaintiff
still had possession of his son’s iPhone to discipline him. (Id.) Vivian Chukwuani accused
Plaintiff of taking the iPhone away and requested that Plaintiff return it to her. (Id.) Plaintiff
informed her he temporarily took away the iPhone for disciplinary reasons and would return it to
their son when his behavior improved. (Id.) Plaintiff did not want their son to evade disciplinary
action because the child was at his mother’s residence. (Id.)
On October 8, 2024, Plaintiff received a call from the Solon Police Department. (Id. at 4,
¶ 6.) He was asked to return the iPhone to Vivian Chukwuani. (Id.) Plaintiff informed them he
temporarily confiscated the iPhone on October 6, 2024, for disciplinary reasons and would return
it when their son’s behavior improved. (Id.) Plaintiff went to the police station to make a
statement but was not permitted to do so. (Id. at 5, ¶ 6.) He attempted to explain to the police
officer that he had the right as a parent to discipline his son. (Id.) Plaintiff also offered to bring
the iPhone to the station. (Id.) The officer found him to be argumentative. (Id.) Plaintiff was
ticketed for iPhone theft and asked to leave the police station. (Id.)
On October 9, 2024, Plaintiff returned his son’s iPhone to his son, who promised to
comply with screen time restrictions. (Id. at 5, ¶ 7.) He picked his son up from school and
dropped him off with the iPhone at his mother’s residence. (Id.) Plaintiff notified the Solon
Police Department, Vivian Chukwuani, and the Solon prosecutor he returned the iPhone. (Id.)
On October 11, 2024, Plaintiff alleges “the Solon prosecutor used false information that
concealed that the purpose of removing the iPhone from my son was to discipline him.” (Id. at
5, ¶ 8.) Plaintiff further alleges the prosecutor concealed the fact he returned the iPhone on
October 9, 2024. (Id.) The prosecutor obtained a warrant to arrest Plaintiff for iPhone theft
under Ohio Rev. Code § 2913.02(A)(1). (Id.)
Plaintiff brings a § 1983 claim against Solon and Vivian Chukwuani because he asserts
his constitutional right as a parent to discipline his son and protect him from inappropriate
iPhone usage was violated when the Solon prosecutor sought a warrant to arrest him for iPhone
theft. (Id. at 6.) He seeks declaratory and injunctive relief, and damages. (Id.)
II. LAW AND ANALYSIS
A. Motion to Dismiss
1. Standard of Review
Under Rule 12(b)(6), a court must dismiss a complaint if it fails “to state a claim upon
which relief can be granted.” FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b)(6). To state a claim, a complaint must
contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.”
FED. R. CIV. P. 8(a)(2). To survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the complaint must make out a
plausible legal claim, meaning the complaint’s factual allegations must be sufficient for a court
“to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662,
678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). Plausibility does not
require any specific probability of success, but it does demand “more than a sheer possibility that
a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id.
When evaluating a motion to dismiss, the Court must accept all factual allegations to be
true and draw all inferences in the plaintiff’s favor. Cates v. Crystal Clear Techs., LLC, 874
F.3d 530, 534 (6th Cir. 2017) (quoting Bickerstaff v. Lucarelli, 830 F.3d 388, 396 (6th Cir.
2016)). But the Court “‘need not accept as true legal conclusions or unwarranted factual
inferences, and conclusory allegations or legal conclusions masquerading as factual allegations
will not suffice.’” D’Ambrosio v. Marino, 747 F.3d 378, 383 (6th Cir. 2014) (quoting Terry v.
Tyson Farms, Inc., 604 F.3d 272, 275-76 (6th Cir. 2010)). A pleading that offers “labels and
conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Id.
(quoting Republic Bank & Trust Co. v. Bear Stearns & Co., Inc., 683 F.3d 239, 246-47 (6th Cir.
2012)). Nor does a complaint suffice if it “tenders naked assertions devoid of further factual
enhancement.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quotations and citations omitted).
Pro se pleadings are liberally construed. Boag v. MacDougall, 454 U.S. 364, 365 (1982)
(per curiam); see also Garrett v. Belmont Cnty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, 374 F. App’x 612, 614 (6th Cir.
2010) (quoting Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972)). “However, this lenient treatment
has limits . . . ‘courts should not have to guess at the nature of the claim asserted.’” Frengler v.
Gen. Motors, 482 F. App’x 975, 977 (6th Cir. 2012) (quoting Wells v. Brown, 891 F.2d 591, 594
(6th Cir. 1989)).
2. Analysis
Solon argues Plaintiff’s complaint should be dismissed because he failed to allege facts to
support a plausible claim for a § 1983 violation. (Doc. 7 at 38, 42.) Solon is a municipal entity.
For Plaintiff to bring a § 1983 claim against Solon, he must allege Solon had a harmful policy or
custom that deprived him of a federal right, Solon urges. (Id. at 42 (citing Monell v. New York
City Dep’t of Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658 (1978)).) Solon asserts Plaintiff failed to do so.2 (Id.)
“A municipality cannot be held liable under § 1983 simply because it employs a
tortfeasor, nor can it be liable ‘for an injury inflicted solely by its employees or agents.’”
Kovalchuk v. City of Decherd, Tenn., 95 F.4th 1035, 1038 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 145 S. Ct. 274
(2024) (quoting Monell, 436 U.S. at 694). A municipality may only be held liable for its own
illegal acts. Id. (citing Connick v. Thompson, 563 U.S. 51, 60 (2011)). “A plaintiff asserting a
municipal liability claim under Monell must connect the employee’s conduct to a municipal
policy or custom.” Id. (citations and quotations omitted). To do so, Plaintiff must allege either:
(1) the existence of an illegal official policy; (2) an official with final decision-making authority
2 The rest of Solon’s motion argues a probable cause determination is a complete defense to a
false arrest claim. (See Doc. 7 at 43-44; Doc. 12 at 85.) It is not entirely clear from Plaintiff’s
complaint whether he is pursuing a §1983 claim for false arrest or for a substantive due process
claim related to his parental rights. (See Doc. 1 at 1, 6.) But the Court need not address these
issues because Plaintiff’s failure to properly allege a Monell claim is dispositive.
ratified illegal actions; (3) a policy of inadequate training or supervision; or (4) a custom of
tolerance of federal rights violations. Id. (citing Burgess v. Fischer, 735 F.3d 462, 478 (6th Cir.
2013)). Plaintiff must also show the municipality was the “moving force behind the injury
alleged.” Id. (citations and quotations omitted); see also Coleman v. Hamilton Cnty. Bd. of Cnty.
Commissioners, 130 F.4th 593, 601 (6th Cir. 2025); Susselman v. Washtenaw Cnty. Sheriff's Off.,
109 F.4th 864, 873-74 (6th Cir. 2024), cert. denied, 145 S. Ct. 1901 (2025); Inner City
Contracting, LLC v. Charter Twp. of Northville, Mich., 87 F.4th 743, 758 (6th Cir. 2023).
Plaintiff alleges his civil rights as a parent were “violated under the color of state law
when the Solon prosecutor sought a warrant to arrest me on 10/11/2024 for iPhone theft.” (Doc.
1 6.) Plaintiff’s complaint does not allege Solon had an official policy or custom that was the
moving force behind the alleged constitutional violation. (See Doc. 1.) Plaintiff’s opposition
does not address this omission. (Doc. 9 at 58-60.) Thus, Plaintiff has failed to plausibly allege a
§ 1983 Monell claim against Solon.
B. Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings
1. Standard of Review
Under Rule 12(c), a party may move for judgment on the pleadings “[a]fter the pleadings
are closed—but early enough not to delay trial.” FED. R. CIV. P. 12(c). The standard of review
for a motion for judgment on the pleadings is the same as for a motion to dismiss for failure to
state a claim under 12(b)(6). E.E.O.C. v. J.H. Routh Packing Co., 246 F.3d 850, 851 (6th Cir.
2001) (citing Grindstaff v. Green, 133 F.3d 416, 421 (6th Cir. 1998)). “[A]ll well-pleaded
material allegations of the pleadings of the opposing party must be taken as true, and the motion
may be granted only if the moving party is nevertheless clearly entitled to judgment.” Poplar
Creek Dev. Co. v. Chesapeake Appalachia, L.L.C., 636 F.3d 235, 240 (6th Cir. 2011) (citation
omitted). The Court must follow the pleading standards as described above. See Bates v. Green
Farms Condo. Assoc., 958 F.3d 470, 480 (6th Cir. 2020).
2. Analysis
Defendant Vivian Chukwuani argues she is entitled to judgment on the pleadings because
she is not subject to suit under § 1983. (Doc. 8 at 54-55; Doc. 13 at 93-94.) Plaintiff alleges
Vivian Chukwuani is his former spouse. (Doc. 1 at 3, ¶ 1.) He does not allege she is a state or
local government official. (Id.)
To establish a § 1983 claim, Plaintiff must assert a person acting under color of state law
deprived him of rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution or laws of the
United States. Graham v. Nat’l Collegiate Athletic Ass’n, 804 F.2d 953, 957 (6th Cir. 1986);
Ellison v. Garbarino, 48 F.3d 192, 194 (6th Cir. 1995). Generally, a private person or entity is
not acting “under color of state law.” See Lansing v. City of Memphis, 202 F.3d 821, 828 (6th
Cir. 2000); Tahfs v. Proctor, 316 F.3d 584, 590-91 (6th Cir. 2003). To show Vivian Chukwuani
was acting under color of state law, Plaintiff must allege facts showing she was either (1) acting
under the compulsion of the state; (2) engaged in an activity traditionally reserved to the state; or
(3) her activities were sufficiently controlled by the state such that her actions could be attributed
to the state. See Chapman v. Higbee Co., 319 F.3d 825, 833-35 (6th Cir. 2003); see also
Wittstock v. Mark A. Van Sile, Inc., 330 F.3d 899, 902 (6th Cir. 2003).
Plaintiff does not allege such facts. Instead, he alleges Defendant Vivian Chukwuani
reported to police that Plaintiff stole her iPhone. (Doc. 1 at 4-5.) Plaintiff attaches to his
complaint the affidavit establishing probable cause for his arrest warrant based on her report.
(Doc. 1-2.) Filing a police report does not convert a private citizen into a state actor for purposes
of a § 1983 claim. See Brautigam v. Pastoor, No. 1:16-CV-1141, 2017 WL 3588827, at *2,
2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 132544 (S.D. Ohio Mar. 31, 2017) (filing a police report failed to support
a finding of state action), R&R adopted, 2017 WL 3600440, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 132505
(S.D. Ohio Aug. 18, 2017). Nothing in Plaintiff's complaint nor his opposition brief show how
Vivian Chukwuani acted under color of state law. (See Docs. 1, 11.) Accordingly, Plaintiff
cannot assert a § 1983 claim against Vivian Chukwuani.
I. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated herein, Defendant City of Solon, Ohio’s Motion to Dismiss (Doc.
GRANTED. Defendant Vivian Chukwuani’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings (Doc.
8) is also GRANTED. All remaining motions are DENIED as moot.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Date: August 11, 2025 Poy Uli
BRIDGET MEEHA NNAN
UNITED STAT ISTRICT JUDGE