“Because the [FAA] leaves no place for the exercise of discretion by 22 a district court, a federal court’s role is limited to determining (1) whether a valid agreement 23 to arbitrate exists and, if it does, (2) whether the agreement encompasses the dispute at 24 issue.”
How later courts described this case
- “Because the [FAA] leaves no place for the exercise of discretion by 22 a district court, a federal court’s role is limited to determining (1) whether a valid agreement 23 to arbitrate exists and, if it does, (2) whether the agreement encompasses the dispute at 24 issue.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
1
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
10
11 MONIQUE PEMBRICK, on behalf of Case No.: 3:24-cv-01524-RBM-DEB
herself and all others similarly situated,
12
ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT’S
13 Plaintiff, MOTION TO COMPEL
ARBITRATION
14 v.
15 LOYAL SOURCE GOVERNMENT [Doc. 9]
SERVICES, LLC, a Florida Limited
16
Liability Company, et al.,
17
Defendants.
18
19
20 On July 22, 2024, Plaintiff Monique Pembrick (“Plaintiff”), on behalf of herself and
21 all others similarly situated, filed a Representative Action Complaint for Civil Penalties
22 Under the Private Attorneys General Act (“PAGA”), California Labor Code § 2698 et seq.
23 (“Complaint”). (Doc. 1-2 [“Compl.”] at 6–17.1)
24 Pending before the Court is Defendant Loyal Source Government Services, LLC’s
25 (“Defendant”) Motion to Compel Arbitration (“Motion”), which was filed on January 24,
26
27
28
1
1 2025. (Doc. 9.) On February 10, 2025, Plaintiff filed an Opposition to Defendant’s Motion
2 (“Opposition”). (Doc. 12.) On February 14, 2025, Defendant filed a Reply in Support of
3 its Motion (“Reply”). (Doc. 13.)
4 The Court finds this matter suitable for determination without oral argument
5 pursuant to Civil Local Rule 7.1(d)(1). For the reasons discussed below, Defendant’s
6 Motion is DENIED.
7 I. BACKGROUND
8 A. Factual Background
9 Defendant identifies several different arbitration agreements executed or transmitted
10 between the Parties. The Court briefly summarizes each agreement here.
11 1. Mutual Arbitration Agreement
12 On April 6, 2022, Plaintiff signed a Mutual Arbitration Agreement, a copy of which
13 was attached to her offer of employment. (Doc. 9-3 at 8–10 [Declaration of Javier
14 Rodriguez (“Rodriguez Decl.”), ¶ 3, Ex. A].) The Mutual Arbitration Agreement provides:
15 The Parties hereby acknowledge and agree that, except for Disputes Not
Covered, which is defined below, (i) any and all claims or disputes arising out
16
of, related to, or in connection with my offer of employment letter, as well as
17 (ii) any and all other claims or disputes between the Parties arising out of,
related to, or in connection with my employment with or termination from
18
LSGS (collectively, ‘Disputes’) shall be resolved exclusively through final
19 and binding arbitration, and not by way of a court or jury trial, as set forth in
this Agreement.
20
21 …
22 Disputes Not Covered by this Agreement shall mean claims for workers’
compensation, unemployment compensation benefits, administrative charges
23
for unfair labor practices brought before the National Labor Relations Board,
24 claims which cannot be waived under applicable law, or any other claims that,
as a matter of law, the Parties cannot agree to arbitrate.
25
26
27 (Id. at 8.) The Mutual Arbitration Agreement did not identify PAGA claims as a “Dispute
28 Not Covered.”
1 2. Voluntary Employee Arbitration Agreement
2 On May 18, 2022, Plaintiff signed a Voluntary Employee Arbitration Agreement.
3 (Doc. 9-3 at 12–14 [Rodriguez Decl., ¶ 4, Ex. B].) The Voluntary Employee Arbitration
4 Agreement provides:
5 The Parties agree that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any and all claims
or controversies between them … relating in any manner to the employment
6
or the termination of employment of Employee, including claims or
7 controversies that arose, existed, or accrued prior to the signing of this
Agreement … , that are currently pending as of the signing of this Agreement,
8
and that may arise or accrue after the signing of this Agreement, including
9 claims that may arise or accrue during employment with the Company, and
including but not limited to the interpretation, applicability, or enforceability
10
of this Agreement, shall be resolved by final and binding arbitration.
11
12 (Id. at 12.) However, the Voluntary Employee Arbitration Agreement provides that
13 “claims under California’s Private Attorney General’s Act (‘PAGA’) … shall not be
14 subject to arbitration (the ‘Excluded Claims’).” (Id.)
15 3. Employee Arbitration Agreement
16 On July 27, 2022, Plaintiff signed an Employee Arbitration Agreement. (Doc. 9-3
17 at 16–18 [Rodriguez Decl., ¶ 5, Ex. C].) The Employee Arbitration Agreement provides:
18 The Parties agree that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any and all claims
or controversies between them … relating in any manner to the employment
19
or the termination of employment of Employee, including claims or
20 controversies that arose, existed, or accrued prior to the signing of this
Agreement … , that are currently pending as of the signing of this Agreement,
21
and that may arise or accrue after the signing of this Agreement, including
22 claims that may arise or accrue during employment with the Company, and
including but not limited to the interpretation, applicability, or enforceability
23
of this Agreement, shall be resolved by final and binding arbitration.
24
25 (Id. at 16.) Unlike the Voluntary Employee Arbitration Agreement, the Employee
26 Arbitration Agreement did not identify PAGA claims as “Excluded Claims.” (Id.)
27 4. July Voluntary Employee Arbitration Agreement
28 On July 28, 2022, Plaintiff signed a second Voluntary Employee Arbitration
1 Agreement (the “July Voluntary Employee Arbitration Agreement”). (Doc. 9-3 at 20–22
2 [Rodriguez Decl., ¶ 6, Ex. D].) The July Voluntary Employee Arbitration Agreement
3 provides:
4 The Parties agree that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any and all claims
or controversies between them … relating in any manner to the employment
5
or the termination of employment of Employee, including claims or
6 controversies that arose, existed, or accrued prior to the signing of this
Agreement … , that are currently pending as of the signing of this Agreement,
7
and that may arise or accrue after the signing of this Agreement, including
8 claims that may arise or accrue during employment with the Company, and
including but not limited to the interpretation, applicability, or enforceability
9
of this Agreement, shall be resolved by final and binding arbitration.
10
11 (Id. at 20.) However, the July Voluntary Employee Arbitration Agreement also provides
12 that “claims under California’s Private Attorney General’s Act (‘PAGA’) shall not be
13 subject to arbitration (the ‘Excluded Claims’).” (Id.)
14 The July Voluntary Employee Arbitration Agreement also contains a Class Action
15 Waiver. (Id. at 20–21.) The Class Action Waiver provides:
16 EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT THAT REPRESENTATIVE CLAIMS UNDER
PAGA ARE EXCLUDED FROM THIS ARBITRATION AGREEMENT,
17
AND EXCEPT AS PROVIDED OTHERWISE BY LAW AND HEREIN,
18 EMPLOYEE AGREES THAT ALL CLAIMS MUST BE BROUGHT IN HIS
OR HER INDIVIDUAL CAPACITY, AND NOT AS A PLAINTIFF OR
19
PARTICIPATING CLASS MEMBER IN ANY PURPORTED CLASS,
20 COLLECTIVE, OR CONSOLIDATED PROCEEDING, AND EMPLOYEE
EXPRESSLY WAIVES ANY RIGHT EMPLOYEE HAD OR MAY HAVE
21
HAD TO HAVE ANY DISPUTE BROUGHT, HEARD, OR ARBITRATED
22 AS A CLASS ACTION AND/OR AS A COLLECTIVE ACTION.
23
24 (Id. at 20 (emphasis in original).)
25 Finally, the July Voluntary Employee Arbitration Agreement provides:
26 The Company and Employee understand and agree that this Arbitration
Agreement contains a full and complete statement of any agreements and
27
understandings regarding resolution of disputes between the parties, and the
28 parties agree that this Agreement supersedes all previous agreements, whether
1 written or oral, express or implied, relating to the subjects covered in this
Agreement. The parties also agree that the terms of this Agreement cannot be
2
revoked or modified except in a written document signed by both Employee
3 and an authorized executive of the Company.
4
5 (Id. at 22 (emphasis added).)
6 5. Dispute Resolution Notice and Unsigned Mutual Arbitration Agreement
7 On October 15, 2024, Defendant electronically transmitted to Plaintiff an “Important
8 Notice Regarding Dispute Resolution with Loyal Source Government Services, LLC” (the
9 “Dispute Resolution Notice”). (Doc. 9-3 at 24–28 [Rodriguez Decl., ¶ 7, Ex. E].) The
10 Notice states, “[y]our agreement to the terms and conditions of the attached mutual
11 arbitration agreement is a mandatory condition of employment with Loyal Source
12 Government Services. Continued employment evidences your acceptance to those terms
13 and conditions.” (Id. at 24.) The attached Mutual Arbitration Agreement, which is
14 unsigned, (the “Unsigned Mutual Arbitration Agreement”) provides:
15 Loyal Source Government Services, LLC … , and the undersigned … hereby
agree that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any and all past, current, or
16
future claims or controversies between them … , or between Employee and
17 any client of Company to which Employee is assigned or otherwise performs
any work … , arising out of or relating in any manner to the recruitment,
18
hiring, employment, or the termination of employment of Employee,
19 including but not limited to the interpretation, applicability, enforceability …
of this Agreement or other arbitrability disputes, shall be resolved by final and
20
binding arbitration.
21
22 (Id. at 25.) The Unsigned Mutual Arbitration Agreement does not identify PAGA claims
23 as “Excluded Claims.”
24 The Unsigned Mutual Arbitration Agreement also contains a Class, Collective, and
25 Representative Action Waive, which provides:
26 Employee further understands and agrees that, to the maximum extent
permitted by law, any claim under [PAGA] shall be filed in arbitration and
27
solely as an individual claim. The parties acknowledge, however, that as of
28 the date of this Agreement, California law provides that, if an employee
1 establishes that he or she is an aggrieved employee within the meaning of
PAGA in arbitration, the employee shall have standing to pursue applicable
2
non-individual PAGA claims in a court of law. The Parties agree that so long
3 as this remains the state of the law, this representative action waiver shall not
apply to non-individual PAGA claims asserted by an employee who first
4
establishes that he or she is an aggrieved employee under PAGA in an
5 individual arbitration. However, in the event that the state of the law changes
(for example, due to a change in California law, or because federal law is held
6
to preempt California law on this point), then Employee: (i) expressly waives
7 any right Employee had or may have had to have any dispute brought, heard,
or arbitrated as a representative action; … (ii) agrees that Employee may not
8
assert non-individual PAGA claims whether in arbitration or otherwise; and
9 (iii) agrees that any PAGA claim shall proceed solely as to the individual
PAGA claim of Employee and not any other allegedly aggrieved employees
10
or the general public. The arbitrator has no authority to adjudicate
11 representative proceedings, other than to enforce this provision.
12
13 (Id. at 26.)
14 B. Defendant’s Motion
15 In its Motion, Defendant first argues that a valid arbitration agreement exists. (Doc.
16 9-1 at 10–11.) Specifically, Defendant argues that the July Voluntary Employee
17 Arbitration Agreement is valid because (1) Plaintiff signed and initialed the agreement, and
18 (2) its title and terms are written clearly and in plain language, including a provision stating
19 “THE PARTIES ACKNOWLEDGE AND AGREE THAT THEY ARE EACH
20 EXECUTING THIS ARBITRATION AGREEMENT WITHOUT DURESS OR UNDUE
21 INFLUENCE BY THE COMPANY OR ANYONE ELSE.” (Id. at 11 (quoting Doc. 9-3
22 at 22, Rodriguez Decl., ¶ 6, Ex. D).)
23 Defendant then argues that Plaintiff’s claim is covered by the July Voluntary
24 Employee Arbitration Agreement. (Id. at 11–12.) Specifically, Defendant argues that,
25 although the July Voluntary Employee Arbitration Agreement excludes claims brought
26 under PAGA, the Supreme Court’s decision in Viking River Cruises, Inc. v. Moriana, 596
27 U.S. 639 (2022) (“Viking”) now permits the arbitration of PAGA claims. (Id. at 10, 12.)
28 Defendants asserts that, after Viking, the inclusion of PAGA as an “Excluded Claim”
1 directly contradicts the provision stating: “‘[t]he Parties agree that, to the fullest extent
2 permitted by law, any and all claims or controversies between them … relating in any
3 manner to the employment or the termination of employment of Employee … shall be
4 resolved by final and binding arbitration.’” (Id. at 12 (quoting Doc. 9-3 at 20–22
5 [Rodriguez Decl., ¶ 6, Ex. D]) (emphasis added).) Defendant seems to assert that, in the
6 face of this inconsistency, the Court must defer to the intent of the parties, which is to
7 arbitrate any and all claims arising from Plaintiff’s employment. (Id. at 12–13.)
8 Defendant also argues that no grounds exist to revoke the July Voluntary Employee
9 Arbitration Agreement. (Id. at 13–15.) Specifically, Defendant argues that the July
10 Voluntary Employee Arbitration Agreement is neither procedurally unconscionable nor
11 substantively unconscionable. (Id.) Lastly, Defendant argues that, while Plaintiff’s
12 individual PAGA claims must be compelled to arbitration, Plaintiff’s non-individual
13 PAGA claims must be stayed pending arbitration. (Id. at 15–16.)
14 C. Plaintiff’s Opposition
15 In her Opposition, Plaintiff asserts that the July Voluntary Employee Arbitration
16 Agreement specifically excludes PAGA claims. (Doc. 12 at 5–6.) Plaintiff also asserts
17 that she did not sign or agree to the Dispute Resolution Notice or the Unsigned Mutual
18 Arbitration Agreement.2 (Id. at 6–9.)
19 II. LEGAL STANDARD
20 “The Federal Arbitration Act [‘FAA’], § 2, provides that a ‘written provision in …
21 a contract evidencing a transaction involving commerce to settle by arbitration a
22
23
24
2 In its Reply, Defendant re-asserts that, after the Supreme Court’s decision in Viking River,
25 the exclusion of PAGA claims contradicts the provision providing for arbitration
to the fullest extent permitted by law. (Doc. 13 at 2.) Defendant also re-argues that
26
Plaintiff’s PAGA claims must be arbitrated “to comport with the intent of the whole
27 contract.” (Id.) Finally, Defendant asserts that Plaintiff accepted the terms of the Dispute
Resolution Notice and the Unsigned Mutual Arbitration Agreement through her continued
28
1 controversy thereafter arising out of such contract or transaction ... shall be valid,
2 irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the
3 revocation of any contract.’” Allied-Bruce Terminix Companies, Inc. v. Dobson, 513 U.S.
4 265, 273 (1995) (quoting 9 U.S.C. § 2); see also Cir. City Stores, Inc. v. Adams, 532 U.S.
5 105, 111 (2001). “Congress enacted the FAA to overcome judicial resistance to arbitration,
6 and to declare a national policy favoring arbitration of claims that parties contract to settle
7 in that manner.” Vaden v. Discover Bank, 556 U.S. 49, 58 (2009) (internal citations and
8 quotations omitted). Thus, “[t]he [FAA] establishes that, as a matter of federal law, any
9 doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration
10 … .” Moses H. Cone Mem’l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 24–25 (1983).
11 III. DISCUSSION
12 “Section 4 of the FAA states that ‘a party aggrieved by the alleged failure, neglect,
13 or refusal of another to arbitration under a written agreement for arbitration may petition
14 any United States district court ... for an order directing that such arbitration proceed in the
15 manner provided for in such agreement.’” Lytton v. S. Cal. Reg’l Rail Auth., 683 F. Supp.
16 3d 1101, 1105 (C.D. Cal. 2023) (quoting 9 U.S.C. § 4). “A court reviewing a motion to
17 compel arbitration under this section of the FAA, must determine: ‘(1) the existence of a
18 valid, written agreement to arbitrate; and, if it exists, (2) that the agreement to arbitrate
19 encompasses the dispute at issue.’” Id. (quoting Ashbey v. Archstone Prop. Mgmt., Inc.,
20 785 F.3d 1320, 1323 (9th Cir. 2015)); see also Revitch v. DIRECTV, LLC, 977 F.3d 713,
21 716 (9th Cir. 2020) (“Because the [FAA] leaves no place for the exercise of discretion by
22 a district court, a federal court’s role is limited to determining (1) whether a valid agreement
23 to arbitrate exists and, if it does, (2) whether the agreement encompasses the dispute at
24 issue.”) (citations and quotation omitted). The Court addresses each issue in turn.
25 A. Valid, Written Agreement to Arbitrate
26 As set forth above, the Court must determine whether a valid agreement to arbitrate
27 exists. Revitch, 977 F.3d at 716. In its Motion, Defendant appears to concede that the July
28 Voluntary Arbitration Agreement is the valid, operative agreement despite summarizing
1 several other agreements executed or transmitted between the Parties. Defendant states
2 that it “expects Plaintiff to focus on the [July Voluntary Employee Arbitration Agreement]”
3 (Doc. 9-1 at 10) and then argues that the July Voluntary Employee Arbitration Agreement
4 is valid because (1) Plaintiff signed and initialed the agreement and (2) its title and terms
5 are written clearly and in plain language (id. at 11 (quoting Doc. 9-3 at 20–22 [Rodriguez
6 Decl., ¶ 6, Ex. D])). Defendant does not argue for the validity of any other agreement.
7 Plaintiff also does not dispute the validity of the July Voluntary Arbitration
8 Agreement. Plaintiff asserts that the July Voluntary Arbitration Agreement is the
9 “applicable arbitration agreement.” (Doc. 12 at 6.) Thus, the Court finds that the July
10 Voluntary Arbitration Agreement is the valid, operative agreement to arbitrate, and the
11 Court need not address the remaining agreements summarized by Defendant in the
12 introduction to its Motion.3 The Court now turns to whether the July Voluntary Arbitration
13 Agreement encompasses the dispute at issue.
14 B. Agreement to Arbitrate Encompasses the Dispute at Issue
15 As set forth above, the Court must also determine whether the operative arbitration
16 agreement encompasses the dispute at issue. See Revitch, 977 F.3d at 716. While there is
17 a policy in favor of arbitration, “a party cannot be required to submit to arbitration any
18 dispute which he has not agreed so to submit.” AT&T Techs. v. Communications Workers
19 of Am., 475 U.S. 643, 648 (1986) (citing United Steelworkers of Am. v. Warrior & Gulf
20
21
3 The Court also need not reach Defendant’s unconscionability arguments. (See Doc. 9-1
22
at 13–15.) As Defendant notes, Plaintiff “bears the burden of proving that the arbitration
23 agreement is unenforceable[,]” and Plaintiff has not made any such argument here. (Id. at
13 (citing Sonic-Calabasas A, Inc. v. Moreno, 57 Cal. 4th 1109, 1149 (2013)); see also
24
Doc. 12 at 4–9.) Additionally, the Court need not reach Plaintiff’s arguments regarding
25 the Dispute Resolution Notice and the Unsigned Mutual Arbitration Agreement. Even so,
the Court notes that the July Voluntary Employee Arbitration Agreement precludes
26
modification or revocation “except in a written document signed by both” parties. (Doc.
27 9-3 at 20–22 [Rodriguez Decl., ¶ 6, Ex. D].) The Court also notes that the Unsigned Mutual
Arbitration Agreement was transmitted to Plaintiff approximately three months after the
28
1 Nav. Co., 363 U.S. 574, 582 (1960)). “In determining whether the parties have agreed to
2 arbitrate a particular dispute, federal courts apply state-law principles of contract
3 formation.” Berman v. Freedom Fin. Network, LLC, 30 F.4th 849, 855 (9th Cir. 2022)
4 (citing First Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 944 (1995)).
5 Under California law, “[a]rbitration is strictly a matter of consent.” Duran v.
6 EmployBridge Holding Co., 92 Cal. App. 5th 59, 65 (2023). “A party cannot be required
7 to arbitrate a dispute that he or she has not agreed to submit to arbitration.” Id. (citing
8 Sandquist v. Lebo Automotive, Inc., 1 Cal.5th 233, 252 (2016)). “Whether the parties
9 agreed to arbitrate all or a portion of ‘the present controversy turns on the language of the
10 arbitration clause.’” Id. (quoting EFund Cap. Partners v. Pless, 150 Cal. App. 4th 1311,
11 1320 (2007)).
12 “The language of a contract is to govern its interpretation, if the language is clear
13 and explicit, and does not involve an absurdity.” Cal. Civ. Code § 1638. Further, “[w]hen
14 a contract is reduced to writing, the intention of the parties is to be ascertained from the
15 writing alone, if possible … .” Id. § 1639. “The policy in favor of arbitration does not
16 apply when the contract cannot be interpreted in favor of arbitration.” Balandran v. Lab.
17 Ready, Inc., 124 Cal. App. 4th 1522, 1528 (2004); see also Duran, 92 Cal. App. 5th at 66
18 (“The policy favoring arbitration … does not apply when unambiguous language shows
19 the parties did not agree to arbitrate all or a part of the dispute.”).
20 Here, the valid and operative July Voluntary Arbitration Agreement specifically and
21 unambiguously excludes PAGA claims from its arbitration provision. (See Doc. 9-3 at 20–
22 22 [Rodriguez Decl., ¶ 6, Ex. D] (“[C]laims under [PAGA] shall not be subject to
23 arbitration … .”).) As written, the provision is clear and unambiguous, includes no
24 qualifying language, and cannot reasonably be interpreted to mean the Parties agreed to
25 arbitrate any category of PAGA claims. See Duran, 92 Cal. App. 5th at 66 (“We conclude
26 the language stating claims under PAGA are not arbitrable under the agreement is
27 unambiguous. It cannot be reasonably interpreted to mean the parties agreed to arbitrate
28 the category of PAGA … claims seeking to recover penalties for Labor Code violations
1 suffered by plaintiff.”).
2 Nevertheless, Defendants argue that, after the Supreme Court’s decision in Viking
3 River, which now permits the arbitration of certain PAGA claims, the inclusion of PAGA
4 as an “Excluded Claim” directly contradicts the July Voluntary Employee Arbitration
5 Agreement’s general arbitration provision. (Id. at 12.) Defendant seems to assert that, in
6 the face of this purported inconsistency, the Court must defer to the intent of the Parties,
7 which is to arbitrate all claims arising from Plaintiff’s employment. (Id. at 12–13; see also
8 Doc. 13 at 2.) Although not explicit, Defendant seems to offer the various arbitration
9 agreements summarized above (see Section I.A) as evidence of the Parties’ intent. The
10 Court, however, is not persuaded. The California appellate court’s ruling in Duran is
11 instructive.
12 In Duran, the defendant argued that the clear intent of a PAGA exclusion provision
13 at issue, which is similar in form to the PAGA exclusion provision at issue here, was to
14 identify claims that applicable law prohibits from being arbitrated. Duran, 92 Cal. App.
15 5th at 66. The Duran court rejected this argument, stating “we will not rewrite the parties’
16 agreement.” Id. at 67. The Duran court elaborated, “[i]f [the defendant] intended the
17 clause to be a truism—that is, only nonarbitrable PAGA claims would not be arbitrable
18 under the agreement—it should have drafted the clause to say so. Alternatively, [the
19 defendant] should have presented extrinsic evidence showing this alleged intention was
20 communicated between the parties.” Id. at 67–68 (internal citations omitted).
21 Here too, if Defendant intended to agree that “only nonarbitrable PAGA claims
22 would not be arbitrable” under the July Voluntary Arbitration Agreement, they “should
23 have drafted the clause to say so.” Id. at 67 (citations omitted). Indeed, Viking River was
24 decided on June 12, 2022, more than one month before the execution of the July Voluntary
25 Employee Arbitration Agreement. Additionally, one day prior, the Parties executed an
26 Employee Arbitration Agreement that did not exclude PAGA claims. This series of events
27 underscores that, had Defendant wanted to update its arbitration agreement to reflect the
28 change in law, they could have done so. Instead, Defendant did not update its agreement
1 until October 15, 2024 (Doc. 9-3 at 2 [Rodriguez Decl., □ 7]), more than two years later,
2 ||and approximately three months after the filing of Plaintiff's Complaint.
3 Finally, the various arbitration agreements submitted by Defendant are not “extrinsic
4 || evidence” of Defendant’s intent to only exclude claims non-arbitrable by law. Duran, 92
5 App. 5th at 68. Indeed, Defendant has not explained why the Parties executed multiple
6 arbitration agreements, each with distinct arbitration provisions, and each succeeding
7 || arbitration agreement does not appear to reflect a change in the law.
8 IV. CONCLUSION
9 Based on the foregoing, Defendant’s Motion is DENIED.‘
10 IT IS SO ORDERED.
11 |}/DATE: July 28, 2025
12 eet emily, Moittagps □□
13 HON. RUTH BERMUDEZ'MONTENEGRO
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
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28 Defendant's request to stay Plaintiff's non-individual PAGA claims pending arbitration
is moot given the Court’s ruling.
12