In the Matter of: S.H.D.N., a Minor

J-A15011-25

2025 PA Super 163

IN THE MATTER OF: S.H.D.N., A : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

MINOR : PENNSYLVANIA

:

:

APPEAL OF: N.N., MOTHER : No. 1813 MDA 2024

Appeal from the Decree Entered November 15, 2024

In the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County Orphans' Court at

No(s): 110-AD-2024

IN THE MATTER OF: D.H.N., A : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

MINOR : PENNSYLVANIA

:

:

APPEAL OF: N.N., MOTHER : No. 1814 MDA 2024

Appeal from the Decree Entered November 15, 2024

In the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County Orphans' Court at

No(s): 111-AD-2024

IN THE MATTER OF: J.Q.N.N., A : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

MINOR : PENNSYLVANIA

:

:

APPEAL OF: N.N., MOTHER : No. 1815 MDA 2024

Appeal from the Decree Entered November 15, 2024

In the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County Orphans' Court at

No(s): 112-AD-2024

IN THE MATTER OF: E.T.V.N., A : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

MINOR : PENNSYLVANIA

:

:

APPEAL OF: N.N., MOTHER : No. 1816 MDA 2024

Appeal from the Decree Entered November 15, 2024

In the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County Orphans' Court at

No(s): 113-AD-2024

J-A15011-25

BEFORE: BOWES, J., STABILE, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

OPINION BY BOWES, J.: FILED: JULY 28, 2025

N.N. (“Mother”) appeals from the decrees that terminated involuntarily

her parental rights to her four children, S.H.D.N., born in September 2010;

D.H.N., born in August 2011; J.Q.N.N., born in August 2013; and E.T.V.N.,

born in April 2017.1 We affirm.

At the outset, we observe that Mother natively speaks Vietnamese and

understands very little in the English language. She has required interpretive

services throughout the duration of these cases. As will be seen, this language

barrier has at times hindered her ability to comply with her case objectives.

The Dauphin County Social Services for Children and Youth (“DCCY”)

first became involved with Mother in August 2013, based upon concerns for

her mental health. The agency opened services in May 2014 because there

was a lack of medical care for J.Q.N.N., who has a medical condition that

requires “neurology, as well as gastroenterology, regular [doctor] visits and

regular weight checks[.]” N.T. Hearing, 11/13/24, at 18. S.H.D.N., D.H.N.,

and J.Q.N.N. were briefly placed in foster care in October of 2014, but were

returned to Mother in April 2015.

____________________________________________

* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.

1 This Court consolidated Mother’s appeals sua sponte. We note that the

orphans’ court also terminated the parental rights of the unknown father as

to each child. No appeal has been taken from those decrees.

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DCCY received two new referrals in 2017, following E.T.V.N.’s birth:

first, in May for inadequate baby supplies for E.T.V.N.; and then in November

because J.Q.N.N. had been diagnosed with failure to thrive and was not

receiving proper medication. J.Q.N.N. was again placed in foster care for

approximately one month before Mother regained custody.

The agency most recently reopened services in 2020, due to S.H.D.N.’s

extensive truancy. On September 10, 2022, she ran away and reported

physical abuse by Mother. Her wrists exhibited restraint marks, and she had

bruising on her abdomen and legs in various stages of healing. She also

disclosed that she had required staples two years prior because Mother had

hit her on the head with a glass bowl. DCCY found both reports indicated.2

The Commonwealth criminally charged Mother based upon these allegations,

and those cases remained pending at the time of the termination hearing.

____________________________________________

2 We have explained:

An indicated report is one wherein the determination relies on . . .

the county agency’s own assessment that their investigation

revealed substantial evidence of the alleged abuse by a

perpetrator exists based on available medical records, the child

protective services investigation, or an admission of the acts of

abuse by the perpetrator.

Interest of M.M., 302 A.3d 189, 197 (Pa.Super. 2023) (cleaned up).

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All four children were adjudicated dependent and placed into foster

homes.3 When they entered care, the children were not up to date medically

or dentally but have since had those lapses addressed. School attendance

problems have likewise been remedied. Additionally, all four children take

part in therapy.

Mother attended supervised visits every other week for two hours at

DCCY’s offices. Mother denied that she ever physically disciplined her children

and has not addressed her mental health and financial concerns. Since Mother

had completed other parenting programs before the alleged abuse, DCCY

ordered Mother to complete an evidence-based parenting program through

JusticeWorks in light of her continued disciplining problems. Unfortunately,

that program could not be offered to Mother, nor completed by her, because

JusticeWorks lacked a Vietnamese-language interpreter. No other evidence-

based program was pursued by Mother or DCCY as a replacement.

Throughout its involvement, DCCY has found Mother to be incapable of

self-sufficiency. Id. at 32. She remains unemployed and fully reliant on other

family members, including J.N., an elder sibling of the children, as well as

____________________________________________

3 S.H.D.N. was placed in a pre-adoptive foster home, while the remaining

three siblings were placed together in a different foster home. The foster

parents responsible for the three youngest children are a pre-adoptive

resource for E.T.V.N. However, they are not a pre-adoptive resource for

J.Q.N.N. because she needs lifelong care, or for D.H.N. as he desired a better

fit for himself. At the time of the termination hearing, the agency was actively

looking for a pre-adoptive foster home for D.H.N. and noted that better

permanency planning would be possible for J.Q.N.N. following termination.

See N.T. Hearing, 11/13/24, at 21-23.

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DCCY, for translation, transportation, and assistance with reinstating food

stamps and medical insurance for the children. Id. at 19-21.

Given her lack of progress, DCCY filed petitions to terminate Mother’s

parental rights as to all four children pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(1), (2),

(5), (8), and (b). The court held a termination hearing, at which DCCY

presented testimony from casework supervisor Samantha Weirich. 4 J.N.

testified in Mother’s defense regarding her desire to achieve her case

objectives and the obstacles she faced in doing so as a result of not speaking

or understanding the English language. During the hearing, Mother had the

assistance of a Vietnamese-English language translator. Two days later, the

court conducted three in camera interviews of the children: one with

S.H.D.N., another with D.H.N., and a joint meeting with J.Q.N.N. and E.T.V.N.

Notably, no attorneys were present during these interviews. That same day,

the court granted the petitions terminating Mother’s parental rights as to

S.H.D.N., D.H.N., J.Q.N.N., and E.T.V.N.

This timely appeal followed, with all parties complying with the

requirements of Pa.R.A.P. 1925. Mother raises four issues for our

consideration:

A. Whether the trial court violated Mother’s right to due process

by failing to allow her to cross examine witnesses who provided

____________________________________________

4 Each child was dually represented by Joy Waters Fleming, Esquire, as

guardian ad litem (“GAL”) and legal counsel after the court accepted Attorney

Fleming’s representation that no conflict existed between their legal and best

interests.

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testimony the court relied on to engage in a best-interest

determination pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(b).

B. Whether the [orphans’] court committed an error of law and/or

abuse of discretion terminating Mother’s parental rights when

DCCY failed to meet its burden of proving by clear and

convincing evidence that Mother showed a settled intent to

relinquish parental claim to her children, or refused or failed to

perform parental duties for a minimum of six months prior to

the filing of the petition for involuntary termination, pursuant

to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(1).

C. Whether the [orphans’] court committed an error of law and/or

abuse of discretion terminating Mother’s [parental] rights

pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(2), (a)(5), and (a)(8)

because DCCY was unable to meet its burden of providing clear

and convincing evidence that Mother was unable, unwilling, or

incapable of remedying the conditions or causes which led to

the removal of the [c]hildren from Mother’s care.

D. Whether DCCY’s failure to provide a translated petition in a

termination of parental rights case is a violation of due process

under Amendment 14, as it denied [M]other the ability to fully

participate in the proceedings and defend her rights effectively.

Mother’s brief at 4-5 (parenthetical numbering omitted, citations altered,

reordered for ease of disposition).

Mother’s first claim has multiple parts. Initially, she alleges that the

court erred in failing to provide her with adequate notice of the court’s in

camera interviews with the children pursuant to Pa.R.O.C.P. 15.4(3)(a). See

Mother’s brief at 48-50, 53; id. at 54 (“Verbally [sic] stating the children

would be interviewed without providing time, location, or means of this

hearing fails to meet statutory requirements for proper notice.”). We have

held that conducting a termination hearing without affording the parent the

requisite notice violates due process and requires this Court to vacate the

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termination decree and remand for further proceedings. See Interest of

L.T.R., 317 A.3d 614, 2024 WL 1234944, at *5 (Pa.Super. 2024) (non-

precedential decision).

The following rules detail the notice to which parents are entitled before

involuntary termination hearings:

(3)(A) For a proceeding under Rule 15.10 (relating to Involuntary

Termination of Parental Rights), every person entitled to notice as

provided in 23 Pa.C.S. § 2513(b) shall be provided with notice of

the hearing by one of the following means:

(i) personal service;

(ii) registered or certified mail with delivery restricted to the

addressee only and a return receipt requested mailed to the

person’s residence, location where he or she is known to be

staying, or business where he or she is known to be

currently employed; or

(iii) such other means including electronic transmission as

the court may require under the facts of the individual case.

(B) If the identity and location of the person whose parental rights

are sought to be involuntarily terminated are known or can be

determined after reasonable investigation, a copy of the petition

for involuntary termination of parental rights shall be attached to

the notice required by 23 Pa.C.S. § 2513(b).

Pa.R.O.C.P. 15.4. Courts must construe these rules liberally, “to secure the

just, timely, and efficient determination of every action or proceeding to which

they are applicable[.]” Pa.R.O.C.P. 1.2. Further, the orphans’ “court at every

stage of any action or proceeding may disregard any error or defect of

procedure that does not affect the substantive rights of the parties in interest.”

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Id. Section 2513 of the Adoption Act, which is referenced in Rule 15.4,

provides in relevant part:

(a) Time.--The court shall fix a time for hearing on a petition filed

under [§] 2512 (relating to petition for involuntary termination)

which shall be not less than ten days after filing of the petition.

(b) Notice.--At least ten days’ notice shall be given to the parent

or parents, putative father, or parent of a minor parent whose

rights are to be terminated, by personal service or by registered

mail to his or their last known address or by such other means as

the court may require.

23 Pa.C.S. § 2513.

In the present matter, Mother does not claim that she lacked proper

notice of the November 13, 2024 termination hearing. Rather, she assails the

court’s in-court announcement at that hearing that it would interview the

children because it was inconsistent with the type and timing of notice set

forth above. Even assuming that those provisions governed notice for

interviews of children in connection with termination proceedings and the

court’s needs and welfare analysis, it was incumbent upon Mother to lodge an

objection to what she deemed inadequate about the notice at the time it was

orally provided on the record. Since she did not, she has waived her challenge

to the court’s manner of notice for the in camera interviews. See Pa.R.A.P.

302(a) (“Issues not raised in the trial court are waived and cannot be raised

for the first time on appeal.”). Therefore, Mother is not entitled to relief based

upon how the court informed her of its interviews with her children.

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In tandem with the notice complaint, Mother attacks the court’s failure

to protect her due process rights and those of the children because their

respective legal representatives were not present at the in camera interviews.

See Mother’s brief at 48-51. She insists that the court’s failure to ensure the

presence of Attorney Fleming, who acted as the children’s GAL and counsel,

resulted in structural error. Id. at 50. Based upon these violations, Mother

asks us to vacate the termination decrees.

The orphans’ court did not address these arguments in its Rule 1925(a)

opinion because it misunderstood Mother’s contention in her concise

statement as a complaint about cross-examination at the November 13, 2024,

hearing. See Statement of Matters on Appeal, 12/16/24, at ¶ 3(d) (“Whether

the court violated Mother’s right to due process by failing to allow her to cross

examine witnesses who provided testimony the court relied upon to engage

in a best-interest determination pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(b)” (citation

altered)). Since Mother had the opportunity to cross-examine DCCY’s

casework supervisor at the termination hearing, the court opined that this

claim lacked merit. It did not address Mother’s inability to ask the children

questions during the in camera interviews, nor the absence of the children’s

counsel or Mother’s counsel at those interviews.

Having the benefit of Mother’s brief, which includes a detailed argument

regarding these allegations, DCCY counters that Rule 1925(b) waiver prohibits

our review because Mother’s concise statement did not plainly divulge that

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she was challenging the absence of counsel, either Mother’s or children’s, at

the interviews. See DCCY’s brief at 46. Alternatively, the agency alleges that

the orphans’ court only interviewed the children “as part of a permanency

review hearing, held immediately after the termination proceeding[.]” 5 Id. at

46. According to DCCY, the court committed no error in conducting a hearing

regarding the permanency plan, as the court could divorce the dependency

proceedings from the termination considerations. Id. at 46-47. The agency

offered no discussion as to whether it was error for all counsel to be absent.

Attorney Fleming initially joined DCCY’s brief. Upon direction from this

Court, she filed a brief addressing this issue. Therein, she indicated that the

children’s legal interests were vindicated by her representation prior to and at

the November 13, 2024 termination hearing. See Children’s brief at 13

(noting that counsel “was present and actively participated in the evidentiary

hearing[,] placed the children’s wishes on the record, confirmed prior

consultation with them, and concurred with the [a]gency’s recommendation

to terminate parental rights”). However, she did not explain her decision not

to attend the interviews and argued that Mother waived the complaint by

____________________________________________

5 Contrary to its assertion, the interviews did not commence immediately after

the termination hearing; they were held two days later. Moreover, they were

not solely part of the permanency proceedings, as they were clearly

conducted, at least in part, to inform the court’s § 2511(b) analysis. We

caution DCCY to be more careful in reciting purported facts to this Court.

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failing to object or include it clearly in her Rule 1925(b) statement. Id. at 14-

15.

Our review reveals that the orphans’ court provided the following notice

at the termination hearing regarding its intention to interview the children:

THE COURT: I will note that the children are not present this

morning. The Court received a request to interview the kids or

speak with the kids on Friday. We granted that.[6] So we will be

communicating with the children, but their GAL is present and will

be able to state any information that she received from them prior

to me having that opportunity.

....

All right. I am going to speak with the children and so we’re gonna

defer our decision until we’re able to do that so that we can make

a decision on all the matters after I’ve spoken with the children.

ATTORNEY FLEMING: I was not invited to your meeting with the

children on Friday. So may I place my recommendation on the

hearing record?

THE COURT: You certainly may. But you can be invited if you’d

like to be present, but you can also place your recommendation

on the record.

ATTORNEY FLEMING: May I hear [DCCY]’s recommendation first?

....

Your Honor, I’m in agreement with that recommendation [to

terminate]. I believe it is in the children’s best interest for

termination of parental rights to occur. I’ve consulted with them

about next steps regarding a post termination sort of transition.

They indicated to me that they would not like to return home.

____________________________________________

6 We have been unable to locate in the certified record the request or the order

granting it.

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THE COURT: And since I’m gonna see the children and render a

decision, I’ll give you a chance to argue anything you’d like today,

either side. So go right ahead.

....

Thank you. And the record will technically remain open until we

speak with the children.

N.T. Hearing, 11/13/24, at 6, 78-79, 83.

Although the court did not explicitly invite Mother’s counsel, her counsel

neither objected to the omission nor requested to attend. Accordingly, Mother

has waived her challenge to counsel’s absence from the interviews, and we

will not address that portion of this issue further. See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a).

Turning to the remaining due process complaint, the above exchange

demonstrates that the orphans’ court did not prohibit children’s counsel from

attending the in camera interviews; rather, it extended an invitation.7

____________________________________________

7 We have explained in the dependency context that representation of a child’s

legal interests is thwarted when counsel is excluded from an in camera

interview conducted as part of those proceedings:

[T]he trial court precluded Child’s counsel from participating in the

questioning of Child at a critical juncture in the dependency

proceedings, i.e., the final opportunity for Child to address the

trial court prior to its ruling on reunification and discharge. This

procedure deprived Child of the advice and support of the legal

representation that was conferred upon him at all stages of the

dependency proceedings as a matter of law.

Interest of J.F., 308 A.3d 1252, 1258 (Pa.Super. 2024) (cleaned up). The

same concerns hold true in involuntary termination proceedings. Id. at 1260

(recognizing that while “dependency proceedings do not necessarily implicate

(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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Consequently, Mother’s claim challenging counsel’s failure to attend the

interviews implicates not trial court error, but the adequacy of counsel’s

advocacy. See Interest of D.N.G., 230 A.3d 361, 365-66 (Pa.Super. 2020)

(reiterating that any party may raise a challenge to § 2313(a) representation

and this Court may review such a claim even if raised for the first time on

appeal). We have held that legal representation for children in termination

proceedings requires not only “talking to the child client and reporting the

child’s preferences to the court,” but also “advocat[ing] on behalf of [the child]

and provid[ing] zealous client-directed representation of [the child]’s legal

interests.” Id. at 366 (cleaned up).

____________________________________________

the same gravity of consequence present in” contested termination matters,

“critical rights are still at issue” (cleaned up)).

Therefore, had the court barred Attorney Fleming from attending the

interviews, we would have been compelled to vacate the underlying decrees

and remand for new termination proceedings based upon the structural error

of depriving the children of their right to legal counsel. See Interest of

H.H.N., 296 A.3d 1258, 1266 (Pa.Super. 2023) (noting that dismissing

counsel from one of the termination hearings constitutes “the deprivation of

Children’s right to counsel [and] is a structural error” (cleaned up)); In the

Interest of K.-M.L., 2025 WL 1455675, at *5 (Pa.Super. 2025) (non-

precedential decision) (finding structural error where the court dismissed

child’s counsel in the middle of the termination hearing, even though it was at

counsel’s request and after counsel conveyed child’s preferences, because

child “was deprived the benefit of representation of legal counsel” during the

parents’ testimony and closing arguments). However, despite Mother’s

framing of the issue as error by the orphans’ court in not ensuring the

presence of all attorneys, see Mother’s brief at 49-51, the orphans’ court

appointed counsel for the children and did not exclude counsel from the

interviews. Therefore, we are not confronted with structural error.

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Here, Attorney Fleming clearly represented the children’s legal interests

at the termination hearing. While we observe with dismay that neither the

record nor Attorney Fleming’s brief provides any explanation as to why she

failed to attend the in camera interviews, Mother’s argument is premised upon

error by the orphans’ court, not upon the efficacy of Attorney Fleming’s legal

representation. Critically, we may not manufacture that argument for her.

See In re W.H., 25 A.3d 330, 339 n.3 (Pa.Super. 2011) (“Where an appellate

brief fails to provide any discussion of a claim with citation to relevant

authority or fails to develop the issue in any other meaningful fashion capable

of review, that claim is waived.” (cleaned up)); In re Adoption of K.M.G.,

240 A.3d 1218, 1237 (Pa. 2020) (rejecting “the argument that appellate

courts should review sua sponte whether a GAL/Counsel sufficiently advocated

for the child’s legal interests”). Accordingly, Mother has likewise waived this

final portion of her first issue.

We next turn to the general principles governing our review of

termination decrees:

In cases concerning the involuntary termination of parental rights,

appellate review is limited to a determination of whether the

decree of the termination court is supported by competent

evidence. This standard of review corresponds to the standard

employed in dependency cases, and requires appellate courts to

accept the findings of fact and credibility determinations of the

trial court if they are supported by the record, but it does not

require the appellate court to accept the lower court’s inferences

or conclusions of law. That is, if the factual findings are supported,

we must determine whether the trial court made an error of law

or abused its discretion. An abuse of discretion does not result

merely because the reviewing court might have reached a

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different conclusion; we reverse for an abuse of discretion only

upon demonstration of manifest unreasonableness, partiality,

prejudice, bias, or ill will. Thus, absent an abuse of discretion, an

error of law, or insufficient evidentiary support for the trial court’s

decision, the decree must stand. We have previously emphasized

our deference to trial courts that often have first-hand

observations of the parties spanning multiple hearings. However,

we must employ a broad, comprehensive review of the record in

order to determine whether the trial court’s decision is supported

by competent evidence.

In re Adoption of C.M., 255 A.3d 343, 358–59 (Pa. 2021) (cleaned up).

“The trial court is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence presented

and is likewise free to make all credibility determinations and resolve conflicts

in the evidence.” In re M.G., 855 A.2d 68, 73-74 (Pa.Super. 2004) (citation

omitted). Moreover, “if competent evidence supports the trial court’s findings,

we will affirm even if the record could also support the opposite result.” In

re Adoption of T.B.B., 835 A.2d 387, 394 (Pa.Super. 2003) (citation

omitted).

Section 2511 of the Adoption Act sets forth the following bifurcated

analysis:

Initially, the focus is on the conduct of the parent. The party

seeking termination must prove by clear and convincing evidence

that the parent’s conduct satisfies the statutory grounds for

termination delineated in [§] 2511(a). Only if the court

determines that the parent’s conduct warrants termination of his

or her parental rights does the court engage in the second part of

the analysis pursuant to [§] 2511(b): determination of the needs

and welfare of the child under the standard of best interests of the

child.

In re Adoption of B.G.S., 245 A.3d 700, 705 (Pa.Super. 2021) (cleaned up).

We have defined clear and convincing evidence as that which is so “clear,

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direct, weighty and convincing as to enable the trier of fact to come to a clear

conviction, without hesitance, of the truth of the precise facts in issue.” In re

C.S., 761 A.2d 1197, 1201 (Pa.Super. 2000) (en banc) (cleaned up).

To affirm a termination decree, we need only agree with the trial court

that any one subsection of § 2511(a), as well as § 2511(b), is met. See In

re B.L.W., 843 A.2d 380, 384 (Pa.Super. 2004) (en banc). Thus, we address

Mother’s first two issues together, focusing solely upon § 2511(a)(8) and (b),8

which provide as follows in relevant part:

(a) General Rule.—The rights of a parent in regard to a child

may be terminated after a petition filed on any of the following

grounds:

(8) The child has been removed from the care of the parent

by the court or under a voluntary agreement with an

agency, 12 months or more have elapsed from the date of

removal or placement, the conditions which led to the

removal or placement of the child continue to exist and

termination of parental rights would best serve the needs

and welfare of the child.

....

(b) Other considerations.--The court in terminating the rights

of a parent shall give primary consideration to the developmental,

physical and emotional needs and welfare of the child. The rights

of a parent shall not be terminated solely on the basis of

environmental factors such as inadequate housing, furnishings,

income, clothing and medical care if found to be beyond the

control of the parent. With respect to any petition filed pursuant

to subsection (a)(1), (6) or (8), the court shall not consider any

efforts by the parent to remedy the conditions described therein

____________________________________________

8 Mother does not contest the § 2511(b) findings. Therefore, we consider this

subsection only insofar as it impacts our § 2511(a)(8) analysis.

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which are first initiated subsequent to the giving of notice of the

filing of the petition.

23 Pa.C.S. § 2511.

Pursuant to § 2511(a)(8), the agency was required to prove three

elements as to each child: “(1) the child has been removed from the care of

the parent for at least twelve months; (2) the conditions that led to the

removal or placement of the child continue to exist; and (3) termination of

parental rights would best serve the needs and welfare of the child.” In re

I.J., 972 A.2d 5, 11 (Pa.Super. 2009) (cleaned up). The second prong

requires the court to “determine whether the conditions that led to the child’s

removal continue to exist, despite the reasonable good faith efforts of [the

agency] supplied over a realistic time period.” In re Adoption of K.J., 936

A.2d 1128, 1133 (Pa.Super. 2007) (cleaned up).

Notably, this subsection “does not require the court to evaluate a

parent’s current willingness or ability to remedy the conditions that initially

caused placement or the availability or efficacy of [the agency’s] services.”

Id. (cleaned up). Rather, our inquiry is focused upon whether the at-issue

“conditions” have been “remedied” such that “reunification of parent and child

is imminent at the time of the hearing.” In re I.J., 972 A.2d at 11 (emphasis

added). It is axiomatic that “a child’s life cannot be held in abeyance while

the parent is unable to perform the actions necessary to assume parenting

responsibilities. We cannot and will not subordinate indefinitely a child’s need

for permanence and stability to a parent’s claims of progress and hope for the

future.” Id. at 11-12 (cleaned up).

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Presently, Mother agrees that the twelve-month timeframe has been

satisfied and does not expressly challenge whether termination was in the best

interests of each child. Instead, she argues that DCCY failed to prove by clear

and convincing evidence that the conditions leading to placement still existed.

See Mother’s brief at 36. She maintains that the sole reason provided in the

dependency petition for removal was alleged physical abuse, and “[n]o

evidence was provided that inappropriate discipline or physical abuse

continued beyond the date of removal.” Id. at 37.

The orphans’ court explained its findings thusly:

Perhaps the ultimate concerns leading to foster care

placement for the children were Mother’s abuse of the children

and inappropriate physical discipline of the children. According to

casework supervisor Weirich’s testimony, throughout the life of

the instant dependency case, Mother has refused or at least has

been unable to acknowledge her past inappropriate physical

disciplinary tactics with the children. This raises significant

concerns as to whether she would continue these types of abusive

tactics should she maintain parental rights to the children. To the

extent that Mother’s behavior towards the children arises from

mental health issues, the testimony established that Mother has

not taken adequate steps to address these mental health

concerns. While Mother underwent a psychological evaluation on

April 20, 2024, Mother has not participated in any individual

outpatient therapy, despite the evaluation recommending that she

do so. Moreover, one of Mother’s court-established service

objectives was to participate in a psychiatric consultation and

determine which medication would be appropriate. Mother,

however, has not sought any psychiatric services, including a

psychiatric evaluation. Also, while we acknowledge that Mother

has completed several parenting programs Mother has not

comported with her established service objective of completing an

evidence-based parenting program. We also highlight casework

supervisor Weirich’s testimony that despite Mother’s completion

of an “intensive” parenting program several years prior to the

children’s placement into foster care, such parenting program did

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not prevent Mother from abusing the children in the future,

questioning whether a parenting program would be efficacious at

preventing further abuse or inappropriate discipline by Mother

towards the children.

In addition to the abuse concerns, the evidence presents

significant concerns about Mother’s ability to provide for the

children financially and properly handle their medical and

educational needs.

....

Finally, which regard to the children’s educational needs, the

court has serious concerns about whether Mother would be able

to ensure that the children even attend school, let alone thrive in

school. Before they were placed in foster case, repeated agency

intervention was required to address the children’s truancy and

Mother’s inability or refusal to ensure that the children attended

school on a regular basis.

Orphans’ Court Opinion, 1/16/25, at 20-22 (cleaned up, emphasis in original).

Our review of the record confirms the court’s findings, and we discern

no abuse of discretion in its analysis of § 2511(a)(8). Mother had not

remedied the conditions leading to the placement of her four children in the

more than twelve months they were in foster care, and at the time of the

termination hearing it was apparent that reunification was not imminent. See

In re I.J., 972 A.2d at 11. Moreover, it was plain from the testimony that

the children’s needs and welfare, in particular their educational, emotional,

and medical needs, were best served by terminating Mother’s parental rights.

Accordingly, we affirm the court’s determination that DCCY proved by clear

and convincing evidence that Mother’s conduct warranted termination of her

parental rights as to each of the four children pursuant to § 2511(a)(8).

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Lastly, Mother contends that she was denied due process because the

termination petition and relevant case documents were not translated into

Vietnamese. See Mother’s brief at 37. She notes that Pennsylvania Rule of

Judicial Administration 261 provides a policy of language access to those, such

as her, that are Limited English Proficient (“LEP”), which includes a notice of

language rights to be sent with every hearing notice in both civil and criminal

matters.9 Id. at 39. Further, she asserts that “being denied meaningful

____________________________________________

9 Specifically, Rule 261 provides as follows:

A. It is the policy of the UJS to provide meaningful language

access to the courts for all individuals who are [LEP] or deaf or

hard of hearing (“DHH”) to ensure that such persons have due

process and equal access to all judicial proceedings, court

services, programs, and activities. Ensuring meaningful language

access means providing timely, accurate, and effective language

services at no cost to persons who are LEP or DHH, whether

requested or not.

B. Courts must review data concerning the languages for which

interpreters are most frequently requested in their courts and

translate vital documents in accordance with the policy and

procedures established by the Administrative Office. Oral

translation of documents shall be provided when a translated

document is not available.

C. A qualified interpreter shall be provided for any court services,

programs, or activities involving an LEP person and in every

judicial proceeding where the LEP person is one of the following:

1. a principal party in interest.

2. any person when a court finds good cause for provision of

interpreter services.

(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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access to the court procedure” violated the Civil Rights Act and Americans with

Disabilities Act. Id. at 42-43. While she concedes that the court properly

ensured she had a certified interpreter at the termination hearing, she avers

court error because the record was not translated beforehand for Mother to

prepare a defense. Id. at 45-46.

DCCY, meanwhile, argues that Mother waived these complaints because

she did not raise them in the orphans’ court. See DCCY’s brief at 39.

Moreover, it asserts Rule 1925(b) waiver because her statement did not

include an allegation that Mother was denied access to court procedures or

that her disability rights were violated. Rather, the statement focused on

DCCY’s purported violation of her due process rights by failing to provide her

with translated termination petitions. Id. Alternatively, DCCY proffers that

Mother has had court-appointed counsel throughout these proceedings, and

that her limited English language abilities are not commensurate with a

disability under the Americans with Disabilities Act. Id. at 40. As noted by

____________________________________________

D. A qualified interpreter shall be provided for any court services,

programs, or activities involving a DHH person and in every

judicial proceeding where the DHH person is one of the following:

1. a principal party in interest.

2. any person, including a spectator, who seeks a reasonable

accommodation.

Pa.R.J.A. 261. See also 42 Pa.C.S. § 4412(a) (“Upon request or sua sponte,

if the presiding judicial officer determines that a principal party in interest or

witness has a limited ability to speak or understand English, then a certified

interpreter shall be appointed[.]”).

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DCCY, counsel was obligated to keep Mother informed of the petitions and the

proceedings. Id. at 44 (citing Pa.R.Prof.C. 1.4 (governing a lawyer’s duty to

communicate with his or her client and to keep the client informed)).

This Court reviews decisions regarding interpretive services for an abuse

of discretion. See Interest of R.C.-G., 292 A.3d 582, 590 (Pa.Super. 2023).

Here, the orphans’ court addressed Mother’s claim regarding the lack of

translation services thusly:

[B]ased on all of the assistance she was provided in this case,

including the assistance of the [a]gency prior to the hearing and

the assistance of counsel and the interpreter at the November 13,

2024 hearing, we maintain that Mother was not denied the ability

to fully participate in the proceedings and defend her rights

effectively at the hearing, and the alleged failure to translate the

[p]etition itself does not constitute a violation of due process

considering the totality of the circumstances of this case.

Orphans’ Court Opinion, 1/15/25, at 25.

We discern no abuse of discretion. Mother had the benefit of a certified

interpreter during the termination hearing, and she was represented by

counsel throughout the dependency and termination proceedings. Moreover,

J.N. assisted Mother, when necessary, in communicating with DCCY, and

therefore could have conveyed a demand for translation of any documents to

DCCY, counsel, or the orphans’ court. Ms. Weirich explained that DCCY

utilized LanguageLine when communicating with Mother and to translate her

family service plan, each child’s permanency plan, and any court-ordered

objectives. See N.T. Hearing, 11/13/24, at 40-42. If counsel believed that

Mother did not receive adequate interpretive services to understand the

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nature of the underlying matters, counsel should have raised the issue with

the orphans’ court. Since no objection was lodged, and the court properly

ensured the assistance of an interpreter at the evidentiary hearing, Mother’s

claim fails. See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a); Pa.R.J.A. 261.

Based on the foregoing, we affirm the decrees terminating Mother’s

parental rights as to S.H.D.N., D.H.N., J.Q.N.N., and E.T.V.N.

Decrees affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Benjamin D. Kohler, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 7/28/2025

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