“[T]he discovery rule . . . does not apply when the allegedly 25 defamatory material is included in a mass media publication” like “radio and television 26 programs[.]”
How later courts described this case
- “[T]he discovery rule . . . does not apply when the allegedly 25 defamatory material is included in a mass media publication” like “radio and television 26 programs[.]”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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11 DOLORES LUCERO, No. 2:25-cv-1079 DC AC (PS)
12 Plaintiff,
13 v. ORDER and FINDINGS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
14 MIKE MANGAS, SINCLAIR MEDIA
LICENCEE, dba KRCR-TV,
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Defendants.
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17 Plaintiff paid the filing fee and is proceeding in this matter pro se; pre-trial proceedings
18 are accordingly referred to the undersigned pursuant to Local Rule 302(c)(21). Defendants filed a
19 motion to dismiss this case. ECF No. 9. Plaintiff opposed the motion (ECF No. 12), and filed a
20 motion for leave to file supporting exhibits (ECF No. 17). Defendants submitted a reply. ECF
21 No. 13. For the reasons set forth below the undersigned recommends defendants’ motion to
22 dismiss be GRANTED.
23 As a preliminary matter the court notes that, except in rare circumstances not present here,
24 courts to not consider evidence outside the pleadings in ruling on motions to dismiss pursuant to
25 Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). United States v. Ritchie, 342 F.3d 903, 907 (9th Cir. 2003).
26 Accordingly, plaintiff’s motion for leave to file exhibits (ECF No. 17) is DENIED.
27 ////
28 ////
1 I. Background
2 A. The Complaint
3 Plaintiff Dolores Lucero was a council member for the City of Shasta Lake as well as a
4 community activist. ECF No. 1 at 2. On July 10, 2014, KRCR-TV, through reporter Mike
5 Mangas, broadcasted a news segment stating that plaintiff was found guilty of electron fraud;
6 plaintiff alleges this statement was false. Id. at 2. Plaintiff alleges that the false report included
7 sensational visuals, including a background featuring John Walsh from “America’s Most
8 Wanted,” implying a connection to criminal notoriety. Id. Plaintiff alleges Mangas knowingly
9 and maliciously broadcasted the false statements. Id. Though the complaint does not detail
10 causes of action, in the caption plaintiff states that her complaint seeks relief for defamation,
11 intentional infliction of emotional distress, violations of civil rights, and violations of FCC
12 regulations. ECF No. 1 at 1.
13 B. Motion to Dismiss
14 Defendants move to dismiss on several grounds: (1) the defamation and intentional
15 infliction of emotional distress claims are time-barred; (2) the news report on which Lucero’s
16 claims are based is a fair and true report of a judicial proceeding that is absolutely privileged
17 under California Civil Code § 47(d); (3) Lucero lacks standing to assert a claim against
18 defendants for allegedly violating a policy of the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”);
19 and (4) defendants cannot be liable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 because they are not government
20 actors, and there is no close nexus between the state and Defendants’ conduct giving
21 rise to Lucero’s claims. ECF No. 9 at 2.
22 II. Analysis
23 A. Legal Standards Governing Motions to Dismiss
24 “The purpose of a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) is to test the legal
25 sufficiency of the complaint.” N. Star Int’l v. Ariz. Corp. Comm’n, 720 F.2d 578, 581 (9th Cir.
26 1983). “Dismissal can be based on the lack of a cognizable legal theory or the absence of
27 sufficient facts alleged under a cognizable legal theory.” Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t., 901
28 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1990).
1 In order to survive dismissal for failure to state a claim, a complaint must contain more
2 than a “formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action;” it must contain factual
3 allegations sufficient to “raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v.
4 Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). It is insufficient for the pleading to contain a statement of
5 facts that “merely creates a suspicion” that the pleader might have a legally cognizable right of
6 action. Id. (quoting 5 C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1216, pp. 235-35
7 (3d ed. 2004)). Rather, the complaint “must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to
8 ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)
9 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads
10 factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable
11 for the misconduct alleged.” Id.
12 In reviewing a complaint under this standard, the court “must accept as true all of the
13 factual allegations contained in the complaint,” construe those allegations in the light most
14 favorable to the plaintiff and resolve all doubts in the plaintiff’s favor. See Erickson v. Pardus,
15 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007); Von Saher v. Norton Simon Museum of Art at Pasadena, 592 F.3d 954,
16 960 (9th Cir. 2010), cert. denied, 564 U.S. 1037 (2011); Hebbe v. Pliler, 627 F.3d 338, 340 (9th
17 Cir. 2010). However, the court need not accept as true legal conclusions cast in the form of
18 factual allegations, or allegations that contradict matters properly subject to judicial notice. See
19 Western Mining Council v. Watt, 643 F.2d 618, 624 (9th Cir. 1981); Sprewell v. Golden State
20 Warriors, 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir.), as amended, 275 F.3d 1187 (2001).
21 Pro se pleadings are held to a less stringent standard than those drafted by lawyers.
22 Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972). Pro se complaints are construed liberally and may
23 only be dismissed if it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support
24 of his claim which would entitle him to relief. Nordstrom v. Ryan, 762 F.3d 903, 908 (9th Cir.
25 2014). The court’s liberal interpretation of a pro se complaint, however, may not supply essential
26 elements of the claim that were not pled. Ivey v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. of Alaska, 673 F.2d
27 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982); see also Pena v. Gardner, 976 F.2d 469, 471 (9th Cir. 1992). A pro se
28 litigant is entitled to notice of the deficiencies in the complaint and an opportunity to amend,
1 unless the complaint’s deficiencies could not be cured by amendment. See Noll v. Carlson, 809
2 F.2d 1446, 1448 (9th Cir. 1987).
3 B. Plaintiff Cannot Sue for FCC Policy Violations
4 Plaintiff cannot sue defendants for violations of the FCC distortion policy because the
5 right to enforce that policy belongs to the FCC itself. The Federal Communications Commission
6 (“FCC”) is a federal agency “empowered it to regulate communications services.” Fed.
7 Commc’ns Comm’n v. Consumers’ Rsch., 606 U.S. , No. 24-354, 2025 WL 1773630, at *4
8 (June 27, 2025). Plaintiff asserts a cause of action arising from defendants’ alleged violation of
9 the FCC’s “news distortion policy” (ECF No. 1 at ¶ 18), but no private cause of action permits
10 individuals to enforce that policy via lawsuits. “It is axiomatic that private rights of action must
11 be created by Congress.” Greene v. Sprint Commc’ns Co., 340 F.3d 1047, 1050 (9th Cir. 2003).
12 Congress has not created any right of action for enforcement of FCC’s distortion policy. Instead,
13 the responsibility for enforcing the FCC’s “policy against ‘news distortion’” in certain instances
14 of alleged inaccuracy or bias is left to the FCC. See, e.g., Broadcast News Distortion, FCC (July
15 18, 2024), https://www.fcc.gov/broadcast-news-distortion. Because there is no private cause of
16 action through which plaintiff can enforce this FCC policy, plaintiff cannot move forward on this
17 claim.
18 C. Plaintiff’s Tort Claims are Barred by the Statute of Limitations
19 Plaintiff’s tort claims for defamation and intentional infliction of emotional distress are
20 both subject to a one year statute of limitations, meaning that a plaintiff must file a lawsuit within
21 one year of the incident giving rise to the alleged violation. Cal. Civ. Proc. § 340(c). The
22 limitations period for a defamation claim begins to run on the date of publication of the statement
23 at issue, regardless of when the plaintiff learns of it. See, e.g., Long v. Walt Disney Co., 116 Cal.
24 App. 4th 868, 874 (2004) (“[T]he discovery rule . . . does not apply when the allegedly
25 defamatory material is included in a mass media publication” like “radio and television
26 programs[.]”). This one-year statute of limitations applies to causes of action for libel or slander
27 and to all other tort claims “based on an offensive statement that is [allegedly] defamatory,” and
28 “plaintiffs have not been allowed to circumvent the statutory limitation by proceeding on a theory
1 other than defamation.” Fellows v. Nat’l Enquirer, Inc., 42 Cal. 3d 234, 240 (1986).
2 Accordingly, the one-year period applies to both the defamation claim and the intentional
3 infliction of emotional distress claim that is based on the alleged defamation.
4 Here, plaintiff’s claims for both defamation and intentional infliction of emotional distress
5 accrued on July 10, 2014, the date of the broadcast at issue. ECF No. 1 at 2; see Long, 116 Cal.
6 App. at 875 (explaining emotional distress claim accrues at publication date when emotional
7 distress is based on the content published). This lawsuit was filed nearly eleven years later, far
8 outside the one-year limitations period. Plaintiff argues in her opposition that three
9 “republications” by third parties who repeated the allegedly defamatory statements re-started the
10 limitations period. ECF No. 12 at 2. This is not the case. “The rule that each publication of a
11 defamatory statement gives rise to a new cause of action for defamation applies when the original
12 defamer repeats or recirculates his or her original remarks to a new audience.” Shively v.
13 Bozanich, 31 Cal. 4th 1230, 1243 (2003), as modified (Dec. 22, 2003) (emphasis added). There
14 is no allegation that defendants themselves re-published the statements, and repetition by third
15 parties does not re-start the limitations period or create a new cause of action against the original
16 publisher. Accordingly, plaintiff’s claims for intentional infliction of emotional distress and
17 defamation are time-barred and must be dismissed.
18 D. Plaintiff Fails to State a Claim for Civil Rights Violations
19 Plaintiff asserts that defendants’ conduct violated her civil rights “under 42 U.S.C. § 1983,
20 as it targeted Plaintiff’s right to freedom of speech and political participation, creating a chilling
21 effect on her public involvement.” ECF No. 1 at 4. Section 1983 creates a cause of action for
22 constitutional violations committed by state and municipal government officials and employees.
23 See West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988). Private individuals and entities come within the
24 scope of the statute only if they are engaged in action “under color of law,” 42 U.S.C. § 1983,
25 which means that “constitutional standards are invoked only when it can be said that the State is
26 responsible for the specific conduct of which the plaintiff complains.” Naoko Ohno v. Yuko
27 Yasuma, 723 F.3d 984, 994 (9th Cir. 2013) (emphasis in original).
28 Defendants here are private actors, and as such can be liable under §1983 only if plaintiff
1 shows that (1) they harmed her while exercising “a right or privilege having its source in state
2 authority” and (2) they “may be appropriately characterized as state actors.” Villegas v. Gilroy
3 Garlic Festival Ass’n, 541 F.3d 950, 954-55 (9th Cir. 2008). “Some of the factors to consider in
4 determining whether there is a “close nexus” [between private defendants and the state] are: (1)
5 the organization is mostly comprised of state institutions; (2) state officials dominate decision
6 making of the organization; (3) the organization’s funds are largely generated by the state
7 institutions; and (4) the organization is acting in lieu of a traditional state actor.” Id. at 955.
8 The complaint itself makes clear that defendants are not state actors, nor were they
9 plausibly acting on behalf of or in “close nexus” with the state. Plaintiff alleges defendant
10 Sinclair Media, for whom Mike Mangas reported, is a subsidiary of Sinclair Broadcast Group,
11 Inc., a corporation with its principal place of business in Maryland. ECF No. 1 at 3. In her
12 opposition to the motion to dismiss, plaintiff argues that defendants acted in concert with the state
13 in that a school board official relied on defendants’ false report “to suppress political activity (a
14 recall petition), linking the media’s conduct to state retaliation.” ECF No. 12 at 3. The court
15 rejects this theory. The fact that a public official later relied on a private news company’s report
16 does not convert that report into a state action. There are no allegations that the government was
17 involved in the original broadcast in any way. Because defendants were plainly not state actors or
18 acting in close nexus with the government, the civil rights claims must be dismissed.
19 III. Leave to Amend Is Not Appropriate
20 Leave to amend is not appropriate in this case because plaintiff’s complaint does not
21 present any civil cause of action that is both timely and plausible, and the addition of facts cannot
22 cure the defects. The facts of the complaint are clear, and amendment would be futile. Though a
23 pro se plaintiff is generally entitled to an opportunity to correct defects in a complaint by
24 amendment, that step is not appropriate in situation in which, as here, the defects cannot be cured.
25 Noll v. Carlson, 802 F.2d 1446, 1448 (9th Cir. 1987).
26 IV. Pro Se Plaintiff’s Summary
27 The magistrate judge is recommending that defendants’ motion to dismiss be granted, and
28 that this case be closed. You may object to this recommendation within 21 days. The district
1 | judge will make the final decision. Your request to file evidence is denied because evidence
2 || outside the complaint is not considered on a motion to dismiss.
3 V. Conclusion
4 Plaintiff's motion for leave to file evidence (ECF No. 17) is DENIED. Further, it is
5 || hereby RECOMMENDED that defendants’ motion to dismiss (ECF No. 9) be GRANTED and
6 || that this case be closed.
7 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge
8 || assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within twenty-one days
9 || after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written
10 || objections with the court and serve a copy on all parties. Id.; see also Local Rule 304(b). Such a
11 || document should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and
12 || Recommendations.” Failure to file objections within the specified time may waive the right to
13 || appeal the District Court’s order. Turner v. Duncan, 158 F.3d 449, 455 (9th Cir. 1998); Martinez
14 | v. Yist, 951 F.2d 1153, 1156-57 (9th Cir. 1991).
15 | DATED: July 23, 2025 ~
16 ththienr—Chnp—e_
ALLISON CLAIRE
17 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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