Moore v. LaSalle Corrections Inc

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

WESTERN DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA

MONROE DIVISION

ERIE MOORE JR ET AL CASE NO. 3:16-CV-01007

VERSUS JUDGE TERRY A. DOUGHTY

LASALLE CORRECTIONS INC ET AL MAG. JUDGE KAYLA D.

MCCLUSKY

MEMORANDUM ORDER

Before the Court is Pretrial Memorandum [Doc. No. 497] filed by Defendants,

c/o Reginald Curley, Jody Foster, Sgt. Gerald Hardwell, William Mitchell, c/o Jeremy

Runner, Sgt. Reginald Williams, LaSalle Management Co. LLC., Richwood

Correctional Center, LLC, The City of Monroe, and Christopher Loring (collectively,

“Defendants”). Also before the Court is a Pretrial Memorandum [Doc. No. 499] filed

Plaintiffs Erie Moore, Jr., Tamra Green, and Tiffany Robinson (collectively

“Plaintiffs”). The Court provides the following rulings for the issues raised in the

parties’ pretrial memorandums.

I. FACTS AND BACKGROUND

This case has a long procedural history. As it relates to the parties’ pretrial

memorandums, the Court entered an amended Scheduling Order on February 25,

2025, and set the case for trial on August 4, 2025.1 Pursuant to the February 25, 2025,

Scheduling Order, the parties filed their respective pretrial memorandums

identifying contested issues of law, outstanding discovery issues.2 A pre-trial

1 [Doc. No. 479].

2 [Doc. Nos. 497, 499].

conference was held on June 12, 2025.3 The parties were given until July 1, 2025, to

file replies to the memoranda.4 The Court resolves the issues as follows.

II. LAW AND ANALYSIS

The first disputed legal issue concerns the applicability of qualified immunity

and a good faith defense. Plaintiffs contend that the individual defendants are barred

from asserting both qualified immunity and a good faith defense. While Defendants

concede that qualified immunity is not available in this case, they maintain that they

are nonetheless entitled to raise the good faith defense.

Defendants are correct, and the good faith defense is allowed to be asserted at

trial. Courts have recognized that the principles of equality and fairness form the

foundation of the good faith defense. See Danielson v. AFSCME, Council 28, AFL-

CIO, 340 F. Supp. 3d 1083, 1085 (W.D. Wash. 2018) (“Although the precise contours

of the defense have not been clearly defined by the Supreme Court, circuit courts,

including the Ninth Circuit, have acknowledged its general contours of equity [sic]

and fairness.”); Mooney v. Illinois Education Association, 372 F. Supp. 3d 690, 703

(C.D. Ill. 2019) (“The principles of fairness and equality underlying the good-faith

defense in the § 1983 context ...”). By these principals, the Fifth Circuit held “private

defendants sued on the basis of Lugar (private actors sued under § 1983) may be held

liable for damages under § 1983 only if they failed to act in good faith in invoking the

unconstitutional state procedures, that is, if they either knew or should have known

3 [Doc. No. 503].

4 [Id.].

that the statute upon which they relied was unconstitutional.” Wyatt v. Cole, 994 F.2d

1113, 1118 (5th Cir. 1993).

The second contested issue of law concerns punitive damages. Plaintiffs argue

that Richwood Correctional Center (“RCC”) and LaSalle Management Company

(“LMC”) (collectively “Companies”) are subject to punitive damages. Defendants

admit that the Fifth Circuit has allowed punitive damages against private

establishments, such as the Companies, to be decided by the jury, but Defendants

believe the Fifth Circuit is incorrect and reserve their right to appeal this issue.

The jury will receive instructions on whether to consider awarding punitive

damages against the Companies. Moore v. LaSalle Management Company, LLC, 41

F.4th 493, 514 (5th Cir. 2022).

Third, Plaintiffs assert that the “function as a unit” theory is applicable in this

case and serves to establish both causation and liability of the individual Defendants

for the injuries sustained by Erie Moore, Sr. (“Moore”). Defendants contend that

liability must be assessed individually for each defendant, based solely on each

individual action a Defendant personally took. And that if this theory is applied at

trial, it would seek to include former named defendants who have been dismissed

with prejudice. Additionally, Defendants argue that just because the Fifth Circuit

ruled that a jury could find that the “function as a unit” theory applied in this case,

they cannot use the theory to lessen their burden of proof.

In Simpson v. Hines, 903 F.2d 400, 403 (5th Cir. 1990), ten police officers

entered Simpson’s cell and collectively used force against him. The defendants argued

that they could not be held individually liable absent evidence that each defendant's

actions caused severe injuries. Id. The Fifth Circuit found that argument

unpersuasive because the officers functioned as a unit once inside Simpson’s cell. Id.

In this case, the Fifth Circuit ruled that the case for a “function as a unit” theory is

even stronger. See Moore, 41 F.4th at 506.

Based on the Fifth Circuit’s ruling in Moore, the Court will provide a jury

instruction allowing the jury to find causation as to the Defendants under the

“function as a unit” theory. However, the Court agrees with the Defendants that this

theory pertains solely to causation, not to liability. The Fifth Circuit stated, “a

reasonable jury could find on this record that the Individual Defendants (save for

Mitchell) all had the same ‘identity’ of ‘purpose’ and ‘action’ in dragging Moore from

his cell to the Four-Way to finish him.” Moore, 41 F.4th at 403. Thus, it is the jury’s

role to deliberate and decide whether Defendants acted as a unit in using excessive

force. But in doing so, the jury must still deliberate as to separate individual liability

under 42 U.S.C § 1983.

In the fourth contested issue of law, Plaintiffs contend that the Companies are

a single integrated enterprise and joint employers of all individual Defendants and

officers working at RCC. Defendants state that Plaintiffs never pleaded their single

business enterprise theory. Alternatively, Defendants argue it is inapplicable.

Rule 8(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure generally requires only a

plausible “short and plain” statement of the plaintiff's claim, not an exposition of his

legal argument. See 5 C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure § 1219,

pp. 277–278 (3d ed.2004 and Supp.2010). Accordingly, the plaintiff does not need to

plead specific theories of recovery in the complaint. Skinner v. Switzer, 562 U.S. 521,

530 (2011). The allegations of liability and joint liability against RCC and LMC in the

Third Amended Complaint are sufficient.5 Therefore, the jury will receive a proper

instruction on the single integrated enterprise theory, allowing them to determine

whether the theory is applicable in this case.

Fifth, Plaintiffs assert that RCC, LMC, and the City of Monroe’s (the “City”)

(collectively, the “Organizational Defendants”) Monell liability may be predicated on

the conduct of the Organizational Defendants’ employees and agents who are not

named defendants or found individually liable. Defendants claim that Monell liability

can only be established through an official policy or custom of which the policymaker

had knowledge, and which was a constitutional violation. Moreover, Defendants

contend that the conduct of Defendants who have been previously dismissed with

prejudice cannot form the basis for Monell liability.

After the Fifth Circuit’s revival of nearly all of Plaintiffs’ claims, this Court

held that the Organizational Defendants can be liable, under Monell, for the conduct

of the previously dismissed Defendant, Warden Hanson. In dismissing Warden

Hanson, this Court held that “[i]t has never been the rule that to be liable under

Monell, the final policymaker must also be individually liable.”6 Further, “[i]t is not

that the policymaker must have violated Moore’s constitutional rights, but rather

5 [Doc. No. 140].

6 [Id. at 15].

that someone acting pursuant to the policy violated Moore’s constitutional rights.”7

This Court made clear that Warden Hanson’s dismissal did not affect the viability of

Plaintiffs’ Monell claims because his dismissal was a the result of a redundancy as

the municipality’s policymaker.8 “Yet, to prevail on Monell, the Fifth Circuit stated

that Plaintiffs must show (1) “an official policy (or custom),” (2) that “a policy maker

can be charged with actual or constructive knowledge,” and (3) “a constitutional

violation whose ‘moving force’ is that policy (or custom).” Moore, 41 F.4th at 509.

Therefore, Plaintiffs can still assert Monell liability for a constitutional

violation based on Warden Hanson, as the policymaker, even though he has been

dismissed. And such liability can be imposed on individuals acting pursuant to the

policy, such as the guards, because it is alleged that, despite being dismissed on

technical grounds, the guards were still allegedly acting in furtherance of an

unconstitutional violation.

The sixth disputed legal issue is whether RCC and LMC can be held vicariously

liable under Section 1983 for the actions of employees who are neither named nor

found individually liable, provided those employees have not been previously

dismissed with prejudice. Defendants contend that vicarious liability applies solely

to the Plaintiffs’ state law claims and can only be imposed if a named defendant is

found individually liable.

As to the federal vicarious liability claims, this Court held that “Section 1983

vicarious liability claims are still not legally cognizable against any defendant.” See

7 [Id.].

8 [Doc. No. 478, pp. 14-17]. See also Moore, 41 F.4th at 509-12.

[Doc. No. 478, p. 17] (citing Adames v. Perez, 331 F.3d 508, 513, n.3 (5th Cir. 2003)

(“Vicarious liability is an untenable theory of recovery in a § 1983 action.”)). Thus,

this issue has been dismissed and may not be reasserted at trial.

The seventh disputed legal issue raised by the Plaintiffs is that for the

Organizational Defendants to have Monell liability for Moore’s death, it is not

required to identify which individual was acting on their behalf or which specific act

caused Moore’s death. However, Defendants contend that for Monell liability to

attach in this case, Plaintiffs must demonstrate that a specific policy, procedure, or

custom was implemented and was the direct cause of Moore’s death. Alternatively,

Defendants argue that the dismissed defendants’ constitutional actions were not

raised on appeal and cannot be resurrected in this way.

Defendants argue that whether an individual was “acting on their behalf” is

not an element of a Monell claim. But neither is proving a specific individual and a

specific act. All that Monell requires is (1) an official policy (or custom), (2) that a

policymaker had actual or constructive knowledge of, and (3) a constitutional

violation (excessive force) that was the policy or custom that was the moving force

behind the violation of a constitutional right. Rivera v. Houston Indep. Sch. Dist., 349

F.3d 244, 247–49 (5th Cir. 2003).

Thus, as is well established, the viability of a Monell claim requires a

constitutional violation. Defendants’ argument that an individual Defendant must be

adjudged liable in his or her individual capacity is misplaced. The jury could find that

the guards acted in concert to violate Moore’s constitutional rights at the direction of

a policy or custom established by Warden Hanson, and that this custom itself violated

Moore’s constitutional rights. See Moore, 41 F.4th at 509–13.

Therefore, Plaintiffs can still assert Monell liability with Warden Hanson as

the final policymaker, even though he has been dismissed. And such causation can

be imposed by someone acting pursuant to the policy, such as the guards. See [Doc.

No. 478, p. 15].

The eighth contested issue of law concerns RCC and LMC’s vicarious liability

for Moore’s death. Plaintiffs argue that it is unnecessary to identify which specific

employee caused the death, so long as it is established that one of the employees

acting on their behalf was responsible. Defendants do not dispute this general

principle but assert that the principle does not apply if the individual in question has

either been dismissed with prejudice or was not previously found liable.

In prior cases, this Court has provided—and will provide in this case—a jury

instruction stating that for RCC and LMC to be held vicariously liable under state

law, it is not required to identify which specific employee acting on their behalf caused

the death, as long as the jury finds that one of the employees was responsible.

For the ninth issue of law, Plaintiffs argue that once they prove an actor

(whether an individual Defendant or other RCC or LMC employee) engaged in

tortious conduct that exposed Moore to a risk of harm, the burden of proof shifts to

the actor to prove they did not cause Moore’s death. Defendants argue that general

tort principles and specifically the Restatement of Torts do not apply because more

specific Louisiana and federal laws on the subject exist.

The burden of proof for Moore’s wrongful death claim is for Plaintiffs to prove

his death was caused by Defendants under state causation principles. Moore, 41 F.4th

at 504. “To prevail on an excessive-force claim, a plaintiff need only show ‘(1) an injury

(2) which resulted directly and only from a use of force that was clearly excessive, and

(3) the excessiveness of which was clearly unreasonable.’” Id. at 505. Thus, “Moore’s

survivors do not have to show that the Individual Defendants caused his death to

recover for excessive force.” Id.

As identified previously, the “function as a unit” instruction will be given to

the jury in determining the causation of Moore’s death. The burden-shifting analysis

in Restatement (Third) of Torts: Liability for Phys. and Emot. Harm, § 28(b) (2010)

does not apply and will not be given as an instruction.

The tenth issue of law is whether the Court should instruct the jury on the

presumption of causation under Housley v. Cerise, 579 So.2d 973, 980 (La. 1991).

Defendants argue that the Housley presumption is inappropriate because it does not

apply to federal claims and Plaintiffs cannot establish all three elements required for

Housley.

To obtain the benefit of the Housley presumption, the plaintiff must show that

“(1) he was in good health prior to the accident; (2) commencing with the accident,

the symptoms of the disabling condition appeared and continuously manifested

themselves afterwards; and (3) there is a reasonable probability of a causal

connection between the accident and the disabling condition.” Thompson v. GEO

Group, Inc., 838 Fed.Appx. 36, 38 (5th Cir. 2020) (citing Housley v. Cerise, 579 So.2d

973, 980 (La. 1991). When there is conflicting evidence regarding causation of the

injury, a Housley presumption is inappropriate. Gober v. Walgreen Louisiana Co., 80

So.3d 9, 14 (La. App. 2d Cir. 2011). Here, the evidence regarding how Moore’s injuries

occurred is conflicting. The injuries might have happened before his initial arrest,

during the altercation with Vernon White, when Moore was extracted from his cell,

when he was dropped while being transferred, or while in the Four-Way. As a result,

the Court will not provide the Housley presumption as a jury instruction.

Plaintiffs assert that the eleventh contested issue of law relates to concurrent

causation in Plaintiffs’ non-survivorship claims. Plaintiffs argue that the Fifth

Circuit’s opinion about concurrent causation shows Plaintiffs can prove causation for

the wrongful death by showing that an individual Defendant’s act “could have caused”

Moore’s death. Moore, 41 F.4th at 508 n. 42. Defendants argue that the standard for

substantial factor causation is not whether an act “could have caused” the injury at

issue but instead whether it was a substantial factor in bringing about the harm.

The Fifth Circuit opinion in Moore used the standard in Bonin v. Ferrellgas,

Inc., 877 So.2d 89 (La. 2004), to determine whether there were factual disputes as to

causation in Moore’s wrongful death claim. Moore, 41 F.4th at 507. Under Bonin,

Plaintiffs can prove causation by showing “the conduct in question was a substantial

factor in bringing about the accident.” 877 So.2d at 94. Thus, Plaintiffs may prove

causation for the wrongful death claim by showing the conduct in question was a

“substantial factor” in bringing about the accident. To show the conduct was a

“substantial factor,” the jury should consider “whether each of the causes played a

role so important in producing the result that responsibility should be imposed upon

each item of conduct, and whether the actor’s conduct has created a force or series of

forces which are continuous and active operation up to the time of the harm.” Moore,

41 F.4th at 507. (quoting Bonin, 877 So.2d at 94). This language will be used for the

jury instruction, rather than stating that the Defendants “could have caused” Moore’s

injuries.

Lastly, for the twelfth issue of law, Plaintiffs argue that their Monell claim is

that RMC, LMC, and the City had a custom of using excessive force. Defendants

contend Plaintiffs’ explanation of the Monell practice or custom is overbroad and that

the Fifth Circuit confined the custom or practice of excessive force to the Four-Way

and use of chemical spray to punish prisoners.

In the operative pleading, Plaintiffs allege that the corporate Defendants are

liable under Monell due to a custom or practice of excessive force.9 As also previously

ruled on, both claims of a custom or practice of excessive force by using the Four

Way/chemical spray, and/or failure to train as to a custom of excessive force

remains.10 “Only insofar as Plaintiffs may use evidence of insufficient training at trial

to prove a custom of excessive force promulgated by Corporate Defendants and also

attributable to the City.”11 Moreover, the Fifth Circuit held that “[a] reasonable jury

could conclude a custom existed to use the Four-Way and chemical spray to punish

prisoners.” See Moore, 41 F.4th at 510.

9 [Doc. No. 140, pp. 27, 33, 40, 41, 42].

10 [Doc. No. 423, pp. 21-22].

11 [Id. at 21.].

Accordingly, at trial, Plaintiffs are limited to asserting claims of failure to train

regarding excessive force and alleging a policy or custom of excessive force existed in

the use of the Four-Way and chemical spray. Plaintiffs may not introduce broad

evidence of excessive force at RCC unrelated to these specific claims.

HiIl. CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above,

IT IS ORDERED that the parties comply with the above rulings as they

relate to the issues raised in Plaintiffs’ Pretrial Memorandum [Doc. No. 497] and

Defendants’ Pretrial Memorandum [Doc. No. 499].

MONROE, LOUISIANA, this 18th day of July, 2025.

Log ts

Terry A. Dough#f )

ubite States Districtdudg

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