standard for temporary restraining order is same as 10 standard for preliminary injunction
How later courts described this case
- standard for temporary restraining order is same as 10 standard for preliminary injunction
- finding tribal officers acted under color 26 ||of state law when they stopped and cited plaintiff for violating two Arizona laws
- “This case law merely confirms the 15 || well-established rule that a § 1983 claim cannot be maintained against defendants who act 16 || under color of tribal rather than state law.’’
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
8 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
11 saa
Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFF'S
12 V. MOTION TO PROCEED IN FORMA
PAUPERIS AND DISMISSING CASE
13 HRIST □□
AIEEE DOMED Sil FOR FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM
14 Defendants.
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17 On June 30, 2025, Plaintiff Jacob Matthew, proceeding pro se, filed a Complaint for
18 the seizure of his automobile on tribal land. (Plaintiff's Complaint (“Compl.”)). Plaintiff
19 ||concurrently filed a Motion to Proceed In Forma Pauperis (“IFP”’) pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §
20 || 1915(a).!
21 ————
22
' Alongside his Complaint, Motion to Proceed IFP, Motion for Preliminary Injunction, Application for
23 || Temporary Restraining Order, and other filings, Plaintiff filed a Motion to Seal this entire action. “[A]
party seeking to file under seal materials related to dispositive motions must provide ‘compelling reasons’
24 do so.” Rieckborn v. Velti PLC, 2014 WL 4964313, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 3, 2014) (quoting Kamakana
25 City & County of Honolulu, 447 F.3d 1172, 1178 (9th Cir. 2006)). Under this standard, “a party seeking
to seal materials must ‘articulate compelling reasons supported by specific factual findings,’ providing the
26 || court with ‘articulable facts’ identifying the particular interests favoring secrecy and showing how those
interests outweigh the ‘strong presumption’ favoring disclosure.” Jd. (quoting Kamakana, 447 F.3d at
27 || 1178-81). Plaintiff argues that this action should be sealed because his Complaint references his
confidential patent application and private family trust. However, Plaintiff has failed to articulate why he
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35 ay 1 665_.DMS_MeR
1 Ty MOTION TO PROCEED IFP
Z All parties instituting any civil action, suit, or proceeding in a district court of the
3 || United States, except an application for writ of habeas corpus, must pay a filing fee. See
4 U.S.C. § 1914(a); Civil Local Rule 4.5. The action may proceed despite a failure to
5 || prepay the entire fee only if leave to proceed IFP is granted pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a).
6 See Andrews v. Cervantes, 493 F.3d 1047, 1051 (9th Cir. 2007). The plaintiff must submit
7 ||an affidavit demonstrating his inability to pay the filing fee, and the affidavit must include
8 ||a complete statement of the plaintiffs assets. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(1). “To satisfy the
9 ||requirements of 28 U.S.C. § 1915, applicants must demonstrate that because of poverty,
10 |/they cannot meet court costs and still provide themselves, and any dependents, with the
11 ||necessities of life.’ Soldani v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 2019 WL 2160380, at *1 (E.D. Cal.
12 || Jan. 31, 2019).
13 Plaintiff's affidavit of assets is sufficient to show he is unable to pay the filing fee.
14 || Accordingly, this Court GRANTS Plaintiff's Motion to Proceed IFP and declines to
15 impose an initial partial filing fee pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1). See Beasley v. San
16 || Diego Cnty. Sheriff's Dep’t, 2023 WL 4918306, at *1 (S.D. Cal. Aug. 1, 2023) (declining
17 impose partial filing fee due to defendant’s inability to pay).
18 Il. SUA SPONTE SCREENING
19 A. Plaintiff's Allegations
20 Plaintiff sues Officers Christopher Palomares and Tim Dinger, members of the San
21 ||Pasqual Band of Mission Indians Police Department; Sheriff John Cashman, a member of
22 ||the San Diego County Sheriff's Department; and Automotive Specialists, a business entity,
23 || for the confiscation of his vehicle on the San Pasqual Reservation. (See generally Compl.).
24 || Specifically, Plaintiff alleges that on June 20, 2025, he was driving his private automobile
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26 ||
27 || would be harmed if the existence of his patent application and family trust are made public (or the reasons
28 underlying their sensitivity). As such, Plaintiff has not sufficiently identified compelling reasons to seal
his case. The Motion to Seal is DENIED.
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1 “near the Valley View Casino at Lake Wohlford and Canal Road, San Pasqual Reservation,
2 || Valley Center California”. (/d. at 2). During this drive, Officers Palomares and Dinger
3 |/allegedly stopped Plaintiff for driving an unregistered vehicle, detained him, questioned
4 |;him, and searched his vehicle. (/d. at 3). According to Plaintiff, while the Officers
5 ||conducted this search, Sheriff Cashman arrived and confirmed Plaintiffs identity, but did
6 ||not intervene otherwise except to “dismiss[] his right to travel” through sarcastic remarks.
7 ||\(/d.) Following the search, the Officers allegedly issued Plaintiff a Notice to Appear
8 1|(“NTA”) in San Pasqual Tribal Court for two violations of the tribal code and directed
9 || Automotive Specialists to tow Plaintiff's vehicle. (/d. at 3-4).
10 B. Legal Standard
11 A complaint filed by any person proceeding IFP pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a) is
12 ||subject to mandatory sua sponte review and dismissal by the Court. “[T]he court shall
13 dismiss” a case filed IFP “at any time if the court determines that ... the action... (i) is
14 || frivolous or malicious; (ii) fails to state a claim on which relief may be granted; or (iii)
15 ||seeks monetary relief against a defendant who is immune from such relief.” 28 U.S.C. §
16 || 1915(e)(2). “The purpose of [screening] is ‘to ensure that the targets of frivolous or
17 || malicious suits need not bear the expense of responding.’” Nordstrom v. Ryan, 762 F.3d
18 ||903, 920 n.1 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting Wheeler v. Wexford Health Sources, Inc., 689 F.3d
19 || 680, 681 (7th Cir. 2012)).
20 “The standard for determining whether a plaintiff has failed to state a claim upon
21 || which relief can be granted under § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) is the same as the Federal Rule of
22 || Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) standard for failure to state a claim.” Watison v. Carter, 668 F.3d
23 1108, 1112 (9th Cir. 2012). A complaint must contain “a short and plain statement of the
24 ||claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.’ Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). A complaint
25 || fails to state a claim for relief under Rule 8 if the factual assertions in it, taken as true, are
26 |linsufficient for the reviewing court plausibly “to draw the reasonable inference that the
27 \|defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678
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95 ey 14665-DMS_MASR
1 |}(2009). When a judge assesses plausibility, he must draw on “judicial experience and
2 |}common sense.” /d. at 664.
3 C. Analysis
4 Plaintiff's Complaint is insufficient to survive 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)’s screening
5 ||requirement. Construing the pleadings liberally, as the Court must, Plaintiff appears to be
6 ||alleging claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for violations of the Constitution occurring on
7 tribal land. (Compl. 5) (alleging counts for deprivation of right to freedom of expression,
8 |/right to property, and right to liberty). However, “Indian tribes are ‘separate sovereigns
9 || pre-existing the Constitution,’ and are thus unconstrained by constitutional limitations on
10 || federal or state authority.” R.J. Williams Co. v. Fort Belknap Hous. Auth., 719 F.2d 979,
11 |/981 (9th Cir. 1983) (quoting Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez, 436 U.S. 49, 56 (1978)). As
12 result, “no action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 can be maintained in federal court for persons
13 ||alleging deprivation of constitutional rights under color of tribal law.” Jd. at 982; see also
14 || Pistor v. Garcia, 791 F.3d 1104, 1115 (9th Cir. 2015) (“This case law merely confirms the
15 || well-established rule that a § 1983 claim cannot be maintained against defendants who act
16 || under color of tribal rather than state law.’’) (collecting cases). “The general rule”, in fact,
17 ||“is that tribal police officers do not act under color of state law within the meaning of §
18 || 1983.” Lafley v. Adams, 2020 WL 4550467, at *3 (D. Mont. July 13, 2020), report and
19 recommendation adopted, 2020 WL 4530433 (D. Mont. Aug. 6, 2020) (internal citation
20 || omitted).
Nowhere in Plaintiff's Complaint does he allege that Defendants acted under color
22 state law. (See generally Compl.). To the contrary, the Officers issued a NTA to
23 || Plaintiff for two violations of the tribal code, and Automotive Specialists towed Plaintiffs
24 || vehicle at the direction of the Officers for these violations. (/d. at 3-4, Exhibit 6); cf Bressi
25 ||v. Ford, 575 F.3d 891, 894, 897 (9th Cir. 2009) (finding tribal officers acted under color
26 ||of state law when they stopped and cited plaintiff for violating two Arizona laws).
27 || Accordingly, Plaintiff has failed to state an actionable claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.
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75 oy1665-DMS_MSR
I Ill. CONCLUSION AND ORDER
2 For the reasons explained above, the Court GRANTS Plaintiff's Motion to Proceed
3 ||}IFP; and DISMISSES the Complaint without prejudice pursuant to the mandatory
4 ||screening required by 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) for failure to state a claim. Because Plaintiff
5 |/has failed to state a claim, his Motion for Preliminary Injunction and Application for
6 ||Temporary Restraining Order are also DENIED. See Winter v. Nat’l Res. Def: Council,
7 |{Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008) (to receive preliminary injunction, movant must show likelihood
8 ||of success on merits); Lockheed Missile & Space Co., Inc. v. Hughes Aircraft Co., 887
9 ||F.Supp. 1320, 1323 (N.D. Cal. 1995) (standard for temporary restraining order is same as
10 standard for preliminary injunction).
1] Within forty-five (45) days of the date of this Order, Plaintiff may file an amended
12 |}complaint. If Plaintiff files an amended complaint, he must present facts plausibly alleging
13 ||that Defendants acted under color of state law. Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1135 (9th
14 Cir. 2000) (“[T]he pro se litigant must be given notice of the deficiencies in his complaint
15 ||and an opportunity to amend the complaint to overcome the deficiency unless it clearly
16 |/appears from the complaint that the deficiency cannot be overcome by amendment.”)
17 ||(Rymer, J. concurring) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
18 IT ISSO ORDERED.
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20 || Dated: July 7, 2025 | f
a1 Pr yn:
02 Hon. Dana M. Sabraw
United States District Judge
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Ty ok AOR □□□ □□□