prisoners have a First 19 Amendment right to file prison grievances and pursue civil litigation
How later courts described this case
- prisoners have a First 19 Amendment right to file prison grievances and pursue civil litigation
- “there are no procedural safeguards 17 protecting a prisoner from false retaliatory accusations”
- overruling 20 the objective centrality test
- “The prison 21 inmate has no constitutionally guaranteed immunity from being falsely or wrongly accused of 22 conduct which may result in the deprivation of a protected liberty interest.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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11 ERICK CHARLES MENDIOLA, No. 2:24-cv-01911 AC P
12 Plaintiff,
13 v. ORDER
14 PATRICK COVELLO, et al.,
15 Defendants.
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17 Plaintiff is a former state inmate who filed this civil rights action pursuant to 42 U.S.C.
18 § 1983 without a lawyer. He has requested leave to proceed without paying the full filing fee for
19 this action, under 28 U.S.C. § 1915. Plaintiff has submitted a declaration showing that he cannot
20 afford to pay the entire filing fee. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(2). Accordingly, plaintiff’s motion to
21 proceed in forma pauperis is granted.
22 I. Statutory Screening of Prisoner Complaints
23 The court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners1 seeking relief against “a
24 governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a).
25 The federal in forma pauperis statute also authorizes federal courts to dismiss a case if the action
26 “(i) is frivolous or malicious; (ii) fails to state a claim on which relief may be granted; or (iii)
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1 Plaintiff was incarcerated at the time he filed his lawsuit but has since been released based upon
28 his recent notice of change of address. ECF No. 10.
1 seeks monetary relief against a defendant who is immune from such relief.” 28 U.S.C.
2 § 1915(e)(2). A claim “is [legally] frivolous where it lacks an arguable basis either in law or in
3 fact.” Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989). The court may dismiss a claim as
4 frivolous if it is based on an indisputably meritless legal theory or factual contentions that are
5 baseless. Id. at 327. The critical inquiry is whether a constitutional claim, however inartfully
6 pleaded, has an arguable legal and factual basis. Jackson v. Arizona, 885 F.2d 639, 640 (9th Cir.
7 1989), superseded by statute on other grounds as stated in Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1130
8 (9th Cir. 2000).
9 To avoid dismissal for failure to state a claim a complaint must contain more than “naked
10 assertion[s],” “labels and conclusions,” or “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of
11 action.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 557 (2007). In other words,
12 “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory
13 statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). A claim upon which the
14 court can grant relief has facial plausibility. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. “A claim has facial
15 plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable
16 inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citation
17 omitted). When considering whether a complaint states a claim, the court must accept the
18 allegations as true, Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (per curiam), and construe the
19 complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, Jenkins v. McKeithen, 395 U.S. 411, 421
20 (1969) (citations omitted).
21 II. Factual Allegations of the Complaint
22 The complaint alleges defendants Covello, Fisk, Young, and Pendleton violated plaintiff’s
23 rights under the First, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments. ECF No. 1.
24 Plaintiff alleges both Young and Pendleton disregarded his safety in retaliation for filing a
25 lawsuit against the warden. Id. at 8, 12. Specifically, he alleges that on February 2, 2024, Young
26 placed another inmate in plaintiff’s cell, stating, “I got you a new cellmate, have fun!” Id. at 12.
27 After entering the cell, the inmate began striking plaintiff in the face and plaintiff called for help
28 from Young, who had a direct line of sight and was looking into the open cell while plaintiff was
1 physically assaulted. Id. at 3, 12. Despite plaintiff calling for help multiple times, Young failed
2 to take any action for approximately three minutes. Id. Young eventually did respond, entering
3 the cell to handcuff plaintiff and make various threats against him. Id. Plaintiff alleges the other
4 inmate had a history of violence in cell environments, was homosexual and therefore had an
5 incompatible sexual orientation, and later told him that Young “set you up with me.” Id. at 13.
6 Following the incident, plaintiff was moved to a new cell without being allowed to collect his
7 personal property and later discovered some of his belongings were missing, including religious
8 items such as rosaries. Id. at 12-13.
9 After the incident, plaintiff received a rules violation report (RVR) for mutual fighting.
10 Id. Fisk was the hearing officer and denied plaintiff’s requests for specific witnesses, to submit
11 questions to Young, and to have the hearing recorded. Id. at 12-13. Despite noting that video
12 evidence did not show plaintiff assaulting his cellmate, Fisk found plaintiff guilty of mutual
13 fighting based on a statement by Young. Id. at 13.
14 On March 5, 2024, Pendleton approached plaintiff and said, “I’m having a new inmate
15 moved in your cell this morning, have fun!” Id. at 4, 8. Approximately one month later, the new
16 cellmate physically assaulted plaintiff and threatened to sexually assault him. Id. at 4, 8-9.
17 Plaintiff saw Pendleton later that day, at which point she asked, “What happened to your eye? Is
18 your celly Feliscian fucking you up yet?” Id. at 9. About a week later, plaintiff saw Pendleton
19 making choking gestures to her co-workers while looking directly at him. Id. at 4, 9. Pendleton
20 was allegedly aware of the inmate’s violent history in cell environments and that his religious
21 beliefs were incompatible with plaintiff’s beliefs.2 Id. at 10. Plaintiff also alleges ongoing,
22 unspecified harassment from Pendleton since February 2024. Id. at 9.
23 Finally, plaintiff alleges that Covello, as warden, should have known his officers were not
24 fulfilling their duties and that he did not take proper steps to correct their actions. Id. at 5.
25 ////
26 ////
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2 Plaintiff states he is a Christian and refers to his cellmate’s beliefs as “worshiping the devil.”
28 ECF No. 1 at 8.
1 III. Claims for Which a Response Will Be Required
2 After conducting the screening required by 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a), the court finds that
3 plaintiff has adequately stated a valid claim for relief pursuant to the Eighth Amendment against
4 both defendants Young and Pendleton for failure to protect. Defendants’ alleged comments both
5 before and after placing his new cellmates are enough to infer they either knew plaintiff was at
6 risk of serious harm or deliberately created such a risk. The allegation that Young watched and
7 did not intervene while plaintiff was being assaulted also supports a claim for failure to protect.
8 IV. Failure to State a Claim
9 However, the allegations in the complaint are not sufficient to state any claim for relief
10 against Fisk and Covello, and the remaining claims against Young and Pendleton are also
11 defective.
12 Plaintiff’s allegations that actions taken against him by Young and Pendleton were in
13 retaliation for his lawsuit against the warden are not supported by facts suggesting they were
14 aware of the lawsuit or that their conduct was otherwise motivated by plaintiff’s protected
15 conduct. Plaintiff also fails to allege facts demonstrating that Fisk’s conduct was retaliatory
16 because there are no facts showing that Fisk’s actions were motivated by plaintiff’s protected
17 conduct. The complaint therefore fails to state a claim for retaliation.
18 The allegations against Fisk also do not state a claim for violation of due process rights.
19 While the denial of witnesses can under some circumstances support a due process claim, plaintiff
20 does not allege he lost good-time credits or show that the disciplinary imposed atypical and
21 significant hardship such that he was entitled to such process. Plaintiff also fails to state a due
22 process violation on the basis of property loss because California has an adequate post-
23 deprivation remedy.
24 Plaintiff fails to state a claim against Covello because he makes only conclusory
25 statements that appear to be based solely on Covello’s position as warden. There are no
26 allegations of Covello’s personal participation in or knowledge of violations. Instead, plaintiff
27 asserts that Covello should have known his officers were not fulfilling their duties, which is
28 insufficient to state any claim against him.
1 Finally, to the extent plaintiff is attempting to allege a claim for violation of his right of
2 freedom of religion, he has not alleged facts explaining how defendants’ conduct infringed on the
3 practice of his religion.
4 It appears to the court that plaintiff may be able to allege facts to fix these problems.
5 Therefore, plaintiff has the option of filing an amended complaint.
6 V. Options from Which Plaintiff Must Choose
7 Based on the court’s screening, plaintiff has a choice to make. After selecting an option
8 from the two options listed below, plaintiff must return the attached Notice of Election form to
9 the court within 21 days from the date of this order.
10 The first option available to plaintiff is to proceed immediately against defendants
11 Young and Pendleton on the Eighth Amendment claims. By choosing this option, plaintiff
12 will be agreeing to voluntarily dismiss all other claims against Young and Pendleton and all
13 claims against defendants Fisk and Covello. The court will proceed to immediately serve
14 the complaint and order a response from defendants Young and Pendleton.
15 The second option available to plaintiff is to file an amended complaint to fix the
16 problems described in Section IV. If plaintiff chooses this option, the court will set a
17 deadline in a subsequent order to give plaintiff time to file an amended complaint.
18 VI. Plain Language Summary of this Order for Party Proceeding Without a Lawyer
19 Some of the allegations in the complaint state claims against the defendants and some do
20 not. The claims against Young and Pendleton for their failure to protect you from other inmates
21 have been sufficiently alleged and can move forward in court. You have not alleged enough facts
22 to state any other claims against Young and Pendleton or any claims against Fisk and Covello.
23 You have a choice to make. You may either (1) proceed immediately on your failure to
24 protect claims against Young and Pendleton and voluntarily dismiss all other claims and
25 defendants or (2) try to amend the complaint. To decide whether to amend your complaint, the
26 court has attached the relevant legal standards that may govern your claims for relief. See
27 Attachment A. Pay particular attention to these standards if you choose to file an amended
28 complaint.
1 CONCLUSION
2 In accordance with the above, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:
3 1. Plaintiffs request for leave to proceed in forma pauperis (ECF No. 2) is GRANTED.
4 2. Plaintiff has stated cognizable claims against Young and Pendleton for failure to
5 || protect. The complaint does not state any other claims for which relief can be granted.
6 3. Plaintiff has the option to proceed immediately on his failure to protect claims against
7 || defendants Young and Pendleton as set forth in Section III above, or to file an amended
8 | complaint.
9 4. Within 21 days from the date of this order, plaintiff shall complete and return the
10 || attached Notice of Election form notifying the court whether he wants to proceed on the screened
11 || complaint or whether he wants to file an amended complaint.
12 5. If plaintiff does not return the form, the court will assume that he is choosing to
13 || proceed on the complaint as screened and will recommend dismissal without prejudice of all
14 | claims except the failure to protect claims against Young and Pendleton.
15 || DATED: July 1, 2025 ~
16 ththienr—Chnp—e_
ALLISON CLAIRE
17 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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11 ERICK CHARLES MENDIOLA, No. 2:24-cv-1911 AC P
12 Plaintiff,
13 v. NOTICE OF ELECTION
14 PATRICK COVELLO, et al.,
15 Defendants.
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17 Check one:
18 _____ Plaintiff wants to proceed immediately on his failure to protect claims against defendants
19 Young and Pendleton without amending the complaint. Plaintiff understands that by
20 choosing this option, the all other claims against Young and Pendleton and all claims
21 against Fisk and Covello will be voluntarily dismissed without prejudice pursuant to
22 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(a).
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24 _____ Plaintiff wants time to file an amended complaint.
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26 DATED:_______________________
27 Erick Charles Mendiola
Plaintiff pro se
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Attachment A
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This Attachment provides, for informational purposes only, the legal standards that may
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apply to your claims for relief. Pay particular attention to these standards if you choose to file an
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amended complaint.
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I. Legal Standards Governing Amended Complaints
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If plaintiff chooses to file an amended complaint, he must demonstrate how the conditions
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about which he complains resulted in a deprivation of his constitutional rights. Rizzo v. Goode,
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423 U.S. 362, 370-71 (1976). Also, the complaint must specifically identify how each named
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defendant is involved. Arnold v. Int’l Bus. Machs. Corp., 637 F.2d 1350, 1355 (9th Cir. 1981).
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There can be no liability under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 unless there is some affirmative link or
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connection between a defendant’s actions and the claimed deprivation. Id.; Johnson v. Duffy,
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588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978). Furthermore, “[v]ague and conclusory allegations of official
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participation in civil rights violations are not sufficient.” Ivey v. Bd. of Regents, 673 F.2d 266,
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268 (9th Cir. 1982) (citations omitted).
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Plaintiff is also informed that the court cannot refer to a prior pleading to make his
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amended complaint complete. See Local Rule 220. This is because, as a general rule, an
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amended complaint replaces the prior complaint. Loux v. Rhay, 375 F.2d 55, 57 (9th Cir. 1967)
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(citations omitted), overruled in part by Lacey v. Maricopa County, 693 F.3d 896, 928 (9th Cir.
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2012). Therefore, in an amended complaint, every claim and every defendant must be included.
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II. Legal Standards Governing Substantive Claims for Relief
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A. Failure to Protect
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“[A] prison official violates the Eighth Amendment only when two requirements are met.
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First, the deprivation alleged must be, objectively, sufficiently serious; a prison official’s act or
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omission must result in the denial of the minimal civilized measure of life’s necessities.” Farmer
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v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 834 (1994) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Second,
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the prison official must subjectively have a sufficiently culpable state of mind, “one of deliberate
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indifference to inmate health or safety.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). The
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1 official is not liable under the Eighth Amendment unless they “[know] of and [disregard] an
2 excessive risk to inmate health or safety.” Id. at 837. He must then fail to take reasonable
3 measures to lessen the substantial risk of serious harm. Id. at 847. Negligent failure to protect an
4 inmate from harm is not actionable under § 1983. Id. at 835.
5 B. Retaliation
6 To state a claim for retaliation, a plaintiff must allege defendants (1) took adverse action
7 against plaintiff (2) because of (3) plaintiff’s protected conduct, and that the action (4) would chill
8 an inmate of reasonable firmness from furture protected conduct and (5) lacked a legitimate
9 correctional goal. Rhodes v. Robinson, 408 F.3d 559, 567-68 (9th Cir. 2005).
10 An adverse action is an act (or failure to act) by prison officials which causes harm, and
11 “the mere threat of harm can be an adverse action, regardless of whether it is carried out.”
12 Brodheim v. Cry, 584 F.3d 1262, 1269-70 (9th Cir. 2009) (emphasis in original). To show
13 defendants retaliated “because of” the plaintiff’s actions, the plaintiff must show the defendants
14 were motivated by his protected conduct. See Crawford-El v. Britton, 523 U.S. 574, 592 (1998)
15 (proof of defendant’s general animosity toward plaintiff would not necessarily show her conduct
16 was motivated by plaintiff’s protected conduct). Protected conduct refers to acts taken by the
17 plaintiff that are protected by the First Amendment and may include lawsuits and grievances, as
18 well as verbal complaints or threats to sue. See Rhodes, 408 F.3d at 567 (prisoners have a First
19 Amendment right to file prison grievances and pursue civil litigation); Shepard v. Quillen, 840
20 F.3d 686, 688 (9th Cir. 2016) (prisoners have “First Amendment right to report staff
21 misconduct”); Jones v. Williams, 791 F.3d 1023, 1036 (9th Cir. 2015) (threats to sue constitute
22 protected conduct); Entler v. Gregoire, 872 F.3d 1031, 1039 (9th Cir. 2017) (form of complaint,
23 including verbal, “is of no constitutional significance”).
24 C. Disciplinary Due Process
25 “Prison disciplinary proceedings are not part of a criminal prosecution, and the full
26 panoply of rights due a defendant in such proceedings does not apply.” Wolff v. McDonnell, 418
27 U.S. 539, 556 (1974). Rather, with respect to prison disciplinary proceedings that include the loss
28 of good-time credits, an inmate must receive (1) twenty-four-hour advanced written notice of the
1 charges against him, id. at 563-64; (2) “a written statement by the factfinders as to the evidence
2 relied on and reasons for the disciplinary action,” id. at 564 (internal quotation marks and citation
3 omitted); (3) an opportunity to call specific witnesses and present documentary evidence where
4 doing so “will not be unduly hazardous to institutional safety or correctional goals,” id. at 566; (4)
5 assistance at the hearing if he is illiterate or if the matter is complex, id. at 570; and (5) a
6 sufficiently impartial fact finder, id. at 570-71. A finding of guilt must also be “supported by
7 some evidence in the record.” Superintendent v. Hill, 472 U.S. 445, 454 (1985). The Wolff court
8 noted that its decision was not meant to “suggest . . . that the procedures required . . . for the
9 deprivation of good time would also be required for the imposition of lesser penalties such as the
10 loss of privileges.” Wolff, 418 U.S. at 571 n.19. If a prisoner has not lost good-time credits, he
11 may also demonstrate that he is entitled to the due process outlined in Wolff by alleging facts
12 showing the disciplinary “impose[d] atypical and significant hardship on [him] in relation to the
13 ordinary incidents of prison life.” Sandin v. O’Conner, 515 U.S. 472, 484 (1995).
14 D. False Disciplinary
15 Prisoners do not have a liberty interest in being free from false accusations of misconduct.
16 See Hines v. Gomez, 108 F.3d 265, 268 (9th Cir. 1997) (“there are no procedural safeguards
17 protecting a prisoner from false retaliatory accusations”); accord, Sprouse v. Babcock, 870 F.2d
18 450, 452 (8th Cir. 1989) (“Sprouse’s claims based on the falsity of the charges and the
19 impropriety of Babcock’s involvement in the grievance procedure, standing alone, do not state
20 constitutional claims.”); Freeman v. Rideout, 808 F.2d 949, 951 (2nd Cir. 1986) (“The prison
21 inmate has no constitutionally guaranteed immunity from being falsely or wrongly accused of
22 conduct which may result in the deprivation of a protected liberty interest.”); Hanrahan v. Lane,
23 747 F.2d 1137, 1141 (7th Cir. 1984) (“[A]n allegation that a prison guard planted false evidence
24 which implicates an inmate in a disciplinary infraction fails to state a claim for which relief can
25 be granted where the procedural due process protections . . . are provided.”).
26 E. Property Deprivation
27 The unauthorized deprivation of property by a prison official, whether intentional or
28 negligent, does not state a claim under § 1983 if the state provides an adequate post-deprivation
1 remedy, Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 533 (1984), and “California Law provides an adequate
2 post-deprivation remedy for any property deprivations,” Barnett v. Centoni, 31 F.3d 813, 816-17
3 (9th Cir. 1994) (per curiam) (citing Cal. Gov’t Code §§ 810-895). Therefore, only an intentional
4 and authorized deprivation of property may constitute an actionable § 1983 claim for violation of
5 the Due Process Clause. An authorized deprivation is one carried out pursuant to established
6 state procedures, regulations, or statutes. Piatt v. MacDougall, 773 F.2d 1032, 1036 (9th Cir.
7 1985).
8 F. Free Exercise of Religion
9 The First Amendment protects the right to the free exercise of religion. A religious claim
10 must satisfy two criteria to merit protection under the free exercise clause of the First
11 Amendment: (1) the claimant’s belief must be “sincerely held” and (2) “the claim must be rooted
12 in religious belief, not in purely secular philosophical concerns.” Malik v. Brown, 16 F.3d 330,
13 333 (9th Cir. 1994) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). To state a First Amendment,
14 free-exercise-of-religion claim, a prisoner must show that a defendant burdened the practice of his
15 religion by preventing him from engaging in a sincerely held religious belief and that the
16 defendant did so without any justification reasonably related to legitimate penological interests.
17 Shakur v. Schriro, 514 F.3d 878, 884 (9th Cir. 2008). To substantially burden the practice of an
18 individual’s religion, the interference “must be more than an inconvenience.” Freeman v. Arpaio,
19 125 F.3d 732, 737 (9th Cir. 1997), overruled in part by Shakur, 514 F.3d at 884-85 (overruling
20 the objective centrality test).
21 G. Personal Involvement and Supervisory Liability
22 “Liability under § 1983 must be based on the personal involvement of the defendant,”
23 Barren v. Harrington, 152 F.3d 1193, 1194 (9th Cir. 1998) (citing May v. Enomoto, 633 F.2d
24 164, 167 (9th Cir. 1980)), and “[v]ague and conclusory allegations of official participation in civil
25 rights violations are not sufficient,” Ivey v. Bd. of Regents, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982)
26 (citations omitted). To state a claim for relief under section 1983, plaintiff must link each named
27 defendant with some affirmative act or omission that demonstrates a violation of plaintiff’s
28 federal rights. Furthermore, “[t]here is no respondeat superior liability under section 1983,”
1 Taylor v. List, 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th Cir. 1989) (citation omitted), which means that a
2 supervisor cannot be held responsible for the conduct of his subordinates just because he is their
3 supervisor. A supervisor may be liable for the constitutional violations of his subordinates if he
4 “knew of the violations and failed to act to prevent them.” Taylor, 880 F.2d at 1045. “A
5 supervisor is only liable for constitutional violations of his subordinates if the supervisor
6 participated in or directed the violations, or knew of the violations and failed to act to prevent
7 them.” Id.
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