Dale Hartley v. University of Holy Cross

DALE HARTLEY * NO. 2022-CA-0840

VERSUS *

COURT OF APPEAL

UNIVERSITY OF HOLY *

CROSS FOURTH CIRCUIT

*

STATE OF LOUISIANA

*******

APPEAL FROM

CIVIL DISTRICT COURT, ORLEANS PARISH

NO. 2019-06169, DIVISION “L”

Honorable Kern A. Reese, Judge

******

Judge Rosemary Ledet

******

(Court composed of Judge Rosemary Ledet, Judge Paula A. Brown, Judge Dale N.

Atkins)

Jessica M. Vasquez

VASQUEZ LAW OFFICE

400 Poydras Street, Suite 900

New Orleans, LA 70130

COUNSEL FOR PLAINTIFF/APPELLANT

Debra J. Fischman

James M. Garner

Jeffrey Darren Kessler

SHER GARNER CAHILL RICHTER KLEIN & HILBERT, L.L.C.

909 Poydras Street

Suite 2800

New Orleans, LA 70112

COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/APPELLEE

AFFIRMED

July 19, 2023

RML

This is an employment discrimination suit. Dr. Dale Hartley filed this suit

PAB

against his former employer, University of Holy Cross (“University”). From the

DNA

trial court’s September 14, 2022 judgment granting University’s summary

judgment motion and dismissing the case, Dr. Hartley appeals. For the following

reasons, we affirm.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

In September 2017, University hired Dr. Hartley—an industrial-

organizational psychologist—as the Director of Grant Initiatives and Accreditation

Support, an administrative-staff position. In November 2018, University

terminated Dr. Hartley’s employment. When he was hired, Dr. Hartley signed not

only a letter confirming University’s employment offer, but also University’s

employee handbook. Dr. Victoria Dahmes was Dr. Hartley’s direct supervisor. Dr.

Dahmes was also University’s provost and chief academic officer. In April 2018,

Dr. Dahmes rated Dr. Hartley’s work as commendable.

1

In July 2018, University posted an announcement that it was accepting

applications for a vacant faculty position in its Executive Leadership Program

(“ELP”). At that time, the ELP had been in existence for about three years. When

University created the ELP program, it decided to staff the program with four full-

time professors. Because one of the four professors resigned, University, in

July 2018, posted an announcement seeking a replacement for that vacant position.

Nine people, including Dr. Hartley, applied for the position. In support of his

application, Dr. Hartley submitted a letter of recommendation from Dr. Dahmes.

To facilitate the selection process, University formed a twelve-member

search committee that included eight students and four faculty members (the

“Committee”).1 The Committee’s racial composition was six African-Americans

(50%), five Caucasians (42%), and one Hispanic (8%). The Committee’s gender

breakdown was eight females (67%) and four males (33%). The Committee

divided the selection process into two parts: an application review phase and an

interview phase. This case focuses on only the first part—the application review

phase.

In the application review phase, each Committee member was required to

rank his or her top three candidates. The criteria for ranking was the job description

and the candidate’s application. The Committee members’ rankings were tallied,

and the four top-ranking candidates were selected to move to the interview phase.

1 Since the creation of the ELP program, University has formed three search committees to fill

the full-time faculty positions in the ELP program. The third search committee formed in the

summer of 2018—referred to in this opinion as the “Committee”—was the first one that included

students as committee members.

2

The race and sex of the four candidates the Committee selected to move to the

interview phase were as follows: one Caucasian male, two Caucasian females, and

one African-American female.2 Dr. Hartley—a Caucasian male—was not one of

the four candidates selected to move to the interview phase.

The record reflects that the following undisputed events occurred from

August 2, 2018—when Dr. Hartley learned that he was not selected3—to

November 9, 2018—when Dr. Hartley was terminated:

• August 2, 2018—Dr. Hartley emailed Dr. Donaldo Batiste, the

Committee’s head, and Dr. Lisa Sullivan, the Committee’s chair,

seeking an explanation of the Committee’s selection process;

• August 15, 2018—Dr. Hartley emailed University’s Human Resources

(“HR”) Director, Christine Watts, and copied his supervisor, Dr.

Dahmes, asserting a “suspected EEOC violation” and setting forth the

facts that he believed created a reasonable suspicion of disparate impact

discrimination;4

• August 19, 2018—Dr. Dahmes sent an email to Dr. David Landry—

University’s president—stating that “[w]e need to cut [Dr. Hartley’s5]

position as soon as possible. After talking with [Dr. Hartley], it may be

time to consult the attorneys”;

2 Ultimately, the Committee offered the position to the African-American female. All five full-

time faculty members that the University has hired for the ELP program—the four previous ones

and the one hired in 2018—were the same race, African-American.

3 In the petition, Dr. Hartley avers that he was notified “on or about” August 15, 2018. The

record, however, reflects that Dr. Hartley began sending emails asking questions about the

Committee’s selection process on August 2, 2018.

4 In his August 15, 2018 email in which he raised the “suspected EEOC violation” issue, Dr.

Hartley articulated the factual basis for his disparate impact claim as two-fold. First, he observed

that the Committee “restricted the interviews to three individuals when there were more well-

qualified candidates than that.” Second, he observed that the Committee was “comprised of 8

students and 4 faculty members” and that “student representation on the committee is

appropriate, but students are unqualified to credential faculty.”

5 In his deposition testimony, Dr. Landry testified that he understood Dr. Dahmes’ statement in

this email that “[w]e need to cut this position as soon as possible” to mean that they needed to

terminate Dr. Hartley’s position.

3

• August 21, 2018—Ms. Watts and Dr. Dahmes met with Dr. Hartley to

address the issue concerning the ELP faculty hiring process;

• August 22, 2018—Dr. Landry met with Ms. Watts and Dr. Dahmes to

discuss their meeting with Dr. Hartley; the trio concluded that there was

no discrimination and that no further action would be taken based on

Dr. Hartley’s complaint;

• September 7, 2018—Dr. Hartley sent an email to Dr. Dahmes stating

that he was not attending a scheduled committee meeting because he

was “concerned that [he] would be so skeptical and angry in the

meeting that [he] would say something [he] might later regret”;

• September 21, 2018—Dr. Dahmes, through University’s attorney, sent

a letter to Dr. Hartley reprimanding him for multiple reasons, including

insubordination for refusing to attend the scheduled committee

meeting; and

• November 9, 2018—Dr. Landry and Ms. Watts met with Dr. Hartley,

and Dr. Landry terminated Dr. Hartley’s employment.

On November 27, 2018, Dr. Hartley filed an EEOC complaint against

University.6 After his EEOC complaint was dismissed and a right to sue letter was

6 In his complaint, he averred:

I. I began employment with the above Respondent in September 2017 most recently

in an administrative job. Beginning July 2018 I was denied a promotion as a

Professor of Executive Leadership. After I questioned management I was informed

of my discharge on November 9, 2018 by Christine Watts (H.R.) and Dr. David

Landry (President). The company employs over 100 persons.

II. Dr. Victoria Dahmes (supervisor) wrote a letter of recommendation to the

committee re: the above position. Dr. Dahmes stated to me, [t]hey have some

adjuncts they like who are also going to apply. But I guess all the faculty in that

program don’t have to be black. I learned that all full-time faculty in that program

were black. Also, a black person was hired for the faculty position that I applied

for. In August 2018, I sent an email to Christine Watts and Dr. Dahmes re: the

matter. A meeting was held and it was not nice. I was told that I was wrong and

mistaken. After the meeting things began to change. Dr. Dahmes refused to talk to

me anymore, from August until the deadline in October, 2018, she did not help me

resolve urgent problems I was having in getting faculty to cooperate with the Board

of Regents grant process and in September 2018 she sent an email asking about me

taking a Friday off from work. Additionally, Dr. Dahmes sent a letter to the

university attorney falsely accusing me of coercion, threats and intimidation which

I deny. On the day of discharge, I was called into the office and told that I was not

happy there and the university must bring the situation to a close. Also, the students

in the doctoral program decided who would be interviewed and selected for the

position. These students were not competent or qualified.

4

issued, Dr. Hartley filed this suit against University. In his petition, Dr. Hartley

asserted the following five claims against University: (i) discrimination;

(ii) retaliation; (iii) defamation; (iv) breach of contract; and (v) negligence. After

answering and engaging in discovery, University filed a summary judgment

motion. Following a hearing, the trial court granted University’s motion and

dismissed all five of Dr. Hartley’s claims against it. This appeal followed.

DISCUSSION

Although Dr. Hartley assigns multiple errors,7 the narrow issue presented is

whether the trial court erred in granting University’s summary judgment motion.

Summary Judgment Principles and Standard of Review

An appellate court reviews a trial court’s judgment on a summary judgment

motion de novo. See Planchard v. New Hotel Monteleone, LLC, 21-00347, p. 2

(La. 12/10/21), 332 So.3d 623, 625 (citations omitted). In so doing, an appellate

court applies the same criteria that govern the trial court’s decision as to whether a

summary judgment motion should be granted—“whether there is any genuine issue

of material fact, and whether the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of

law.” Id., 21-00347, pp. 2-3, 332 So.3d at 625.

Prior to the retaliation in response to my EEOC complaint, Dr. Dahmes considered

me an excellent employee as reflected in my performance evaluation, which rated

my performance as ‘commendable’ (highest rating) and stated that I had an

‘excellent work ethic’ and was ‘very pleasant to work with.’

III. I believe I have been discriminated against based on my race (White) and

retaliated against in violation of Title VII or the Civil Right Act of 1964 as

amended.

7 Dr. Hartley assigns as error the trial court’s dismissal of his five claims—the retaliation claim,

the breach of contract claim, the discrimination claim, the negligence claim, and the defamation

claim. As discussed elsewhere in this opinion, Dr. Hartley failed to assign as error the trial

court’s refusal to allow him to file a sur-reply in connection with University’s summary

judgment motion.

5

The governing statutory provision states that such motion “shall be granted

if the motion, memorandum, and supporting documents show that there is no

genuine issue as to material fact and that the mover is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law.” La. C.C.P. art. 966(A)(3). The burden of proof on a summary

judgment motion is governed by La. C.C.P. art. 966(D)(1), which provides for a

shifting burden of proof.8

Procedurally, the pleadings a party may file in connection with a summary

judgment motion are limited, by statute, to the following three: (i) the motion itself

and an accompanying memorandum in support; (ii) an opposition; and (iii) a reply.

La. C.C.P. art. 966(B). A sur-reply is not permitted.9

The summary judgment procedure is favored and shall be construed to

“secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action, except

those disallowed by Article 969.” La. C.C.P. art. 966(A)(2). The summary

judgment procedure is designed to decide if any genuine issue of material fact

8 La. C.C.P. art. 966(D)(1) provides as follows:

The burden of proof rests with the mover. Nevertheless, if the mover will

not bear the burden of proof at trial on the issue that is before the court on the

motion for summary judgment, the mover’s burden on the motion does not require

him to negate all essential elements of the adverse party’s claim, action, or defense,

but rather to point out to the court the absence of factual support for one or more

elements essential to the adverse party’s claim, action, or defense. The burden is on

the adverse party to produce factual support sufficient to establish the existence of

a genuine issue of material fact or that the mover is not entitled to judgment as a

matter of law.

9 Dr. Hartley opposed University’s summary judgment motion, and University filed a reply. Dr.

Hartley subsequently attempted to file a sur-reply, which the trial court, pursuant to La. C.C.P.

art. 966(B), refused to consider. Although Dr. Hartley raised the procedural issue of whether this

was an error in his appellant brief, he failed to include this issue in his assignment of errors. See

Rule 1-3, Uniform Rules, Courts of Appeal (providing that “[t]he Courts of Appeal shall review

issues that were submitted to the trial court and that are contained in specifications or

assignments of error, unless the interest of justice requires otherwise”). Nonetheless, we find this

argument unpersuasive. The governing statutory provision—La. C.C.P. art. 966(B)—does not

permit a sur-reply.

6

exists warranting a trial. See Cutrone v. English Turn Prop. Owners Ass’n, 19-

0896, p. 7 (La. App. 4 Cir. 3/4/20), 293 So.3d 1209, 1214 (citation omitted).

A genuine issue of fact is one as to which reasonable persons could disagree;

if reasonable persons could reach only one conclusion, there is no need for trial on

the issue, and the granting of summary judgment is appropriate. Smith v. Our Lady

of the Lake Hosp., Inc., 93-2512, p. 27 (La. 7/5/94), 639 So.2d 730, 751 (citation

omitted). A material fact is one that “might affect the outcome of the suit.”

Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 2510, 91

L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). Whether a fact is material must be determined based on the

applicable substantive law. Roadrunner Transp. Sys. v. Brown, 17-0040, p. 7 (La.

App. 4 Cir. 5/10/17), 219 So.3d 1265, 1270 (citation omitted); Maddox v. Howard

Hughes Corp., 19-0135, p. 5 (La. App. 4 Cir. 4/17/19), 268 So.3d 333, 337

(citation omitted).

Here, the applicable substantive law is three-fold: (i) the Louisiana

Employment Discrimination Law (“LEDL”), La. R.S. 23:301, et. seq.;

(ii) Louisiana contract law; and (iii) Louisiana tort law. Dr. Hartley asserts two

LEDL claims—disparate impact discrimination and retaliation; one breach of

contract claim; and two tort claims—defamation and negligence. We divide our

analysis into these three categories.

LEDL Claims

LEDL mirrors federal employment discrimination law; thus, Louisiana

courts look to federal jurisprudence in construing it. See Rick J. Norman, LA.

PRAC. EMPLOYMENT LAW § 7:13 (observing that “LEDL is substantively similar to

Title VII, the most comprehensive federal statute prohibiting discrimination” and

that “[i]t is appropriate for Louisiana courts to consider interpretations of the

7

Title VII when construing the LEDL”); see also Burnett v. E. Baton Rouge Par.

Sch. Bd., 11-1851, pp. 6-7 (La. App. 1 Cir. 5/3/12), 99 So.3d 54, 59 (citation

omitted).

When, as here, a plaintiff relies on circumstantial evidence to establish a

LEDL claim, the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting analysis applies. See Ross v.

Judson Indep. Sch. Dist., 993 F.3d 315, 321 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, ___U.S. ___,

211 L.Ed.2d 94, 142 S.Ct. 216 (2021).10 Explaining the McDonnell Douglas

burden-shifting analysis, the trial court judge, in his oral reasons for judgment,

observed:

[I]n discrimination cases . . . it’s incumbent upon the plaintiff to

set forth a prima facie case of disparate impact, retaliation, whatever it

is. It’s then the burden of the employer to show that there is a rebuttable

presumption for the action that’s not pretextual; that [they] had a

legitimate basis for undertaking the action against the employee that

they did. And then if that’s established, then the employee has to go

forward and show that disparate impact or retaliation, or whatever the

cause of action is, they can carry a burden of proof to establish their

cause of action.

The trial court, applying the burden-shifting analysis, dismissed both of Dr.

Hartley’s LEDL claims—disparate impact discrimination and retaliation. We

separately address each of his LEDL claims.

Disparate Impact Discrimination

Discrimination based on disparate impact arises “from employment practices

that are facially neutral in their treatment of different groups but that, in fact,

impact more harshly on a protected group and cannot be justified by business

necessity.” Rick J. Norman, LA. PRAC. EMPLOYMENT LAW § 7:4. Disparate impact

10 See McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802-05, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 1824-26, 36

L.Ed.2d 668 (1973) (setting forth a three-part burden-shifting framework).

8

claims do not require proof of intent to discriminate; rather, “[such claims] focus

on facially neutral employment practices that create such statistical disparities

disadvantaging members of a protected group that they are ‘functionally equivalent

to intentional discrimination.’” Munoz v. Orr, 200 F.3d 291, 299-300 (5th Cir.

2000) (quoting Watson v. Fort Worth Bank & Trust, 487 U.S. 977, 987, 108 S.Ct.

2777, 101 L.Ed.2d 827 (1988)).

To present a prima facie case of disparate impact discrimination, a plaintiff

must prove three elements: “(1) an identifiable, facially neutral personnel policy or

practice; (2) a disparate effect on members of a protected class; and (3) a causal

connection between the two.” McClain v. Lufkin Indus., Inc., 519 F.3d 264, 275

(5th Cir. 2008) (citation omitted).

In his petition, Dr. Hartley pled a narrow disparate impact discrimination

claim arising from “the inherent bias in selecting the candidates to be interviewed.”

Dr. Hartley based his claim solely on the first of the two-part process of hiring an

ELP faculty member—the application review phase. The trial court, in dismissing

this claim, cited multiple factors, including the following three: (i) the students on

the Committee had some degree of education and experience; (ii) Dr. Hartley’s

objection was that he was not even given an interview (the application review

phase), not to the candidate’s selection (the interview phase); and (iii) given Dr.

Hartley’s claim was limited to the application review phase, the only relevant

statistic was that “three of the four [candidates selected to interview] were

9

Caucasians; one was African American.” The trial court, thus, dismissed Dr.

Hartley’s disparate-impact claim.11

On appeal, Dr. Hartley contends that there is a genuine issue of material fact

regarding expert-statistical evidence and causation because all five ELP faculty

members chosen in the three years the ELP program has been in existence have

been the same race—African American. University counters that this is not a case

in which expert-statistical evidence is needed. Regardless, University emphasizes

Dr. Hartley’s failure to identify the specific policy being challenged—an essential

requirement for a disparate impact claim. According to University, Dr. Hartley

continuously has argued that the entirety of University’s hiring policy is at issue.

Addressing the disparate impact claim, we divide our analysis into two parts:

expert-statistical evidence and specific policy challenged.

Expert-Statistical Evidence

In support of his argument that there is a genuine issue of material fact

regarding expert-statistical evidence, Dr. Harley cites the two expert affidavits that

11 Addressing the disparate impact claim, the trial court, in its oral reasons for judgment,

observed as follows:

Dr. Hartley appeared to have been disgruntled with the process. But the fact

of the matter -- and I took a note of the fact that these were not kids just out of high

school, and I use “kids” in the pejorative. But these were individuals who were

somewhat learned, somewhat educated, possibly out even in the workforce who

had some life experience. And it was telling to me that out of 12, only two put him

in their top three. . . . And then the selections that were made, the individuals who

were given an interview—and only five people were interviewed—no, four, yeah,

four—and three of the four, if he was making an argument for racial discrimination,

three of the four were Caucasians; one was African American. And his objection

was not to even be given an interview, not to the selection, which occurred

apparently several weeks down the line. So that was not the complained of issue at

the time.

10

he introduced in opposing University’s summary judgment motion: (i) his own

affidavit; and (ii) the affidavit of his expert, Dr. Richard Mendelson—an industrial-

organizational psychologist, like Dr. Hartley.12

In his affidavit, Dr. Hartley attested that University: (i) appointed a largely

unqualified committee; (ii) gave them no evaluation criteria; (iii) allowed them to

pick their “top 3” acting alone and independently of each other; and (iv) provided

them with a job description that failed even to specify the type of doctorate degree

they should look for in finalists, thus creating many ways for implicit bias to infect

the search process.

Dr. Hartley’s expert, Dr. Mendelson, in his affidavit, attested that in

Louisiana the population of Caucasians who hold a Ph.D. is not adequately

represented by “the ELP selection decisions of [University], as demonstrated by

the fact that just over half of the total Ph.D. holders in Louisiana are Caucasian and

0% of the Faculty in the ELP at [University] are representative of that group.”

Dr. Mendelson further observed that University failed to keep adequate

records as to the applicants’ demographic information, as to the manner in which

the applicants were rated, and as to the manner in which a determination as to

which applicants would be selected was made. As a result of University’s record-

keeping failure, Dr. Mendleson observed that adequate data to perform an analysis

was lacking. Moreover, he attested that “[i]f a program cannot be examined in a

12 Both Dr. Hartley’s and Dr. Mendleson’s affidavits were based on their expert knowledge as

industrial-organizational psychologists. In the trial court, University moved to strike both

affidavits. The trial court denied the motion.

11

step-by-step manner to avoid the occurrence of disparate impact, it is standard

practice in the fields of Human Resources and Psychology to consider the hiring

process from a holistic perspective.” Continuing, Dr. Mendelson observed that “the

employee selection process resulted in the selection of employees that

disproportionately represent a single ethnic group when compared to the

population of the State of Louisiana.”

Here, however, the only relevant statistic, as the trial court observed in its

reasons for judgment, is that three out of the four candidates selected to interview

were Caucasians. This simple statistic defeats Dr. Hartley’s disparate impact claim,

which is based on only the application review phase. This simple statistic shows

that Caucasians were not disparately impacted in the application review selection

process. For this reason, Dr. Hartley’s reliance on expert-statistical evidence in an

attempt to create a genuine issue of material fact is misplaced.13

13 As University contends, three reasons support a finding that Dr. Hartley’s attempt to create a

genuine issue of material fact regarding expert-statistical evidence is misplaced.

First, Dr. Hartley’s adverse impact claim is that he was not selected for an interview

because the Committee’s interview selection process was tainted by implicit bias. Given that Dr.

Hartley so narrowly defined his claim, the correct sample is the pool of applicants that underwent

the interview selection process. In looking at the candidates whom the Committee selected to

interview, three out of the four selected candidates were Caucasians. Thus, the application

review selection process did not cause a statistical disparity excluding Caucasians from

interviewing for the ELP position.

Second, Dr. Hartley’s suggested statistics focus on the individuals ultimately hired for the

ELP position. The Committee at issue here was the third one formed to select ELP faculty

members. The prior two search committees did not include students and, thus, those searches are

not relevant to Dr. Hartley’s disparate impact claim. Even assuming that those searches are

relevant, the results of those searches cannot support a disparate impact claim. The small sample

size—five ELP faculty members hired over the three-year span the ELP program has been in

existence—belies such a claim. See Robinson v. City of Dallas, 514 F.2d 1271, 1273 (5th Cir.

1975) (observing in a case involving a practice that affected only five employees that “[s]uch

small numbers are insufficient to support any conclusion as to whether the rule has a

discriminatory effect”).

12

Specific Policy Challenged

A more fundamental flaw in Dr. Hartley’s disparate impact claim is his

failure to satisfy the first essential element to state such a claim—an identifiable,

facially neutral personnel policy or practice. McClain, 519 F.3d at 275. The

jurisprudence has recognized that “[i]t is critical that the plaintiff identify the

specific employment practice that is challenged.” Okeke v. Adm’rs of Tulane Educ.

Fund, 21-30451, 2022 WL 1025991, at *6 (5th Cir. Apr. 6, 2022) (internal

quotations and citations omitted). Stated otherwise, the plaintiff must provide

evidence “isolating and identifying the specific employment practices that are

allegedly responsible for any observed statistical disparities.” Anderson v. Douglas

& Lomason Co., 26 F.3d 1277, 1284 (5th Cir. 1994) (citation omitted)14; see also

Pouncy v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 668 F.2d 795, 800 (5th Cir. 1982).

Here, Dr. Hartley contends that he met his burden by identifying

University’s hiring policy. In support, he cites University’s hiring policy that

Third, the so-called “80/20” rule cited by Dr. Hartley in his affidavit is not relevant here.

The 80/20 rule—also referred to as the four/fifths rule—is an EEOC guideline that “states that a

disparity of 20% will be considered evidence of adverse impact.” Arndt v. City of Colorado

Springs, 263 F.Supp.3d 1071, 1075 (D. Colo. 2017). The 80/20 rule is inapposite given the small

sample size. See 29 C.F.R. § 1607.4 (D) (providing, in part, that “[g]reater differences in

selection rate may not constitute adverse impact where the differences are based on small

numbers and are not statistically significant”). Moreover, as University points out, the 80/20 rule

is simply a “rule of thumb.” Howe v. City of Akron, 789 F.Supp.2d 786, 797 (N.D. Ohio 2010)

(observing that “[t]his statistic is considered a ‘rule of thumb.’ 44 Fed. Reg. 11996, 11998

(1979)” and that this statistic “is not an absolute, bright line test for adverse impact”).

14 Although a plaintiff generally must identify a specific employment practice that is the subject

of the challenge, Title VII recognizes an exception to the general rule, which has been codified in

42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(k)(1)(B). Okeke, 2022 WL 1025991, at *6 n.7. The exception provides that

“if the complaining party can demonstrate to the court that the elements of a respondent’s

decisionmaking process are not capable of separation for analysis, the decisionmaking process

may be analyzed as one employment practice.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(k)(1)(B)(i). Dr. Hartley

neither cites this exception, nor establishes that University’s hiring process is incapable of

separation for analysis. To the contrary, his disparate impact claim is based on only the first part

of the process—the selection of candidates to interview part—and not the interview part.

13

provides “[s]earch committee . . . will verify the qualifications of the applicants.”

University counters that Dr. Hartley’s reliance on its hiring policy to establish his

disparate impact claim is misplaced.15 Moreover, University emphasizes that Dr.

Hartley has also argued that the policy at issue is University’s having no policy. In

support, University cites the following three arguments Dr. Hartley advanced: (i)

“it is not a delineated policy of how the search committee has to operate”;16

(ii) “there are no standardized instructions” for the search committee; and (iii) “no

other instructions or tools were given” to the search committee to rank the

candidates.17 Dr. Hartley’s concessions as to the absence of a specific policy,

University contends, defeat his disparate impact claim. We agree.

The jurisprudence has recognized that reliance on the disparate-effect theory

is not appropriate when, as here, a plaintiff has “launch[ed] a wide ranging attack

on the cumulative effects of [an employer’s] employment practices.” Pouncy, 668

15 In support of its summary judgment motion, University introduced Dr. Hartley’s discovery

responses. In his responses, Dr. Hartley identified the particular policy or practices he relied

upon generically as “all [University’s] policies pertaining to faculty recruitment, faculty

selection, and faculty search committees,” as well as the employee and faculty handbooks as a

whole.

16 As to the operation of the search committee, Dr. Hartley contends that University has no

criteria to guide the search committee chair person. For this reason, he points out that some

search committees are made up of small groups—three or four people; whereas, other search

committees are made up of large groups. Moreover, he emphasizes that the third search

committee—the one at issue here—was unique in that it was the first search committee to

include student members. The prior two search committees did not include student members. Dr.

Hartley contends that the student members were unqualified and incompetent to screen

candidates for the position.

17 As to search committee’s ranking of candidates, Dr. Hartley contends that the only criteria for

ranking was the job description and the candidate’s application. He contends that University

failed to provide the search committee members with any other criteria, standards, guidelines, or

instructions by which to compare, contrast, evaluate, and select the candidates to be interviewed.

As a result, Dr. Hartley contends that the search committee members were allowed to choose

candidates based on their subjective whims and biases.

14

F.2d at 800. The jurisprudence also has recognized that “[s]imply because [a

plaintiff-employee] refers to his own generalized observation as a ‘practice’ or

‘policy’ does not make it so.” Hanrahan v. Blank Rome LLP, 142 F.Supp.3d 349,

354 (E.D. Pa. 2015).

Neither University’s hiring process, in general, nor the absence of criteria

regulating the search committee’s creation and function, in particular, is sufficient

to satisfy the specific employment practice requirement. Given Dr. Hartley’s

failure to identify a specific employment practice coupled with the lack of relevant

statistical support for his claim, the trial court did not err in dismissing his

disparate impact discrimination claim.

Retaliation

Dr. Hartley’s second LEDL claim is retaliation. To establish a prima facie

case of retaliation, the plaintiff must prove by a preponderance of the evidence

that: (1) he engaged in an activity protected by Title VII; (2) an adverse

employment action occurred; and (3) a causal link existed between the protected

activity and the adverse employment action. Brooks v. S. Univ. & Agr. & Mech.

Coll., 03-0231, pp. 48-49 (La. App. 4 Cir. 7/14/04), 877 So.2d 1194, 1221. “Once

the plaintiff has established a prima facie case of retaliation, the burden shifts to

the defendant to articulate a legitimate, non-retaliatory reason for the adverse

employment action.” Id. “If the defendant introduces evidence, which, if true,

would permit the conclusion that the adverse action was non-discriminatory, the

plaintiff/employee assumes the burden of establishing that the reason or reasons

15

given were a pretext.” Id. To do so, “the plaintiff must establish that ‘but for’ the

protected activity, the adverse employment action would not have happened.” Id.;

see Univ. of Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr. v. Nassar, 570 U.S. 338, 352, 133 S. Ct. 2517,

2528, 186 L.Ed.2d 503 (2013) (observing that a Title VII retaliation claim requires

“proof that the desire to retaliate was the but-for cause of the challenged

employment action”).

The trial court found Dr. Hartley’s retaliation claim unsupported because the

but-for standard for causation was not met.18 On appeal, Dr. Hartley contends that

but for his discrimination complaint, his supervisor, Dr. Dahmes, would not have

caused his termination. He relies on the temporal proximity between his protected

activity—his discriminatory complaint—and his termination to support causation;

these events occurred four months apart. He also relies on the allegedly

inconsistent reasons voiced by Dr. Landry, University’s president, for terminating

18 Addressing the retaliation claim, the trial court, in its oral reasons for judgment, observed as

follows:

On the issue of retaliation, now, there’s some plug-ins to that, and that is,

Dr. Hartley is an at-will employee. He was not a tenured professor. He did not have

a term contract. . . . So that segues into, and the meat of the matter is, the retaliation

claim. And that’s why I said the dates were important. . . . June 30th, Dr. Dahmes

gives him a glowing report; writes a letter of recommendation for him. On

August 2nd of 2018, he received the notification that he wasn’t going to be

interviewed and that kind of got the ball rolling. Now the protected activity, you

argued to the Court, occurred on August 15th wherein he indicated that there may

be a Title 7 violation of his employment status. That got that ball rolling. And then

I had to look carefully at what transpired after August 15th. The e-mail from Dr.—

and apparently from the 15th through the 21st when the meeting took place, there

was some e-mail activity with Dr. Dahmes and Dr. Landry. . . . But if Dr. Hartley

started his antisocial behavior on August 2nd, within two weeks he potentially

generated a basis to have an employee counseling session, at bear minimum, as to

being insubordinate or rude or obnoxious . . . , which potentially starts to take away

any kind of pretextual argument. So the argument was made that it’s a but for, but

the “but” apparently started August 2nd; the “for” didn’t come until almost two

weeks later, August 15th. So I don’t find a basis for the retaliation claim on that

basis.

16

him. We separately address each of Dr. Hartley’s arguments: temporal proximity

and inconsistency in stated grounds for termination.19

Temporal Proximity

Dr. Hartley contends that the temporal proximity between his discrimination

complaint and his termination supports a finding of causation. The jurisprudence,

however, has recognized that temporal proximity alone is insufficient; instead,

temporal proximity is simply one factor to be weighed “in the entire calculation of

whether [the plaintiff] ha[s] shown a causal connection between the protected

activity and the subsequent firing.” Shirley v. Chrysler First, Inc., 970 F.2d 39, 44

(5th Cir. 1992). Moreover, the jurisprudence has recognized that an employee’s

misconduct may break the causal link between the protected activity and the

subsequent termination. Schoebel v. Am. Integrity Ins. Co. of Florida, 8:14-cv-426-

T-27AEP, 2015 WL 4231670, at *2 (M.D. Fla. July 10, 2015) (observing that

“intervening acts of misconduct can break the causal connection (if any) between

protected activity and an adverse employment action”). Such is the case here.

Dr. Hartley’s own misconduct, as University contends, is a superseding

event that broke the causal link between his protected conduct—his August 2018

19 Dr. Hartley also argues that the “cat’s-paw” theory supports his retaliation claim. Under that

theory, if an employee demonstrates a co-worker with a retaliatory motive had influence over the

ultimate decision makers, the co-worker’s retaliatory motive may be imputed to the ultimate

decision makers, thereby establishing a causal link between the protected activity and the adverse

employment action. See Roberson v. Alltel Info. Servs., 373 F.3d 647, 653 (5th Cir. 2004). But

the trial court did not address the “cat’s-paw” theory because it was raised for the first time in

Dr. Hartley’s sur-reply. As discussed elsewhere in this opinion, the governing statutory

provision—La. C.C.P. art. 966(B)—does not permit a sur-reply. We, thus, decline to address the

“cat’s-paw” theory for the first time on appeal.

17

email reporting a suspected EEOC violation (the discrimination complaint)—and

his November 2018 termination.20 Dr. Hartley’s misconduct that broke the causal

link is documented in an email that he sent to his supervisor, Dr. Dahmes, on

September 7, 2018 (the “Email”). In the Email, Dr. Hartley announces his refusal

to attend a mandatory, work-related meeting (the “Meeting”).

University’s employee handbook provides that attendance at a work-related

meeting is mandatory; the handbook provides that “[o]n occasion, we may request

that you attend a University sponsored meeting. If this is scheduled during your

regular working hours, your attendance is required.” The mandatory nature of

attendance at a work-related meeting is reinforced by Ms. Watts, University’s HR

Director. In her affidavit, Ms. Watts attests that “[n]ot only is this [attendance

requirement] explained in the Employee Handbook, it is also a practiced custom

known by the employees at [University].”

Attempting to create a factual dispute regarding the mandatory nature of the

Meeting, Dr. Hartley contends that his supervisor, Dr. Dahmes, sent an Outlook

calendar invitation for the Meeting. Continuing, he contends that because Dr.

Dahmes used an Outlook calendar invitation, he had the option of not attending the

Meeting—to reply by selecting “Yes” or “No” on attendance. Based on this

characterization of Dr. Dahmes’ invitation email, he contends that Dr. Dahmes

never mandated he attend the Meeting. This argument is unpersuasive.

20 As discussed elsewhere in this opinion, Dr. Hartley filed his EEOC complaint after he was

terminated from employment.

18

Neither Dr. Hartley nor University was able to produce an actual copy of Dr.

Dahmes’ invitation email. The format the invitation email took, however, is

irrelevant. Dr. Hartley’s response to the invitation email in the Email sufficiently

establishes both the mandatory nature of the Meeting and Dr. Hartley’s

insubordination in refusing to attend; the Email reads as follows:

I received your message that the Academic Focus Areas meeting

is starting early. I am not going to attend. I think that my non-attendance

is a good thing, and I wanted to explain why.

Your invitation email indicates that this meeting will involve

group activities around the topic of mission integration. Since

[University] does not keep its promises to its employees regarding

internal hiring preference, and since the institution does not rectify that

failure upon being notified of same, I see only hypocrisy where you and

others perhaps see mission integration. I am frankly concerned that I

would be so skeptical and angry in the meeting that I would say

something I might later regret. Therefore, it is in the best interest of all

that I do not attend.

Common decency would seem to indicate that a well-qualified

internal candidate should not be brushed aside by colleagues on search

committees. I’m surprised that I need to point this out, or that we need

to be grappling with this issue through lawyers.

Noticeably absent from the Email is any indication that Dr. Hartley viewed his

attendance at the Meeting as optional. Nor does the Email include a request by Dr.

Hartley to be excused from his obligation, as part of his work-related duties, to

attend the Meeting. Instead, in the Email, Dr. Hartley announces his refusal to

attend the Meeting; his refusal amounted to insubordination.

The Email establishes that University had a legitimate, non-discriminatory

reason to terminate Dr. Hartley’s employment. As a commentator has observed,

“[a]bsent egregious circumstances, an employee has no right to be insubordinate or

to act unprofessionally”; and “[e]ven when the employee refuses to follow

19

instructions in an effort to defuse a situation, such as failing to attend a required

meeting, the disobedience rather than the mitigation is the operative fact.” Andrew

J. Ruzicho, Louis A. Jacobs, and Andrew J. Ruzicho II, 1 EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES

MANUAL § 6B:8 (internal footnote omitted).21 Stated differently, simply because an

employee engages in a protected activity does not shelter the employee from

termination for a subsequent refusal to perform his or her job—insubordination.22

The Email documents Dr. Hartley’s insubordination—work-place misconduct. Dr.

Hartley’s work-place misconduct is the superseding event that broke the causal

link between his protected activity and his termination.

Inconsistency in Stated Grounds for Termination

Dr. Hartley’s other argument is that Dr. Landry’s allegedly inconsistent

explanations for terminating him support a finding of causation. The jurisprudence

has recognized that “a plaintiff may establish the connection [between the plaintiff-

employee’s protected activity and the defendant-employer’s adverse employment

action] by showing that the employer gave inconsistent reasons for terminating the

21 The commentator, in support of this statement, cites Tomanovich v. City of Indianapolis, 457

F.3d 656, 666, 98 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 1206 (7th Cir. 2006). In that case, the court

observed that “[the employee] Tomanovich also admits that he refused to attend a November 4,

2002, meeting with Salem to review his performance. Tomanovich claims he decided it was best

not to attend the meeting so as to avoid a confrontation. That, however, was not Tomanovich’s

decision to make, and his admission to the conduct at issue prevents him from establishing that

he was meeting the City’s legitimate expectations.” Id.

22 See Strong v. Univ. Healthcare Sys., L.L.C., 482 F.3d 802, 808 (5th Cir. 2007) (observing that

“[e]mployers are sometimes forced to remove employees who are performing poorly, engaging

in improper work conduct, or severely disrupting the workplace”); Satcher v. Univ. of Arkansas

at Pine Bluff Bd. of Trustees, 558 F.3d 731, 735-36 (8th Cir. 2009) (observing legitimate reasons

for termination included that employee was “insubordinate on multiple occasions, refused to

attend meetings or address the complaints about his behavior, and generally acted in a very

unprofessional manner”).

20

employee.” Farrell v. Planters Lifesavers Co., 206 F.3d 271, 281 (3d Cir. 2000).

Dr. Hartley’s reliance on this principle here, however, is misplaced.

The record reflects that Dr. Landry made the following three statements

regarding the grounds for termination of Dr. Hartley:

• In his deposition, Dr. Landry testified that Dr. Hartley was terminated

because there was a “general degradation of not only his ability to work with

colleagues and get his job description fulfilled but his colleagues in general,

over that interview process [meaning the ELP interview search process]

became more disenchanted with him” and that “it wasn’t specifically, any

one specific thing”;

• Dr. Landry later attested in his affidavit that he terminated Dr. Hartley based

on “acts of insubordination and creation of an unacceptable work

environment for those working with him”; and

• At the termination meeting, which Dr. Hartley taped, Dr. Landry stated that

he terminated Dr. Hartley because he knew that Dr. Hartley had not “been

happy here,” and that the University had come to the position that it had to

deal with “this,” and that Dr. Hartley should “do whatever [he had] to do.”

Contrary to Dr. Hartley’s contention, Dr. Landry’s stated grounds—albeit

worded differently, made in different formats, and given at different times—are not

inconsistent. Dr. Landry consistently stated that Dr. Hartley was terminated

because of his work-place misconduct, which began after he was not selected to

interview for the ELP position. Given Dr. Hartley’s termination was based on his

work-place misconduct, not his protected activity, the trial court did not err in

dismissing his retaliation claim.

Louisiana Contract Law Claim

Dr. Hartley contends that he entered into an employment contract with

University and that University breached the contract by acting in bad faith. This

contract law claim requires proof of an employment contract. As noted elsewhere

21

in this opinion, the trial court found, agreeing with University, that Dr. Hartley was

an “at-will” employee without a binding employment contract. In support of his

position that the trial court erred in so finding, Dr. Hartley makes two arguments.

Dr. Hartley first argues that University’s offer and acceptance letter for his

administrative-staff position as Director of Grant Initiatives created a binding

employment contract. This court rejected a similar argument in Green v. Univ. of

New Orleans, 98-1809, p. 4 (La. App. 4 Cir. 6/2/99), 740 So.2d 195, 197. There,

this court affirmed the trial court’s finding that a letter that “merely confirmed the

offer of employment to [the employee] . . . was not an employment contract.” Id.

The same is true here.

Dr. Hartley’s second argument is that University’s employee handbook that

he signed when he was hired created an employment contract. This court rejected a

similar argument in Stanton v. Tulane University of Louisiana, 00-0403, p. 13 (La.

App. 4 Cir. 1/10/01), 777 So.2d 1242, 1250. In so doing, we enumerated the

following principles:

• “The contention that a handbook creates a contract between an otherwise ‘at

will’ employee and his employer is neither novel nor, in this jurisdiction,

meritorious.” Id. “Louisiana recognizes a presumption favoring at will

employment.” Id.

• “There are no Louisiana cases holding that employee manuals, policies, or

grievances procedures confer any contractual rights upon employees or create

any exceptions to the ‘employment at will’ doctrine.” Id. (quoting Mix v. The

Univ. of New Orleans, 609 So.2d 958, 964 (La. App. 4th Cir. 1992)); and

• “Louisiana jurisprudence clearly and unequivocally upholds the principle that

this sort of employment handbook is not a contract such as would eliminate

application of the employment at will doctrine.” Stanton, 00-0403, p. 15, 777

So.2d at 1251; see also Hartz v. Adm’rs of Tulane Educ. Fund, 275 Fed. Appx.

281, 289 (5th Cir. 2008).

22

The principles this court articulated in Stanton apply here. Dr. Hartley’s

contention that University’s employee handbook created an employment contract

lacks merit. University’s employee handbook provides that it has been written “to

serve as a guide for the employer/employee relationship.” It also includes a

provision requiring that the employee acknowledge, among other things, the

following: (i) that the employee is employed on an “at-will” basis, which means

that either University or the employee may terminate the employment at any time,

with or without cause; and (ii) that the employee understands that nothing in the

employee handbook in any way changes the employee’s “at-will” status. Given the

lack of an employment contract between Dr. Hartley and University, Dr. Hartley

cannot succeed on a breach of contract claim. The trial court did not err in

dismissing the Louisiana contract law claim.

Louisiana Tort Law Claims

Dr. Hartley raises two tort law claims—defamation and negligence. We

separately address each tort law claim.

Defamation

Under Louisiana law, a plaintiff is required to establish four elements to

establish a defamation claim: (i) a false and defamatory statement concerning

another; (ii) an unprivileged publication to a third party; (iii) fault—negligence or

greater—on the publisher’s part; and (iv) resulting injury. See Alexander v. La.

State Bd. of Private Investigator Exam’rs, 15-0537, 15-0708, p. 28 (La. App. 4 Cir.

23

2/17/17), 211 So.3d 544, 563 (citing Costello v. Hardy, 03-1146, p. 12 (La.

1/21/04), 864 So.2d 129, 139).

Dr. Hartley’s defamation claim is based on an October 24, 2018 email; Dr.

Dahmes sent the email to University’s head of security—Marshall Pierre—and

University’s Vice President of Student Affairs—Meredith Reed. 23 In the email, Dr.

Dahmes stated that Dr. Hartley is “more comfortable confronting women.” That

same day, Mr. Pierre sent an email to campus police requesting an increase of

police presence in the HR office area. The trial court found the publication

requirement for defamation was lacking; there was no publication because the

communication between University’s executives and employees was privileged

and, thus, not defamatory.24 We agree.

“[C]ommunications between appropriate persons within the employer’s

walls, concerning allegations of conduct by an employee that bears on the

employer’s interest, are subject to the qualified privilege if made in good faith.”

Martin v. Lincoln Gen. Hosp., 588 So.2d 1329, 1333 (La. App. 2d Cir. 1991)

23 A copy of the email was sent to Dr. Hartley’s attorney.

24 Addressing the defamation claim, the trial court, in its oral reasons for judgment, observed:

But obviously the first thing you have to have is falsity. Well, there’s really

a dearth of testimony regarding his attitude toward women, so the falsity of it, not

clearly established, but not clearly not established. That’s kind of a wash from a

proof standpoint that I ascertained. The publication, now that tier gave me a little

bit of pause because it was not widely publicized. It was not published, not a blast

e-mail to everybody at the university or even all the staff members, was not covered

in media, was not anything like that. It was notification to members of the executive

staff of the university and the security. And again, harkening back to his behavior,

especially the comment that he made about I didn’t want to attend the meeting

because I couldn’t trust what I might do, and I’m paraphrasing the comment, but

that would give people some pause it might be disruptive or possibly even

dangerous. So if there is a danger, then the thing you have to do is notify security.

I think that’s a good basis for that. So, I don’t find that there is a cause of action for

defamation.

24

(citations omitted). “Good faith,” in this context, means that “the person making

the statement must have reasonable grounds for believing that it is true and he must

honestly believe that it is a correct statement.” Williams v. Touro Infirmary, 578

So.2d 1006, 1010 (La. App. 4th Cir. 1991) (citations omitted). When the qualified

privilege applies, “statements between employees, made within the course and

scope of their employment, are not statements communicated or publicized to third

persons so as to constitute a publication.” Danna v. Ritz-Carlton Hotel Co., 15-

0651, p. 11 (La. App. 4 Cir. 5/11/16), 213 So.3d 26, 34 (citing Doe v. Grant, 01-

0175, p. 8 (La. App. 4 Cir. 1/29/03), 839 So. 2d 408, 416).

Dr. Dahmes sent the allegedly defamatory email only to University

employees.25 Moreover, she sent the email in the course and scope of her

employment. And, the record supports the trial court’s finding that Dr. Dahmes

sent the email in good faith. See Williams, supra. As the trial court observed in its

reasons for judgment, the finding of Dr. Dahmes’ good faith is supported by Dr.

Hartley’s comment in his September 7, 2018 email regarding the Meeting (referred

to elsewhere in this opinion as the “Email”) that he “didn’t want to attend the

[M]eeting because [he] couldn’t trust what [he] might do.” For these reasons, the

trial court did not err in dismissing Dr. Hartley’s defamation claim.

25 Dr. Hartley points out his attorney was copied on the email. But, it is undisputed that at the

time the email was sent—October 2018—Dr. Hartley had retained an attorney regarding this

matter. Thus, Dr. Dahmes’ sending a copy of the email to Dr. Hartley’s attorney did not

constitute publication. Dr. Hartley’s attorney was not a third party. See Jase v. City of New

Britain, HHBCV054007098, 2008 WL 5481284, at *5 n.2 (Conn. Super. Ct. Dec. 4, 2008)

(unpub.) (observing that when the original of the letters went to plaintiff with a copy of letters to

plaintiff’s attorney, “[t]he communications to [plaintiff’s attorney] cannot satisfy the

‘publication’ requirement, as they do not constitute publication to a third party”).

25

Negligence

Dr. Hartley’s second tort claim is a negligence claim. Dismissing this claim,

the trial court found that the employer-employee relationship—the exclusive

remedy rule of workers’ compensation (“WC”) law26—barred any negligence

claim.27 On appeal, Dr. Hartley points out that WC immunity does not exclude an

employer’s vicarious liability for its employee’s intentional acts. See La. C.C. art.

2320; Baumeister v. Plunkett, 95-2270, pp. 3-4 (La. 5/21/96), 673 So.2d 994, 996.

Dr. Hartley contends that University is liable under a negligent supervision theory

for Dr. Dahmes’ wrongful actions and discriminatory animus. University counters

that WC law is the exclusive remedy here and that WC law bars an employee’s

negligence claim, even in the context of discrimination claims that do not result in

bodily injuries. See Tumbs v. Wemco, Inc., 97-2437 (La. App. 4 Cir. 4/22/98), 714

So.2d 761.

Here, Dr. Hartley’s petition pled a negligence claim. Simply pleading a La.

C.C. art. 2315 negligence claim is insufficient to encompass intentional acts.

Gonzales v. T. Baker Smith, LLC, CIV.A. 13-644-SDD-RLB, 2014 WL 905281, at

*2 n.18 (M.D. La. Mar. 7, 2014). As the federal district court in Gonzales

observed, “[p]laintiffs’ suggestion that, by alleging a violation of La. C.C. art.

2315, they have sufficiently pled all delicts under respondeat superior, which

encompasses both intentional and negligent acts, is without merit.” Id. The federal

26 See La. R.S. 23:1032.

27 Addressing the negligence claim, the trial court, in its oral reasons for judgment, observed that

“[t]he last [claim] was the negligence [claim] against Dr. Dahmes. I don’t assign any merit to

that claim because, again, that harkens back to the employee/employer relationship.”

26

district court emphasized that “[plaintiffs] have failed to plead that these particular

Defendants committed intentional torts in their Complaint.” Id. Such is the case

here. Given that Dr. Hartley pled only a negligence claim against University, the

trial court correctly concluded that WC law immunity applies and correctly

dismissed Dr. Hartley’s negligence claim.

DECREE

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

AFFIRMED

27