The opinion
Cite as 2021 Ark. App. 418
Elizabeth Perry ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
I attest to the accuracy and
integrity of this document DIVISION II
2023.07.13 12:07:16 -05'00' No. CR-20-635
2023.003.20244
Opinion Delivered November 3, 2021
A.M. APPEAL FROM THE MILLER
APPELLANT COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
[NO. 46JV-17-35]
V.
HONORABLE KIRK JOHNSON,
STATE OF ARKANSAS JUDGE
APPELLEE
AFFIRMED
BRANDON J. HARRISON, Chief Judge
A.M. was adjudicated delinquent on charges of capital murder and aggravated
robbery. He now appeals the circuit court’s rulings that (1) found him fit to proceed and
(2) denied his motion for directed verdict as to both charges. We affirm the circuit court’s
rulings.
On 2 February 2017, twelve-year-old A.M. was arrested for the murder of Christa
Shockley. The State’s petition for delinquency explained that A.M. had entered a
convenience store, shot the clerk (Shockley) seven times, and exited the store. Moments
later, A.M. reentered the store, took a vapor cigar pack and headphones, and exited again.
The State’s petition alleged that A.M. had committed aggravated robbery and capital murder
by causing a death in the course of or in furtherance of a felony, or alternatively by causing
a death in a premeditated and deliberate manner. Due to A.M.’s age, the State could not
charge him as an adult in the criminal division of circuit court. The State requested an
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extended-juvenile-jurisdiction (EJJ) designation, which was granted by the circuit court. 1
The court determined that A.M. was fit to proceed, and a jury trial commenced on 6 July
2020. The jury found that A.M. had committed the offenses as charged, and he was
adjudicated delinquent and committed to the Division of Youth Services. Specific facts
related to his points on appeal are discussed below. Although A.M.’s sufficiency argument
is his second point on appeal, we address this issue first because double-jeopardy concerns
require a review of the sufficiency of the evidence prior to a review of any asserted trial
errors. Stewart v. State, 2010 Ark. App. 323, 374 S.W.3d 811.
I. Directed Verdict
The circuit court convened A.M.’s jury trial on 6 July 2020, at which the following
pertinent evidence was presented. Les Moody, a former law enforcement officer with the
Miller County Sheriff’s Office, responded to the E-Z Mart store in Fouke at approximately
3:10 a.m. on 2 February 2017. He viewed the video from the store’s security system and
saw a white male enter the store and start shooting at the store’s clerk, Christa Shockley.
The suspect was wearing a red hoodie and a black backpack, and a white bandana with
black markings was covering his face. Moody reviewed video footage from earlier that
evening and saw the same suspect go in and out of the store four different times; the suspect
was not wearing a face covering in the earlier footage, and Moody was able to capture an
1
This court affirmed the circuit court’s order granting EJJ designation in September
2019. See A.M. v. State, 2019 Ark. App. 357, 584 S.W.3d 253.
2
image of the suspect’s face, which he sent to the investigators. One of the investigators
immediately recognized the suspect as A.M.
Moody described A.M.’s movements that evening as shown in the store’s video and
noted that at one point, when Shockley was out of sight and presumably in the store’s
refrigerated section in the back of the store, A.M. had gone behind the counter and taken
some electronic cigarettes; he then walked to the front of the counter, took an energy drink,
and exited the store. Less than thirty minutes later, A.M. reentered the store, shot Shockley,
and exited the store again. Within ten minutes, A.M. entered the store once again and took
additional items from the store.
Officer Wesley Penny also responded to the scene and recognized the photo of A.M.
Penny had met A.M. and his family approximately two weeks before the incident, when
Penny found A.M. walking alone along the highway late at night and had taken him home.
Penny and Moody visited A.M.’s residence at approximately 8:00 a.m., but there was no
one home. Penny called the resource officer at the middle school and asked him to locate
A.M. and escort A.M. to his (the officer’s) office. The resource officer did so, and Penny
and Moody went to school and placed A.M. under arrest. A.M.’s father gave Penny
permission to interview A.M., and A.M. confessed to the shooting and stealing items from
the store. When asked why he had shot the clerk, A.M. first said he did not know but later
said that she looked like a friend of his mother’s who used to beat him. He admitted that
he had taken his father’s gun and was aware that he had to return home by a certain time
to return the gun before his father woke up.
After the State rested, defense counsel moved for a directed verdict:
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Your Honor, let me take the felony murder first. I would argue that
there has not been sufficient proof to show that an aggravated robbery
occurred. There was a theft and there was a killing, but there’s no nexus or
connection between the two, and so I would contend that the fact finder
would have to resort to speculation or conjecture to find that aggravated
robbery itself has occurred, that someone employed force as a means of
committing a theft, or employed that force in—or resisting apprehension of a
theft.
Defense counsel also asserted that the premeditated and deliberate portion of the capital-
murder allegation had not been established by the evidence. The circuit court denied the
motion, finding that
there is sufficient evidence to go forward on the aggravated robbery. Motion
for directed verdict is denied as to that issue, as well as to the capital murder
issue. The Court finds that the video that’s been shown clearly shows that
this was premeditated and deliberate. As to the aggravated robbery, it
appeared to the Court that the Defendant shot the victim, walked over close
to her, walked outside the store, went back in, and it appeared that he waited
until she had either passed out or expired, came back in and took the items
of property which were recovered from him. And I think that would fit the
definition of aggravated robbery and that the murder was for the purpose of
committing a theft or resisting apprehension immediately thereafter.
Defense counsel renewed the motion for directed verdict at the appropriate times later in
the trial.
On appeal, A.M. challenges the circuit court’s denial of his directed-verdict motion.
We treat a motion for a directed verdict as a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence.
Armstrong v. State, 2020 Ark. 309, 607 S.W.3d 491. In reviewing a sufficiency challenge,
we assess the evidence in the light most favorable to the State and consider only the evidence
that supports the verdict. Id. We will affirm a judgment of conviction if substantial evidence
exists to support it. Id. Substantial evidence is evidence that is of sufficient force and
character that it will, with reasonable certainty, compel a conclusion one way or the other
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without resorting to speculation or conjecture. Id. Circumstantial evidence may provide a
basis to support a conviction, but it must be consistent with the defendant’s guilt and
inconsistent with any other reasonable conclusion. Id. Whether the evidence excludes
every other hypothesis is left to the jury to decide. Id. Further, the credibility of witnesses
is an issue for the jury, not the court; the trier of fact is free to believe all or part of any
witness’s testimony and may resolve questions of conflicting testimony and inconsistent
evidence. Id.
Aggravated robbery occurs if, with the purpose of committing a felony or
misdemeanor theft, a person employs or threatens to employ physical force upon another
person and is “armed with a deadly weapon” or inflicts death upon another person. Ark.
Code Ann. § 5-12-103(a) (Repl. 2013). A.M. committed capital-felony murder if (1) he
committed or attempted to commit aggravated robbery and “in the course of and
furtherance of” that aggravated robbery he or an accomplice caused the death of another
person “under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life,”
or (2) with the premeditated and deliberated purpose of causing the death of another person,
he causes the death of a person. Ark. Code Ann. § 5-10-101(a)(1)(B) & (3) (Repl. 2013).
In a capital-felony murder case, the State must first prove the felony, so the felony
becomes an essential element of the murder charge. Ross v. State, 346 Ark. 225, 57 S.W.3d
152 (2001). A strict causal relationship between the felony and the murder is unnecessary;
rather, “the State need only prove that the robbery and the murder were parts of the same
transaction, or occurred within the same brief interval.” See Norris v. State, 2010 Ark. 174,
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at 6, 368 S.W.3d 52, 56 (quoting Clay v. State, 324 Ark. 9, 12, 919 S.W.2d 190, 191–92
(1996)). Our supreme court has held,
Where the robbery and the killing are so closely connected in point of
time, place[,] and continuity of action as to constitute one continuous
transaction[,] it is proper to consider both as a single transaction and the
homicide as a part of the res gestae of the robbery. The sequence of events is
unimportant and the killing may precede, coincide with[,] or follow the
robbery and still be committed in its perpetration.
Jenkins v. State, 350 Ark. 219, 227–28, 85 S.W.3d 878, 882–83 (2002) (quoting Grigsby v.
State, 260 Ark. 499, 508–09, 542 S.W.2d 275, 280–81 (1976) (citations omitted)).
A.M. does not dispute that he was armed with a deadly weapon or that he inflicted
death upon another person. He does argue, however, that the State failed to prove that he
did so with the purpose of committing a theft. He contends that the undisputed facts show
that he entered the store, shot the clerk without demanding any money or property from
her, and then exited the store. He then reentered the store and took some items from the
store. A.M. asserts that the State failed to connect the misdemeanor theft with his use of
deadly force because there is no evidence, direct or circumstantial, that he used deadly force
to facilitate the misdemeanor theft. He asserts that even viewing the evidence in the light
most favorable to the State, the jury was left to speculate that the deadly force was employed
with the purpose of committing a theft. Thus, the circuit court should have directed a
verdict on the aggravated-robbery charge and, in turn, the capital felony-murder charge. 2
2
A.M. also notes that we cannot know under what theory the jury found him guilty
of capital murder because the jury returned a general verdict. The defense asked for special
verdict forms, but the circuit court denied the request. A.M. concedes that his case presents
a factually insufficient claim and asks this court to revisit the distinction between factually
insufficient and legally insufficient theories as held in Torres v. State, 2019 Ark. 101, 571
6
A criminal defendant’s intent or state of mind is seldom capable of proof by direct
evidence. Robinson v. State, 353 Ark. 372, 108 S.W.3d 622 (2003). Intent to commit a
robbery may be inferred from the facts and circumstances of the particular case. Jenkins,
supra. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, the store’s video
surveillance showed that within an approximate timeframe of forty-five minutes, A.M.
entered the store, took some items, and exited; entered the store again, shot the store clerk,
and exited; and entered the store once again and took additional items. Under these
circumstances, the jury was free to find that A.M. acted with the intent to commit
aggravated robbery and that the murder occurred “in the course of and in furtherance of”
that aggravated robbery. Thus, we hold that substantial evidence supports the verdict.
II. Fitness to Proceed
Arkansas Code Annotated section 9-27-502 provides that
(b)(1)(A) For a juvenile under thirteen (13) years of age at the time of
the alleged offense and who is charged with capital murder, § 5-10-101, or
murder in the first degree, § 5-10-102, there shall be a presumption that:
(i) The juvenile is unfit to proceed; and
(ii) He or she lacked capacity to:
(a) Possess the necessary mental state required for the offense charged;
(b) Conform his or her conduct to the requirements of law; and
S.W.3d 456 (citing with approval Griffin v. United States, 502 U.S. 46 (1991) and holding
that legally insufficient alternatives cannot be upheld in a general verdict but factually
insufficient alternatives can, provided at least one charged alternative is supported by
sufficient evidence). This argument was not raised below and cannot be addressed for the
first time on appeal. Nichols v. State, 2021 Ark. App. 368. Further, this court has no
authority to overrule decisions made by our supreme court. Boston v. State, 2020 Ark. App.
551, 613 S.W.3d 764.
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(c) Appreciate the criminality of his or her conduct.
(B) The prosecution must overcome these presumptions by a
preponderance of the evidence.
(2)(A) For juveniles under thirteen (13) years of age and who are
charged with capital murder, § 5-10-101, or murder in the first degree, § 5-
10-102, the court shall order an evaluation to be performed in accordance
with § 5-2-305(b) by a psychiatrist or a clinical psychologist who is specifically
qualified by training and experience in the evaluation of juveniles. 3
Ark. Code Ann. § 9-27-502(b)(1) & (2) (Repl. 2013). In evaluating a juvenile’s fitness to
proceed, the examiner is required to consider and make written findings regarding whether
the juvenile’s capabilities entail the following:
(A) An ability to understand and appreciate the charges and their
seriousness;
(B) An ability to understand and realistically appraise the likely outcomes;
(C) A reliable episodic memory so that he or she can accurately and reliably
relate a sequence of events;
(D) An ability to extend thinking into the future;
(E) An ability to consider the impact of his or her actions on others;
(F) Verbal articulation abilities or the ability to express himself or herself
in a reasonable and coherent manner; and
(G) Logical decision-making abilities, particularly multifactored problem
solving or the ability to take several factors into consideration in making a
decision; and
(2) Developmentally, does the juvenile have:
3
In August 2017, the General Assembly amended the statute and removed the
language requiring an evaluation “by a psychiatrist or a clinical psychologist who is
specifically qualified by training and experience in the evaluation of juveniles.” See 2017
Ark. Act 472.
8
(A) An ability to understand the charges;
(B) An ability to understand the roles of participants in the trial process,
i.e., judge, defense attorney, prosecutor, witnesses, and jury and understand
the adversarial nature of the process;
(C) An ability to adequately trust and work collaboratively with his or her
attorney and provide a reliable recounting of events;
(D) An ability to reason about available options by weighing their
consequences, including, but not limited to, weighing pleas, waivers, and
strategies;
(E) An ability to disclose to an attorney a reasonably coherent description
of facts pertaining to the charges, as perceived by the juvenile; and
(F) An ability to articulate his or her motives[.]
Ark. Code Ann. § 9-27-502(b)(7)(C)(ix)(b)(1) & (2).
Accordingly, on 17 April 2017, the circuit court ordered that A.M. undergo a fitness-
to-proceed examination. On August 29, a forensic report prepared by Dr. Benjamin Silber,
a psychologist with the Arkansas State Hospital, was filed with the court. Dr. Silber
concluded that at the time of examination, A.M. did not have a mental disease or defect but
did meet the criteria for conduct disorder (childhood-onset type, severe) and provisional
autism spectrum disorder (without accompanying intellectual impairment or language
impairment). Dr. Silber noted his belief that “the data is equivocal,” but stated, “I am more
confident than not, at the time of the examination, [A.M.] had the capacity to effectively
assist his attorney in his own defense” and “had the capacity to understand the proceedings
against him.” (Emphasis in original.)
The circuit court convened a competency hearing on 16 November 2017. Dr. Silber
testified that he had received his clinical psychology Ph.D. in 2014 and had performed
9
approximately 250 to 300 fitness-to-proceed examinations. He said that approximately 35
to 40 of those examinations had been of juveniles. He also explained that he had advanced
training in working with juvenile offenders as part of his forensic fellowship, which included
performing a number of evaluations of juveniles under the supervision of the fellowship
director, participating in didactic seminars, and receiving case readings on juvenile
defendants. The defense objected to Dr. Silber’s being recognized as an expert witness in
forensic psychology, arguing that Ark. Code Ann. § 9-27-502 requires that the assigned
clinical psychologist be specifically qualified by training and experience in the evaluation of
juveniles and that Dr. Silber did not have the requisite experience. The court overruled the
objection and found that Dr. Silber met the requirements of the statute.
Dr. Silber explained that he examined A.M. on June 27 and again on August 17,
2017. Dr. Silber took the unusual step of examining A.M. twice because he received more
records after the first interview and had been able to interview A.M.’s father. According to
Dr. Silber, he wanted to “double check some of the things that I previously assumed or I
believed to be true, and, furthermore, I also wanted to see if some of the information he
provided me the first time would change.” Dr. Silber confirmed that he had found A.M.
did not have a mental disease or defect but had diagnosed A.M. with conduct disorder and
provisional autism spectrum disorder. He explained that conduct disorder describes a
pattern of behavior in which the individual violates the norms, rules, and expectations of
society and often disregards the well-being and emotions of other people. Autism spectrum
disorder is characterized by deficits in communication and social interaction and problems
with very repetitive routines, behaviors, or interests. Dr. Silber also stated that A.M. had
10
been given a personality assessment specifically for adolescents and had scored highly in
antisocial and paranoia traits. Dr. Silber opined that neither of A.M.’s disorders would
prohibit him from assisting defense counsel or understanding the charges against him.
Dr. Silber disagreed with the opinion of Dr. Charles Ewing, another forensic
psychologist, who diagnosed A.M. with schizophrenia. In his report, Dr. Silber identified
a number of A.M.’s claims that had been classified as delusions by Dr. Ewing: (1) A.M.
claims to be the leader of a local gang that buys drugs from a Mexican cartel and sells drugs
on the streets; (2) the members of his gang wear bulletproof vests, carry automatic weapons
and use subsonic ammunition, and regularly engage in shootouts, robberies, and murders in
which the bodies are burned; (3) his mother introduced him to Satanism and he was a Satan
worshipper until recently; and (4) he had severely injured a man by breaking his leg, his
arm, his wrist, and four of his ribs. Dr. Silber did not believe these were delusions; instead,
he noted that A.M. had a reputation for “embellishing, as exaggerating, as lying, as
fantasizing” and that in his opinion, A.M. did not actually believe these things. Dr. Silber
also explained that delusions are, by nature, fixed and that there were “a lot of
inconsistencies” in A.M.’s statements, both to him (Dr. Silber) and to Dr. Ewing. Dr. Silber
said that A.M. had been given an intelligence test and scored an IQ of 102, which is in the
average range for his age. In addition, A.M.’s responses to a specialized juvenile adjudicative
competence interview had been “accurate” and “realistic” and raised no concerns that A.M.
could not assist counsel or understand the charges against him. Regarding the statutory
factors on the A.M.’s capabilities, Dr. Silber found A.M. to be sufficiently capable.
11
On cross-examination, Dr. Silber confirmed that he had been licensed to conduct
forensic examinations in Arkansas for “a little over two years” and that he had never been
qualified to testify as an expert in juvenile matters. He also agreed that he used the word
“equivocal” to describe some of the data upon which he based his findings. Dr. Silber
clarified,
I wouldn’t say that every opinion I have is equivocal. There were certain
opinions that I had that I felt were based on equivocal information. So here
what I was referring to was his ability to assist his attorney. So, for example,
the next opinion that he had the capacity to understand, I am very—I’m quite
confident in that. His ability to assist is where I believe there is some equivocal
data[.]
The following question-and-answer exchange also occurred during cross-examination:
DEFENSE COUNSEL: Is it fair to say, when you’re addressing the ability
to disclose to an attorney a reasonably coherent
description of facts pertaining to the charges, that
at the time of your report, and I assume at this
time, that you have persistent concerns about his
fitness to proceed?
DR. SILBER: I think that there are some concerns, yes.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: Your words are persistent?
DR. SILBER: Can you direct me to where --?
DEFENSE COUNSEL: I can. Page 18, bottom of the page, the last
sentence, “However...”
DR. SILBER: Oh. “...my concerns around this persist and are
my only primary concern.” Yes.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: For his fitness to proceed?
DR. SILBER: Yes.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: You also go on to write the next sentence which
is underlined, I assume for emphasis.
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DR. SILBER: Correct.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: “Whether this is sufficient for a finding of lack of
fitness to proceed, it is worth considerable
reflection.”
DR. SILBER: Yes.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: When I couple that with the equivocal data that
you stated you had to rely on, is this, the opinions
you’ve made, you said you believe this to be true
and believe he can assist, are these sufficient to
rise to the level of medical certainly? [sic] I’m
not sure what bar y’all use to make the opinions.
DR. SILBER: There isn’t anything in the Arkansas statute, but
usually psychological certainty is what most
psychologists say, and generally that’s just
considered more likely than not.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: Okay. So at this point, do you feel like you’re
within the scientific certainty—is that the right
word?
DR. SILBER: Yes. I’m more confident than not that this is the
case, but I do still think that it is worth a lot of
considerable reflection. I spent a lot of time
thinking about this exact issue when I was writing
the report, and it’s part of the reason why I
wanted to go back and see him a second time. It
is part of that desire to have more reflection
before I made any sort of an opinion since the
courts typically ask for a simple yes or no answer.
For the defense, Dr. Ewing testified that he had been a licensed psychologist since
1979 and had been board certified in forensic psychology since 1987. He stated that he had
conducted thousands of evaluations, “a quarter to a half” of those with juveniles. He also
said that he specialized in youth violence and had published two books on juvenile
homicide. Dr. Ewing described A.M. as “severely mentally ill” and opined that A.M. suffers
13
from autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. He said that he and Dr. Silber agreed on
the autism diagnosis, and their disagreement on the schizophrenia diagnosis boiled down to
whether A.M. is delusional. Dr. Silber believes that A.M. is merely fantasizing, while Dr.
Ewing believes that A.M. is delusional and notes that he also has a flat affect, which supports
the schizophrenia diagnosis. Dr. Ewing strongly disagreed with Dr. Silber’s statement that
delusions must be fixed. According to Dr. Ewing, delusions can and often do change due
to psychotherapy, medications, or environmental changes. Dr. Ewing questioned A.M.’s
capacity on a number of the factors listed in section 9-27-502, most notably, his ability to
adequately trust and work collaboratively with his attorney and provide a reliable accounting
of events:
That’s where the most serious concern is. He can’t give you an adequate
accounting of his history and events leading up to and including the crime for
which he’s charged. That’s why I felt it was so important for me to see you
and him interacting together. And I came away with the impression—the
conclusion that he can’t really work with counsel at this time. Maybe at some
point, when his delusions are treated, when his mental illness is in better
control and is in remission, he can, but at this point I would say neither you
nor any attorney could collaboratively work with him because you can’t rely
upon what he’s telling you.
Dr. Ewing stated unequivocally that A.M. does not have the capacity to understand the
proceedings against him and could not effectively assist his counsel in his defense.
On cross-examination, Dr. Ewing confirmed that this was the only forensic
examination he had ever performed in Arkansas and that he had never testified or been
declared an expert in Arkansas. He agreed that Asperger’s syndrome is now part of the
autism spectrum and its description includes a high-functioning autistic person such as A.M.
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He also agreed that a symptom of Asperger’s is having a flat affect. He stated that it is not
common for a child to be diagnosed with schizophrenia.
After taking the matter under advisement, the circuit court issued its ruling on 9
January 2018. The court found that Dr. Silber’s testimony had shown by a preponderance
of the evidence that A.M. had the fitness to proceed to trial.
The analysis of the interview of the juvenile by Dr. Silber is unbiased,
comprehensive[,] and complete and bolstered by the facts as found in the
documents he has reviewed and from the interviews with witnesses and
especially the interview with the juvenile and his conclusions from that
interview.
....
The alleged delusional beliefs relied upon so heavily by Dr. Ewing in
his report and testimony were not present in the interview with Dr. Silber
until Dr. Silber . . . specifically asked the juvenile about his gang involvement.
It is clear to the Court that he was not suffering from delusions when talking
to Dr. Silber regarding gang involvement or delusional behavior or thought
processes would have emerged during the interview without prompting.
Further, the juvenile’s alleged delusion that he had gang involvement was not
brought up by him in the interview with sheriff’s investigators as a reason or
justification as to why he killed the clerk. In fact, his explanation for killing
the clerk had nothing to do with any drug cartel or gang obsession but instead
he explained that it was his mistaken belief that the clerk was a friend of his
mother who had disciplined him repeatedly when he lived with his mother
and he sought vengeance for his alleged mistreatment at her hands.
....
Dr. Silber’s observations that the alleged delusion was not fixed is
borne out by the juvenile’s interview and the facts of the case. Dr. Silber’s
diagnosis that the juvenile does not suffer from Schizophrenia is simply more
credible than the opinion of Dr. Ewing who opined that he suffered from
Schizophrenia based on delusions and flat affect displayed to him. . . . There
is simply no evidence that the juvenile was suffering from a delusion at the
time of the crime or immediately thereafter.
15
On appeal, A.M. argues that the circuit court erred in finding him fit to proceed
because (1) Dr. Silber was not specifically qualified by training and experience to evaluate
juveniles, and (2) the State’s evidence was insufficient to overcome A.M.’s presumptive lack
of fitness. As a reminder, section 9-27-502(b)(2) requires the fitness evaluation to be
performed by a psychiatrist or a clinical psychologist who is specifically qualified by training
and experience in the evaluation of juveniles. The statute also provides that there is a
presumption that the juvenile is unfit to proceed, and the State must overcome that
presumption by a preponderance of the evidence.
There are no appellate cases specifically stating the standard of review for a circuit
court’s determination of fitness to proceed in a juvenile case. A.M. states that this court
should employ the substantial-evidence standard of review utilized in adult criminal cases.
In criminal proceedings, the test for competency to stand trial is whether a defendant has
sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational
understanding and whether he has a rational, as well as a factual, understanding of the
proceedings against him. Thessing v. State, 365 Ark. 384, 230 S.W.3d 526 (2006). The test
for competency on appeal is whether substantial evidence supports the circuit court’s
finding. Cage v. State, 2017 Ark. 277, 528 S.W.3d 825. There is substantial evidence if the
evidence is forceful enough to compel reasonable minds to reach a conclusion one way or
the other and requires more than mere speculation or conjecture. Thessing, supra. When
determining whether there is substantial evidence, it is permissible to consider only the
testimony that supports a finding of competency. Id. A.M. contends that when
16
incompetence is the presumption, the appellate court should only consider testimony
supporting a finding of incompetency.
The State, on the other hand, proposes that when the standard of proof is a
preponderance of the evidence, the circuit court’s decision will not be reversed unless the
court’s findings are clearly erroneous or clearly against the preponderance of the evidence.
See Reeves v. Ark. Dep’t of Hum. Servs., 2020 Ark. App. 72, 595 S.W.3d 401 (dependency-
neglect adjudication); Jones v. State, 355 Ark. 630, 144 S.W.3d 254 (2004) (probation
revocation). A finding is clearly erroneous when, although there is evidence to support it,
the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with a definite and firm conviction that a
mistake has been made. Herron v. State, 2019 Ark. App. 367, 583 S.W.3d 408. The State
also asserts that because the determination of a preponderance of the evidence turns on
questions of credibility and weight to be given to the testimony, the appellate court defers
to the circuit court’s superior position. Jones, supra. Because there is a specified standard of
proof below—preponderance of the evidence—we hold that a clearly-erroneous standard
of review is appropriate.
A.M.’s first argument is that Dr. Silber was not qualified under the statute to conduct
the fitness-to-proceed examination. He contends that Dr. Silber’s inexperience is illustrated
by the following facts: Dr. Silber had been a licensed forensic evaluator for “a little over
two years”; it was not clear how many of Dr. Silber’s previous juvenile evaluations had been
under the supervision of the fellowship director as opposed to independently conducted;
Dr. Silber had never been recognized as an expert in juvenile matters; and Dr. Silber
consulted with an outside source, Dr. Kristin Addison-Brown, in forming his opinion and
17
writing his written report. A.M. asserts that he was entitled to be examined by an evaluator
with more experience and who had “the requisite specific qualifications and training in
evaluating juveniles.”
While it is true that the statute requires an examiner who is “specifically qualified by
training and experience in the evaluation of juveniles,” the statute is silent as to what that
qualification must entail, and there is no case law interpreting that section of the statute.
The circuit court heard evidence that Dr. Silber is a licensed forensic psychologist, that he
had performed 250 to 300 fitness-to-proceed examinations, that approximately 35 to 40 of
those examinations had been of juveniles, and that he had advanced training in working
with juvenile offenders as part of his forensic fellowship at Arkansas State Hospital. In light
of this evidence, we hold that the circuit court did not clearly err in finding Dr. Silber to
be a qualified expert within the meaning of the statute.
A.M.’s second argument is that even if Dr. Silber had been qualified, his opinion was
insufficient to overcome A.M.’s presumed lack of fitness. A.M. highlights Dr. Silber’s
notation that some of the underlying data is equivocal and his opinion that the issue of
A.M.’s fitness to proceed warranted “considerable reflection.” Dr. Ewing, on the other
hand, was unequivocal in his opinion that A.M. was not fit to proceed.
We view Dr. Silber’s considerable reflection on this issue as a positive, not a negative,
and Dr. Silber ultimately concluded that A.M. was fit to proceed. The circuit court heard
the opinions of, and viewed the reports from, both doctors, and the court determined that
“the information provided from [A.M.’s] general interview, statement to investigators, store
video[,] and other information provided to [Dr. Silber] was sufficient to convince the Court
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that the juvenile was fit to proceed.” Further, the circuit court found Dr. Silber’s diagnosis
that A.M. did not suffer from schizophrenia more credible than Dr. Ewing’s diagnosis of
schizophrenia.
Following a circuit court’s ruling on competency to stand trial, the appellate court
will not attempt to weigh the evidence or pass on the credibility of witnesses when the
medical reports conflict with each other. Jones v. State, 317 Ark. 131, 876 S.W.2d 262
(1994). With dueling medical experts, the trier of fact observes the witnesses firsthand, sees
their demeanor and responsiveness in answering questions, and is in the best position to
determine which is the more credible witness. Mauppin v. State, 314 Ark. 566, 865 S.W.2d
270 (1993). The fact-finder may believe all or part of any witness’s testimony and is
responsible for resolving questions of conflicting testimony and inconsistent evidence.
Satterfield v. State, 2014 Ark. App. 633, 448 S.W.3d 211. Given this standard, we hold that
the circuit court did not clearly err in finding A.M. fit to proceed.
Affirmed.
VIRDEN and GRUBER, JJ., agree.
Robert M. “Robby” Golden, for appellant.
Leslie Rutledge, Att’y Gen., by: Christopher R. Warthen, Ass’t Att’y Gen., for appellee.
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