The opinion
Cite as 2021 Ark. App. 302
Elizabeth Perry
ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
I attest to the accuracy and
DIVISIONS III & IV
integrity of this document
No. CV-20-413
2023.06.28 14:59:57 -05'00'
2023.001.20174
Opinion Delivered June 2, 2021
HEATHER GALLI
APPEAL FROM THE PULASKI
APPELLANT COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT,
FOURTEENTH DIVISION
V. [NO. 60PR-19-2204]
LINDA JONES AND VINTON JONES HONORABLE VANN SMITH,
JUDGE
APPELLEES
AFFIRMED
MIKE MURPHY, Judge
In this one-brief appeal, Heather Galli appeals the Pulaski County Circuit Court
order appointing Linda and Vinton Jones as permanent guardians of her daughter, A.C. On
appeal, Heather argues that the circuit court erred by appointing the Joneses as guardians
because (1) the court did not find her to be an unfit parent, and the evidence shows that she
is a fit parent; and (2) the court did not credit her testimony concerning a video recording.
We affirm.
A.C. was born November 27, 2013, to Heather Galli and Fred Chapman. Linda is
Fred’s mother and A.C.’s paternal grandmother. Vinton is Linda’s husband. Following
Heather’s relationship with Fred, Heather married Dennis Galli.
On October 15, 2019, Heather’s mother, Charlene Taylor, filed an ex parte
emergency petition for a guardianship of A.C. In the petition, Charlene stated that A.C.
was in Linda’s custody, and she asserted that her guardianship was necessary to protect A.C.
from Heather’s volatile relationship with Dennis.
On October 17, Linda moved to intervene and also requested guardianship of A.C.
She stated that A.C. had been in her care since September 23, 2019, when two orders of
protection were filed against Heather and Dennis on behalf of A.C. She explained that the
court granted the protection orders after viewing a surveillance video showing Dennis
severely beating Heather in A.C.’s presence. She noted the video had generated more than
700,000 views on Facebook. She further alleged that Heather has a history of drug abuse
and other criminal activity and that Fred was in prison for unrelated criminal activity. Linda
further asserted that Charlene had physically abused Heather.
On the same day Linda moved to intervene, the court granted her request. The court
also denied Charlene’s emergency petition. On December 18, the court conducted a
temporary-guardianship hearing. Prior to the hearing, Charlene withdrew her petition to
be appointed guardian. On December 20, 2019, the court entered an order granting the
Joneses a ninety-day temporary guardianship of A.C.
On March 4, 2020, the court held a final hearing. Linda testified that she sought the
guardianship after she had viewed the video showing a man violently beating Heather in
A.C.’s presence. She believed the man was Dennis. Linda stated that Dennis has a history of
substance abuse and that his biological children had accused him of sexual abuse. She further
testified that Heather had married Dennis following the incident. Linda testified that
Heather has a history of being with violent men.
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Heather testified that she was currently pregnant with Dennis’s child. She stated that
Dennis is not the man in the video and that he was out of town on the date of recording.
She testified that she and Dennis were separated at the time and that the man is someone
whom she met on Facebook. She testified that this man had invited her and A.C. to a
birthday party, and that was where she was attacked. She admitted that Dennis’s parental
rights had been terminated to his other children. Dennis did not attend the hearing.
Heather’s friend, Alicia Shumpert, verified Heather’s testimony. She, however, admitted
that she did not witness the incident in the recording.
Following the hearing, the court entered an order granting the Joneses a permanent
guardianship. In the order, the court noted,
Even though Heather Galli contends Dennis Galli was not the abuser [in the
recording], there was no evidence presented that was not available or discoverable at
the final order of protection hearings on October 15, 2019. In fact, this Court has
been clear that if Dennis Galli can prove that he was working out of state at the time
of the abuse, the Court would grant Heather Galli relief. However, neither Heather
nor Dennis Galli have produced any credible evidence that he was out of town
working, and therefore, not available to have abused Heather Galli in front of the
child.
From that order, Heather has now timely appealed.
We review probate proceedings de novo, but we will not reverse a finding of fact by
the circuit court unless it is clearly erroneous. Mossholder v. Coker, 2017 Ark. App. 279, 521
S.W.3d 150. A finding is clearly erroneous when, although there is evidence to support it,
the reviewing court is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.
Id.
Arkansas Code Annotated section 28-65-210 (Repl. 2012) provides:
Before appointing a guardian, the court must be satisfied that:
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(1) The person for whom a guardian is prayed is either a minor or otherwise
incapacitated;
(2) A guardianship is desirable to protect the interests of the incapacitated person;
and
(3) The person to be appointed guardian is qualified and suitable to act as such.
When the incapacitated person is a minor, the key factor in determining guardianship is the
best interest of the child. Fletcher v. Scorza, 2010 Ark. 64, 359 S.W.3d 413.
On appeal, Heather first argues that the circuit court erred by granting the Joneses a
permanent guardianship because the court made no finding concerning her fitness. She
asserts that the supreme court requires courts to determine the fitness of the natural parent
when terminating that parent’s rights and granting a guardianship over a child. To support
her argument, she cites In re E.M.R., 2019 Ark. 116, 571 S.W.3d 15, and Morris v. Clark,
2019 Ark. 130, 572 S.W.3d 366. However, these cases pertain strictly to termination-of-
guardianship proceedings. There are different statutory requirements for granting a
guardianship and terminating a guardianship.
Arkansas Code Annotated section 28-65-204(a) (Repl. 2012) provides that the parent
of an unmarried minor, if qualified and, in the opinion of the court, suitable, shall be
preferred over all others for appointment as guardian of the person. In Fletcher, our supreme
court rejected Heather’s argument that a natural parent must be proved unfit before a
guardianship may be entered in favor of someone other than the natural parent. 2010 Ark.
64, at 12, 359 S.W.3d at 420. The court noted that section 28-65-204(a) “makes no mention
of whether the natural parent is ‘fit’ or ‘unfit,’ as those terms have been used in custody
cases.” Id. The court went on to hold that
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the sole considerations in determining guardianship pursuant to Ark. Code Ann.
§ 28-65-204(a) are whether the natural parent is qualified and suitable and what is in
the child’s best interest. To the extent that any of our prior cases suggest a standard
of fitness or unfitness in guardianship proceedings involving the statutory natural-
parent preference, we overrule them.
Id. at 12–13, 359 S.W.3d at 421; see also Mossholder, 2017 Ark. App. 279, 521 S.W.3d 150
(holding that a natural parent does not need to be proved unfit before a guardianship may
be entered in favor of someone other than the natural parent). Accordingly, we reject
Heather’s argument.
Heather also argues that the guardianship is not in A.C.’s best interest because the
circuit court erred in finding that Dennis is the man who brutally attacked her. She argues
that the court should have rewatched the video to determine whether the man matched
Dennis’s description, and she claims that the court arbitrarily rejected her testimony.
Heather’s argument is a request to reweigh the evidence. In reaching its conclusion, the
court found Linda’s testimony more credible. Heather gave an incredulous account of the
events leading up to the video. It was unnecessary for the court to rewatch the video when
it had ample testimony surrounding the event and Dennis’s history. In cases involving
children, we afford even more deference to the circuit court’s findings because, as our
appellate courts have made clear, there is no other case in which the superior position,
ability, and opportunity of the circuit court to observe the parties carries a greater weight
than one involving the custody of a child. Sherland v. Sherland, 2015 Ark. App. 342, 465
S.W.3d 3.
The evidence thus establishes that A.C. would be at risk of harm in Heather’s
custody. Relying on the court’s credibility determination, the facts before us are that
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Heather chose to marry a person who has a history of sexual and physical violence, who
had his parental rights to his other children terminated, and who has a history of substance
abuse. She is not merely a victim of an unexpected, physical attack by an acquaintance. As
the court stated, “[T]he rationale and the theory is, is that by placing a child into the presence
of an abuser, that is in itself not taking care of the child.” Having considered all the testimony
presented and the circuit court’s superior position to weigh and assess the credibility of
witnesses and their testimony, we are not left with a definite and firm conviction that a
mistake was made by the circuit court.
Affirmed.
ABRAMSON, GRUBER, BARRETT, and WHITEAKER, JJ., agree.
HIXSON, J., dissents.
KENNETH S. HIXSON, Judge, dissenting. After reading the majority opinion,
one might question what actually occurred below to justify the removal of a seven-year-old
child from a battered mother. The problem is that we just do not know because there is no
evidence in the record to support the removal. The evidence, if any, is buried in other case
filings in the bowels of the Pulaski County Courthouse archives. If the evidence exists, we
do not have it. The majority cites testimony from the March 4 final hearing, which is
perhaps wishful, but literally nonexistent. All we have in our record are anecdotes and
averments in pleadings. Not only is there a paucity of evidence in the record to support the
majority opinion, assuming arguendo that everything in the petition for guardianship is true,
the majority opinion can best be summarized as condoning the removal of a child from a
battered mother because the mother was beaten in the child’s presence and the battered
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mother will not identify her assailant. Woe to any battered mother who dares not identify
her assailant. While I appreciate the majority’s interest in protecting minor children,
battered mothers are also entitled to protection. There is no evidence in this record that
the mother had ever been beaten or battered before. There is no evidence that the mother
had been beaten or battered in the eight-month interval between the beating in the video
and the filing of the petitions. There is no evidence that the mother has been beaten or
battered since the petitions were filed. There is no evidence in this record that the minor
child has ever been subjected to abuse or will be abused in the future. In fact, the
grandmother who was awarded custody testified in open court that the only reason she
believed a guardianship was necessary was because the mother was beaten in front of the
child:
Q: Your reason for wanting this guardianship is because of the video and that’s
it?
A: (Linda Jones) Yes.
. . . .
A: I don’t care who it was in the video. He beat her. She kept [her daughter]
in that situation.
. . . .
Q (Re-direct): Does it matter to you who that was?
A: No, it doesn’t. It’s the fact that the fighting in front of my granddaughter like
this, that is what matters to me.
As a matter of fact, the paternal grandmother, Linda Jones, testified that prior to the video,
she did not even know Dennis Galli and had no concerns for the safety of A.C. or the
interaction between A.C. and Dennis. So, as one reads these opinions one should bear in
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mind this is not about credibility; this is not about protecting a child from abuse from her
mother; and this is not about our standard of review. This is a case where the child had
never been abused, but the paternal grandmother, who had a minimal relationship at best
with the mother and child over the prior six-year period while her divorced son (the father)
battled drug addiction for which he was ultimately incarcerated, saw a video on Facebook.
Based on that Facebook video and that video alone, the paternal grandmother demanded
that the long arm of the Arkansas judiciary remove the child from her battered ex-daughter-
in-law because ex-daughter-in-law had the misfortune of being beaten and battered in front
of the child. The majority agrees. I cannot join such a decision, and I dissent.
I agree with the majority, based on the existing supreme court caselaw that we are
bound to follow, that Heather Galli is incorrect in arguing that the trial court was required
to find her unfit before granting the guardianship. The supreme court expressly rejected
this argument in Fletcher v. Scorza, 2010 Ark. 64, 359 S.W.3d 413, holding that a finding of
parental unfitness is not a prerequisite to awarding a guardianship to someone other than
the natural parent. See also Mossholder v. Coker, 2017 Ark. App. 279, 521 S.W.3d 150 (where
we applied Fletcher and held that a finding of parental unfitness is not required in a
guardianship case).
Nonetheless, Heather also argues:
The Joneses did not even question Heather’s ability to provide a home for
A.C. until Linda saw the video of the attack. As the Court recognized, no
one has “ever really said [Heather] is not able to take care of [A.C.]. It’s the fact that
she allowed this child to be placed in the presence of someone who abused her in
front of the child.” This reasoning is nonsensical. Being a victim of an unexpected, physical
attack by an acquaintance does not make someone an unfit parent. It does not negate that
parent’s constitutional right to raise her child in the home she chooses. The circuit court
clearly erred in interfering with that right when it found it was in A.C.’s best interest
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to grant the Joneses’ request for permanent guardianship over Heather’s objection.
Accordingly, the Court’s decision cannot stand.
(Emphasis added.) Based on the record before this court (or lack thereof), I agree with
Heather that the trial court clearly erred in finding that the guardianship was in A.C.’s best
interest.
There is a scarcity of evidence in our record regarding the best interest of the child.
There were three cases below involved here. An order of protection against Heather Galli
(60DR 19-3643), an order of protection against Dennis Galli (60DR 19-3644), and a later
guardianship proceeding (60PR-19-2204). 1 The three cases are independent. Each had a
different case number below. Most, if any, of the relevant evidence regarding best interest
of the child is apparently in the record for the orders of protection, which are not on appeal.
More importantly, the record from those proceedings is not contained in our record. What
is clear in our record is that the trial court relied on the record from the various hearings
involving the orders of protection to make its findings and decision in our case. Not only
was the record from the orders of protection relied on by the trial court, the attorney for
the grandparents below in the final guardianship proceeding even advised the trial judge that
if he was going to rely on the record from the orders of protection, he should include that
record in the guardianship proceedings. The trial judge did not. So, in reviewing our record
on appeal and searching for what occurred below, we have one hand tied behind our backs
and one eye closed. However, the majority overlooks our disability.
1
All three of these cases were instigated by Heather’s estranged mother who also saw
the video and who later dismissed herself from the cases.
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The twenty-second video recording (upon which the trial court obviously relied) is
apparently in the record from the orders of protection but is not in our record. There was
apparently testimony in the prior proceedings identifying Dennis Galli as the assailant in the
video (upon which the trial court obviously relied), but this is not in our record. There
was apparently testimony in the prior proceedings that Heather still lives with Dennis Galli
(upon which the trial court obviously relied), but this is not in our record. 2 The actual
orders of protection (upon which the trial court obviously relied) are not in our record.
So what are we left with to review? There are allegations in the pleadings, but
allegations in pleadings are not evidence. What we are left with is the testimony of A.C.’s
grandparents, Linda and Vinton Jones, and A.C.’s mother, Heather Galli. The grandparents’
testimony can best be summarized as they have been caring for A.C. for several months and
are good caregivers. Linda stated that the sole reason for wanting a guardianship was that
Heather was beaten in front of her child. She believes that it is irrelevant who delivered the
beating. Heather testified that she is a good mother, that she has raised A.C. her entire life,
that she is not a danger to A.C., and that she was prepared to take A.C. home. Heather
also testified that, for whatever relevance, Dennis Galli was not her assailant. Heather instead
stated that her assailant was a man she had met on Facebook who had assaulted her at a
birthday party. Heather stated that she absolutely would not put A.C. in a situation that
would expose her to the kind of violence shown on the video.
2
I acknowledge that Linda Jones testified at the guardianship hearing that “when a
woman is beat like that and their kid is watching it, she shouldn’t stay with the person and
then marry him afterward.” However, Linda did not testify that Heather still lives with
Dennis Galli nor did Heather testify to that effect.
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At the conclusion of the guardianship hearing, the Joneses’ counsel stated that
Dennis’s grandmother had identified Dennis as the man in the video at the prior hearing on
the orders of protection, 3 and that “I don’t believe there’s sufficient evidence to overturn the
court’s judgment last time.” Again, clearly the Joneses’ counsel is invoking testimony from
a prior hearing that is not part of our case or our record, and the trial court relied on his
argument. Heather’s counsel urged the trial court to view the video again before making
its ruling on the guardianship issue. Heather’s counsel stated that Dennis’s grandmother’s
identification of Dennis from the prior proceedings was not credible, asserting that the man’s
face was not visible in the video. Heather testified that Dennis has several tattoos on his
arm and that the assailant in the video did not have tattoos. The trial court declined to view
the video at the guardianship hearing stating that it had already seen it several times. The
trial court stated, “You know, the rationale and the theory is that by placing this child into the
presence of an abuser, that is itself not taking care of the child. . . . I don’t know if anyone’s ever
really said that Heather is not able to take care of the child. It’s the fact that she allowed this child to
be placed in the presence of someone who abused her in front of the child.” (Emphasis added.)
In the trial court’ order awarding Linda and Vinton Jones a permanent guardianship
of A.C., the trial court made these pertinent findings:
13. Linda Jones stated the reason for the guardianship was because of the
domestic abuse case which stemmed from a video showing Heather Galli being
abused violently by Dennis Galli in the presence of the child. Linda Jones is
concerned because Dennis Galli will live in the home with Heather Galli and the
child.
14. Heather Galli testified that the guardianship should be denied because
Dennis Galli was not the abuser in the video. Heather Galli claimed that she had
new evidence to prove that Dennis Galli was not in the video. Alicia Shumbert,
3
Dennis’s grandmother did not testify during the guardianship proceedings.
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Heather Galli’s friend, testified that she picked up Heather Galli and the child on the
night Heather was attacked. She stated she never saw Dennis Galli that night. Dennis
Galli did not attend the hearing.
15. After considering the arguments of each party, the Court finds that the
guardianship is to continue since Heather Galli still lives with Dennis Galli. Even
though Heather Galli contends Dennis Galli was not the abuser, there was no
evidence presented that was not available or discoverable at the final order of
protection hearings on October 15, 2019. In fact, this Court has been clear that if
Dennis Galli can prove that he was working out of state at the time of the abuse, the
Court would grant Heather Galli relief. However, neither Heather nor Dennis Galli
have produced any credible evidence that he was out of town working, and
therefore, not available to have abused Heather Galli in front of the child.
....
17. It is in the child’s best interest that Petitioners be permanently appointed
Co-Guardians of the person and estate of the child, subject to the further Orders of
the Court.
18. Accordingly, Petitioners, Linda Jones and Vinton Jones are granted a
permanent guardianship of the person and estate of A.C.
In Fletcher v. Scorza, 2010 Ark. 64, 359 S.W.3d 413, our supreme court held that
when the incapacitated person is a minor, the key factor in determining guardianship is the
best interest of the child. We review probate proceedings de novo, but we will not reverse
a finding of fact by the trial court unless it is clearly erroneous. Combs v. Stewart, 374 Ark.
409, 288 S.W.3d 574 (2008). In my review of the evidence before the trial court in these
guardianship proceedings, I am firmly convinced that the trial court clearly erred in awarding
the grandparents a guardianship.
As acknowledged by the trial court, there is no evidence in the record suggesting
that Heather is unable to properly care for A.C. In fact, the evidence showed that Heather
had been caring for A.C. for her entire life. Nor is there any evidence that A.C. would be
at risk of harm in Heather’s custody. The video underlying the guardianship order is not in
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the record; the record does not substantiate the assertion that Dennis was the perpetrator of
the abuse committed against Heather; the record does not show that Heather and Dennis
still live together; and the orders of protection are not even in the record. Limiting our
review to the record before this court, there is nothing for us to review that would support
the trial court’s pertinent findings with respect to its guardianship award.
Furthermore, the trial court placed a next-to-impossible burden on Heather. The
trial court indicated that if Heather could prove Dennis was not the assailant, then it would
refuse to grant the guardianship. At the hearing the trial court stated, “Mr. Galli has at his
fingertips to find proof where he was that night. I mean, I have not seen anything.” In the
guardianship order, the trial court stated, “[T]his court has been clear that if Dennis Galli
can prove that he was working out of state at the time of the abuse, the Court would grant
Heather relief. However, neither Heather nor Dennis Galli have produced any credible
evidence that he was out of town working, and therefore, not available to have abused
Heather Galli in front of the child.” That is a complete reversal of the burden of proof.
Arkansas Code Annotated section 28-65-210 (Repl. 2012) provides what must be proved
to the trial court in order to appoint a guardian, and this includes proof that a guardianship
is desirable to protect the best interests of the child. See Wilson v. Wilson, 2013 Ark. App.
759, 431 S.W.3d 369. The Supreme Court of the United States has long recognized that a
parent has a fundamental constitutional right to parent his or her children without undue
government interference. Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57 (2000). However, here, unless
the natural mother proves a negative—that her husband was not the assailant—then she
loses custody of her child.
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Even assuming arguendo that Dennis was the person in the video, I cannot subscribe
to a victim of spousal abuse losing custody of her child based exclusively on a single episode
of abuse to the mother, and nothing more. There was no child abuse. There is no evidence
that Heather is not a good mother; there is no evidence that A.C. is not well cared for in
Heather’s custody; there is instead evidence that Heather was the unfortunate victim of
being beaten a single time in the presence of her child. In my view, the majority has
established an unseemly precedent for any mother who has been the victim of domestic
abuse. Whether the abuser was the man Heather met on Facebook or Dennis Galli,
requiring a victim of domestic abuse to reveal the identity of her abuser or risk losing custody
of her child is, in my opinion, untenable.
Finally, I would be remiss if I did not openly ponder why this case was not referred
to the Arkansas Department of Human Services for investigation. Assuming every allegation
in the petition for guardianship was true, this is precisely the type of case for which DHS is
designed to intervene and manage. We hear dozens of dependency-neglect cases each year.
In virtually every case, the parents are offered a plethora of programs to rehabilitate parents,
protect children, and keep the family unit intact. Does Dennis require counseling and
perhaps anger management? Does Heather need protection from Dennis? Does A.C. need
some counseling or some kind of protection? Are parenting classes appropriate? All of these
are pertinent questions and worthy of investigation by appropriate professionals. But instead
of proceeding through the stringent safeguards provided to parents and children by DHS
protocols, the trial court circumvented those protections and simply awarded custody and
guardianship in a guardianship proceeding.
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I would reverse the guardianship because the trial court clearly erred in finding that
the guardianship was desirable to protect the best interests of the child.
For these reasons, I dissent.
Lion Legal Services, by: Danielle Hasty; and Walas Law Firm, PLLC, by: Breean Walas,
for appellant.
One brief only.
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